Optics express最新文献

{"title":"Physics-informed graph transformer for fast beam steering in a 128-channel optical phased array.","authors":"Ying Liu, Guiyang Zhang, Liang He, Baisong Chen, Dingwen Chen, Tingyu Chen, Zihao Zhi, Fengli Gao, Junfeng Song, Xueyan Li","doi":"10.1364/OE.604264","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.604264","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Accurate beam steering in optical phased arrays (OPAs) requires calibrated control voltages that compensate for channel-to-channel phase nonuniformity and thermal coupling while suppressing sidelobes and background. Conventional calibration typically requires iterative optimization at each steering angle. This work proposes a physics-informed graph transformer that predicts a vector of 128 control voltages from the target steering angle in a thermo-optic silicon OPA. Each channel is treated as a graph node, and pairwise antenna-element spacing is added to the attention score as a distance-based geometric bias. Training combines measured voltage labels, a differentiable array-factor reconstruction loss, and a voltage range penalty. With 7,000 calibration samples, the controller achieves a measured sidelobe suppression ratio (SLSR) at least 11.44 dB over the tested -60^∘ to +60^∘ steering range and 13.6 dB at 0^∘. Under the same-chip experimental comparison at the tested steering angle, the proposed method achieved SLSR improvements of 2.8 dB over the deep neural network (DNN) baseline and 3.59 dB over stochastic parallel gradient descent (SPGD). The proposed algorithm generates the 128-channel voltage vector in 2 ms, and the measured end-to-end response from target-angle command input to stabilization of the detected target-angle optical power is 52.6 ms under an all-zero initial voltage state.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"34 20","pages":"37051-37067"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149113033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oscillator-driven broadband femtosecond transient microspectroscopy with supercontinuum probes generated in a photonic crystal fiber.","authors":"Rikuto Fukuda, Kyosuke Kishihata, Ryo Man-Nami, Hiroaki Atsumi, Borja Cirera, DaeGwi Kim, Masahiro Shibuta","doi":"10.1364/OE.607955","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.607955","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We present an oscillator-driven femtosecond transient microspectroscopy system based on supercontinuum generation in a photonic crystal fiber (PCF). The system operates at 80 MHz without pulse amplification, enabling high-sensitivity measurements with an RMS noise level below 10^-4 at 500-800 nm spectral range while using low pulse energies suitable for microspectroscopy. Optimization of the PCF length (50 mm) suppresses dispersion-induced chirp, achieving a nearly uniform system response over 450-900 nm, which allows time constants below 100 fs to be resolved by deconvolution. The high-repetition-rate operation allows rapid spectral acquisition and efficient noise reduction. The developed system provides single-μm scale spatial resolution and supports both reflection and transmission configurations. The ultrafast carrier dynamics in multilayer and monolayer MoS₂ are successfully resolved, including spatially dependent relaxation within a single monolayer flake. These results demonstrate a versatile platform for probing local ultrafast dynamics in low-dimensional materials.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"34 20","pages":"38546-38559"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149113066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physics-prior-guided compensation for spatially varying degradation in confocal endoscopy.","authors":"Zhi Wang, Xueyi Wang, Yining Mu, He Wang, Hang Ren, Yicheng Wang","doi":"10.1364/OE.613488","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.613488","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Field-dependent blur and frequency-response loss limit miniature confocal endoscopic imaging. We introduce a physics-prior-guided dual-branch residual network that combines the degraded image with normalized field coordinates and calibration-derived MTF, PSF, SNR, and intensity-response maps. For the representative peripheral resolution-target region, the peak-to-valley difference increased from 0.23 to 0.36, and image-derived MTF50 increased from 16.7 to 40.4 lp/mm. Across 196 patches extracted from the four displayed source images, the proposed method achieved an NRMSE of 0.1394 and an SSIM of 0.8264. The results demonstrate spatially adaptive compensation by integrating calibration-derived physical priors into a computational reconstruction framework compatible with the existing imaging system.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"34 20","pages":"38482-38500"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149113079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physics-informed phase retrieval from a single interferogram for wafer surface measurement.","authors":"Yanwen Xing, Tao Hua, Jing Xing, Jiangang Yang, Yun Wang, Jian Liu","doi":"10.1364/OE.610317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.610317","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nanoscale wafer surface variations degrade depth of focus and overlay accuracy in lithography, requiring precise surface topography measurement in semiconductor manufacturing. Interferograms encode phase variations induced by surface profiles, from which phase retrieval reconstructs the underlying topography. Phase retrieval from a single interferogram is an ill-posed inverse problem, where accurate phase retrieval is challenged by complex fringe variations and insufficient exploitation of inherent fringe information. To address this challenge, a physics-informed phase retrieval method is proposed based on an adaptive wavelet transform for physics-consistent phase inference. An auxiliary branch learns a spatially varying parameterization of the wavelet transform, enabling adaptive wavelet analysis and the extraction of wavelet-derived representations. These representations are integrated into the phase retrieval network through cross-attention to provide physics-informed guidance. Experiments demonstrate consistent improvements in phase retrieval accuracy on synthetic data and competitive performance on real data, while evaluations on synthetic data indicate generalization under varying fringe patterns and interferogram degradations.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"34 20","pages":"38171-38199"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149113084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Radiation-induced ionization effects and space mission requirements for silicon photonic Mach-Zehnder modulators.","authors":"Kellen P Arnold, Joel B Slaby, Nathaniel J Karom, Anurag R Veluri, C Alex Kaylor, Andrew L Sternberg, Dennis R Ball, Ronald D Schrimpf, Daniel M Fleetwood, Stephen E Ralph, Robert A Reed, Sharon M Weiss","doi":"10.1364/OE.606720","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.606720","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Photonic integrated circuits have become essential for meeting the growing global demand for high-capacity information processing and transport. Assessing their radiation tolerance is necessary for deploying systems in radiation prone environments - including in space, high-energy particle accelerators, and defense radiation testing facilities - where the performance and compactness of photonic integrated circuits are increasingly advantageous. This work investigates the analog and digital radio frequency electro-optic performance of Mach-Zehnder modulators (MZMs) subject to 10-keV X-ray irradiation, which mimics cumulative ionization effects in space flight. Silicon photonic MZMs serve as excellent exemplars since they are interferometric devices comprised of elements common to many integrated photonic circuits. Under standard bias conditions, the irradiated MZMs exhibited significantly reduced bandwidth, a corresponding eye closure and baud rate dependent increases in the estimated error rate. Notably, when MZMs were irradiated with all leads grounded, no radiation sensitivity to the electro-optic response was observed highlighting the importance of testing under standard operating conditions for ground-based radiation testing as well as on-orbit studies. Understanding the radiation induced performance degradation of MZMs and other integrated photonic devices is increasingly important for space and accelerator environments as performance requirements and deployment opportunities increase.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"34 20","pages":"38083-38096"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149113147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Facility-specific assessment of indoor airflow stability for repeatable interferometric testing of large optics.","authors":"Ji Yong Joo, Jae Woo Lee, Jun Ho Lee, Sang-Won Park, Ho-Soon Yang, Timothy Butterley","doi":"10.1364/OE.611715","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.611715","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Indoor airflow is a major source of uncertainty in interferometric testing of large optics, yet quantitative criteria for identifying conditions that support repeatable measurements remain limited. We simultaneously measured the INTENSE-based effective Fried parameter (<i>r</i>₀) and interferometric root-mean-square wavefront error (RMS WFE) of a 1 m-class mirror under four airflow conditions involving forced airflow, local mixing, and no fan operation. For each condition, the primary analysis used ten 1-min measurements, with five additional 1-min measurements used for reproducibility assessment. Session-mean effective <i>r</i>₀ alone did not consistently indicate repeatability: the condition with the largest mean effective <i>r</i>₀ differed between sessions, whereas the combined forced-airflow and local-mixing condition exhibited the smallest observed repeat-measurement fluctuations in both effective <i>r</i>₀ and RMS WFE. Normalized effective-<i>r</i>₀ fluctuation was used as a scale-adjusted descriptor for intersession comparison, whereas absolute fluctuation showed a stronger exploratory association with RMS WFE fluctuation. Analyses of low-order Zernike modes and temporal power spectral density provided complementary modal and spectral information. Within the present facility and sampled time scales, these results suggest that the fluctuation of effective <i>r</i>₀ may complement its mean value and the corresponding RMS WFE statistics when evaluating measurement repeatability.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"34 20","pages":"37854-37873"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149113225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heterodyne interferometric sound-field imaging with full-field lock-in detection.","authors":"Nao Sakiyama, Naru Yoneda, Osamu Matoba","doi":"10.1364/OE.596985","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.596985","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Interference-based sound-field imaging techniques, such as digital holography, have a maximum measurable frequency limited by the frame rate of image sensors according to the sampling theorem. In this study, we propose heterodyne interferometric sound-field Imaging (HISI), which combines optical heterodyne interferometry with full-field lock-in detection to visualize high-frequency sound field beyond the Nyquist frequency. The principle is verified through both simulations and experiments, demonstrating that the sound fields can be reconstructed from a down-converted signal recorded at a frame rate one order of magnitude lower than the original frequency. The proposed HISI overcomes the conventional frequency limitations in sound-field recording and further extends the achievable measurement duration and field of view.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"34 20","pages":"38501-38512"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149113288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hybrid integration of quantum cascade lasers with germanium-on-silicon waveguides for mid-infrared sensing applications.","authors":"Colin J Mitchell, Longqi Zhou, Ke Li, Daniel Adeyemi, Ahmed Osman, Milos Nedeljkovic, Glenn Churchill, James C Gates, Graham T Reed, Kristian M Groom, Jon Heffernan, Goran Z Mashanovich","doi":"10.1364/OE.600656","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.600656","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We present a scheme for hybrid integration of quantum cascade laser bars with germanium-on-silicon waveguides operating in the mid-infrared. The laser bars are flip-chip bonded onto a germanium-on-silicon target chip without active alignment, achieving end-fire coupling efficiencies of up to 50% (3.03 dB loss) in pulsed operation. Optical power estimates indicate over 50 mW is coupled into the waveguide. The passive alignment approach, combined with a CMOS-compatible photonic integrated circuit fabrication process, offers a scalable pathway to fully integrated mid-infrared photonic systems for sensing, free-space communications, and the realization of novel light sources.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"34 20","pages":"38302-38313"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149113324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling and compensation of periodic nonlinear error in micro-displacement measurement using a reflective-sphere-based low-finesse Fabry-Pérot cavity.","authors":"Ju Wang, Xiaodong Chen, Hao Luo, Ye Gao, Xuemin Su, Jinlong Yu","doi":"10.1364/OE.612197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.612197","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Low-finesse Fabry-Pérot (F-P) cavities are attractive for high-precision micro-displacement measurement (MDM), but residual multiple reflections introduce periodic nonlinear error during quadrature demodulation. In this work, a reflective-sphere-based low-finesse F-P cavity and a model-based periodic nonlinear error compensation method are proposed. The reflective sphere is designed to provide a low effective return reflectivity and an approximately cosine-shaped interference response. Spectral measurements at working distances of 4-12 mm yield an average finesse of 0.492, close to the theoretical value of 0.5, and the measured free spectral range (FSR) values agree well with theoretical predictions. The compensation model parameters are identified from the sector-averaged radial distribution of the measured Lissajous trajectories. Under the parameter-identification condition of an initial cavity length of 2.0 cm, a nominal 4 µm peak-to-peak displacement, and a motion frequency of 3 Hz, the absolute displacement error is reduced from 150 to 30 nm after compensation. The same identified parameter set is directly applied without refitting to independent measurements and remains effective over the experimentally tested displacement-amplitude range of 2-6 µm and motion-frequency range of 3-9 Hz when the optical configuration is unchanged. A deliberate change in the initial cavity length requires parameter reidentification.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"34 20","pages":"38686-38705"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149113351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toward adaptation-aware optimization of tunable multi-LED lighting: modeling adaptation-CCT-dependent hue-bin preference targets.","authors":"Julian Klabes, Brandon Fobugwe, Ruiqi Jiang, Xue Deng, Qiang Liu, Tran Quoc Khanh","doi":"10.1364/OE.604349","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.604349","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The influence of adaptation correlated color temperature (CCT) on preferred local chroma and hue shifts is investigated across four TM-30 hue bins (<i>j</i> ∈ {1, 4, 6, 12}: red, yellow, green, blue). Fifty-two observers at Wuhan University evaluated ecologically valid, multi-object stimuli using the dual-lighting design of the preceding paper, which independently controls adaptation and object illumination, across a 9 × 11 grid of chroma-hue shift combinations at three adaptation CCTs (<i>T</i>_cp ∈ {3200, 4500, 6500 K}) and constant illuminance (<i>E</i>_<i>v</i>=500 lx). Bin-wise bivariate Gaussian surfaces were fitted to pooled ratings, capturing preference location and anisotropy; preferred shift centroids were estimated via bootstrapping and modeled with log-linear functions of ln(<i>T</i>_cp). Unlike the previously reported monotonic chroma compression with increasing illuminance, the direction of the CCT effect is hue-bin-dependent: preferred chroma shifts increase with CCT in bins 1, 4, and 6, while bin 12 (blue) shows the opposite trend. All pairwise CCT comparisons are statistically significant (Hotelling's <i>T</i>², <i>p</i> < 0.001). A secondary, exploratory comparison enabled by the single shared condition (500 lx, 4500 K) shows statistically significant differences between the present dataset and the earlier German dataset in all four bins (<i>p</i> ≤ ~0.001), with the largest effects in bin 1 (hue-shift direction inversion, Δ<i>h</i>' = -7.78, Δ<i>E</i>' = 16.07) and bin 12 (chroma preference divergence, Δ<i>C</i>' = -8.17, Δ<i>E</i>' = 10.25); differences in bins 4 and 6 are statistically significant but perceptually minor (Δ<i>E</i>' ≤ ~4.18). Because the two datasets come from different laboratories, lighting systems, and realized SPDs, and partly from different object sets, these differences cannot be unambiguously attributed to culture and are reported as a bounded, preliminary observation rather than a controlled cross-cultural test. The resulting CCT-dependent preferred-shift functions complement the illuminance-dependent functions of the preceding paper and provide input for an adaptation-integrated color-preference index.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"34 20","pages":"37675-37696"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149113399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}