Optics express最新文献

{"title":"320 Gbps co-planar stripline Mach-Zehnder modulator on a generic indium phosphide integrated photonics platform.","authors":"James Arthur Hillier, Arezou Meighan, Qian Hu, Haoshuo Chen, Weiming Yao, Rainier Van Dommele, Luc Augustin, Michael Wale, Kevin Williams","doi":"10.1364/OE.536930","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.536930","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We present the design and characterization of co-planar stripline Mach-Zehnder modulators on an InP platform. The co-planar design exhibited 50 Ω impedance with velocity-matched optical and electrical signals. We investigated devices with a range of design parameters to identify optimal configurations for high bandwidths (≈80 GHz) and state-of-the-art data transmission rates (320 Gbit/s). An equivalent circuit model that enables fast and holistic design space exploration is developed and experimentally verified. The model predicts ∼120 GHz bandwidth for optimized modulator dimensions.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"33 7","pages":"15081-15094"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144037880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optical property-based rendering of 3D prints.","authors":"Alexander Kissel, Philipp Nguyen, David Hevisov, Florian Foschum, Alwin Kienle","doi":"10.1364/OE.553642","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.553642","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The increasing use of colored materials in 3D printing enables the creation of complex structures with realistic color appearances. Ensuring that the printed colors match the design requires advanced rendering methods to accurately predict the final product. We use a fully optical property-based pipeline for rendering the physically correct color of 3D-printed objects, achieving results nearly indistinguishable compared to the final printed samples. Our approach is based entirely on the intrinsic optical properties of the printing materials: the reduced scattering coefficient, absorption coefficient, refractive index, and scattering anisotropy factor. First, we employed an integrating sphere setup to measure the spectrally resolved absorption and reduced scattering coefficients of the base materials. This method was extended to handle both highly scattering and nearly non-scattering materials with precision. Next, a spectral Monte Carlo path tracing simulation was used to compute light transfer through the printed object, fully modeling the physics of light propagation in heterogeneous turbid media. Our results achieved CIE Δ<i>E</i>₂₀₀₀ values below 2.0, with renderings accurately reproducing the colors of the specially designed validation samples printed using a Stratasys PolyJet system. This pipeline provides a robust tool for predicting and optimizing the color appearance of 3D-printed objects. It offers broad applicability across various printing systems and material compositions while eliminating the need for time- and cost-intensive trial-and-error test prints.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"33 7","pages":"15187-15206"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144038924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Colour discrimination evaluation under multiple light sources using signal detection theory.","authors":"Hanwen Gong, Zhiyu Chen, Julian Klabes, Tran Quoc Khanh, Yanjuan Liu, Xinyu Dong, Qiang Liu","doi":"10.1364/OE.555495","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.555495","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Colour discrimination is a crucial research topic in lighting quality studies. Till now, various experimental methods have been widely adopted. Those methods based on the traditional colour-discrimination framework primarily focused on observers' ability to perceive discernible colour differences while neglecting the impact of noise and the corresponding possibility of false alarms. In this study, signal detection theory (SDT) was introduced to enhance the rationality of the experimental design and data analysis of the current methodology. The effects of various contextual factors on colour discrimination were systematically investigated under multiple light sources by three groups of psychophysical experiments. The results indicated that compared to traditional methods, the SDT framework largely incorporated previous findings and revealed new discoveries. Separating the colour discrimination process into sensory sensitivity and decision-making criteria provides a deeper explanation for the human colour discrimination performance under various experimental conditions. Additionally, by controlling the experimental set-ups, we demonstrated that the effect of lighting on observers' sensitivity and decision criterion could be manipulated. These findings provide strong evidence for the advantages of the SDT framework when investigating the colour discrimination process.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"33 7","pages":"14984-14999"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143972340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"TDM/WDM hybrid real-time multi-channel pulsed chaos lidar system.","authors":"Po-Wen Hou, Cheng-Ting Lee, Yung-Chen Lin, Yuan-Hao Huang, Fan-Yi Lin","doi":"10.1364/OE.558238","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.558238","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We present a real-time multi-channel pulsed chaos lidar system that integrates time-division multiplexing (TDM) and wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) to achieve enhanced performance and efficiency. The system employs WDM with a multi-mode laser to generate multiple spectral channels, each producing uncorrelated chaos-modulated pulses. To minimize the number of required detectors and analog-to-digital converters while mitigating signal interference between channels, TDM is utilized to temporally stagger the channels, preventing overlap. Using four adjacent International Telecommunication Union channels as a demonstration, the proposed architecture achieves millimeter-level precision with robust anti-interference capabilities. To evaluate the effectiveness of TDM in a WDM-based multi-channel lidar system, we performed a comparative analysis of 3D imaging with and without TDM. By implementing normalized cross-correlation and Spline interpolation algorithms on a field-programmable gate array, the developed system achieves a remarkable pixel processing rate of 330k pixels/s per channel, with an overall throughput of 1.32M pixels/s. These results underscore the potential of the proposed system for high-speed, interference-resistant lidar applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"33 7","pages":"14885-14898"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143985052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intensity fluctuations - driving force of nonlinearity in optical fibers.","authors":"Ravneel Prasad, Emanuele Viterbo, Arthur Lowery","doi":"10.1364/OE.552006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.552006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In long-haul optical communication systems, the Kerr-induced fiber nonlinearities affect the signal fidelity and are driven by the intensity fluctuations along the fiber. In dispersion-unmanaged systems, these intensity fluctuations grow and spectrally evolve along the fiber due to beating between the increasingly overlapping symbols. A semi-analytical model for the intensity fluctuation spectra is presented and validated using Monte Carlo based computer simulations. The model is used to illustrate the composition of intensity fluctuation spectra that provide insight into the mechanisms that lead to the growth of the intensity fluctuations. A key shortcoming of existing cross-phase modulation and four-wave mixing models is the lack of consideration of intensity fluctuation growth along the link, which the presented model aims to address. It is also used to explain the origins of an optimal symbol rate for subcarriers - the growth of low-frequency intensity fluctuations along a dispersive fiber. The analysis reveals that lower-frequency intensity fluctuations are predominantly influenced by symbol overlap within individual subcarriers. It also shows that the inter-subcarrier beating has no significant impact on the growth of the intensity fluctuations, so it is not a factor in explaining an optimal symbol rate. The new understanding in this work could help the development of design rules for long-haul system.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"33 7","pages":"16483-16498"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144015722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carrier injection type topological edge state electro-optic Mach-Zehnder modulator based on valley photonic crystals.","authors":"Yubing Wang, Faisal Nadeem Khan","doi":"10.1364/OE.554943","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.554943","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Valley photonic crystals (VPCs) and their topological edge states have been widely studied and applied to many passive devices. However, reconfigurable topological photonic devices remain to be further explored. In this work, we propose a Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) structure based on silicon VPCs. One arm of the proposed VPC-MZM is doped and driven by forward-biased voltage to achieve intensity modulation. Theoretically, it is demonstrated that the phase-shifting efficiency of the edge state mode is 1.31 times that of traditional strip waveguides. A theoretical model combined with numerical simulations is used to analyze the effects of heavily doped region width and doping concentration on the half-wave voltage-length product <i>V</i>_π · <i>L</i>, extinction ratio (ER), and the modulation bandwidth <i>f</i>_3dB of the VPC-MZM. With appropriate parameters, the <i>V</i>_π · <i>L</i> can reach 0.0036 V·cm, the ER is 20.7 dB, and the modulation bandwidth is 340.18 MHz. The phase shifter length is only 21.1 µm, and the overall size is approximately 16 × 33.9 µm. The proposed modulator shows high modulation efficiency and an extremely small footprint with acceptable modulation speed, which can enable the practical application of reconfigurable topological photonic devices in future optical communication systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"33 7","pages":"15838-15854"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144022376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Meta-DCP: simple and efficient single-frame image enhancement algorithm for infrared metalens images.","authors":"Hongna Zhu, Hongan Pan, Aoling Li, Zhi Li, Jun Guo, Yong Tang","doi":"10.1364/OE.547753","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.547753","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Infrared metalenses are attracting intensive interest, as alternatives to traditional infrared optical systems comprising multiple lenses and diffractive elements. However, the images captured by infrared metalenses are often blurry due to aberrations and noise. To improve the performance of these images, we propose Meta-DCP, a concise and single-frame infrared metalens image enhancement algorithm based on the dark channel prior (DCP). We introduce an image degradation model to simulate the degradation process of infrared metalens images effectively. Using this degradation model with the DCP, we can directly recover a deblurred image. Meanwhile, we present a brightness enhancement method with integrating the original image pattern to compensate for brightness loss in the deblurred image. Experimental results on a dataset captured with our infrared metalens demonstrate the effectiveness and superiority of our Meta-DCP.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"33 7","pages":"14796-14811"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143976210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Odd-order quantum noise-like stream cipher scheme based on joint index modulation constellation shaping.","authors":"Dongxu Zhu, Bo Liu, Jianxin Ren, Shuaidong Chen, Yaya Mao, Xiumin Song, Jianye Zhao, Lilong Zhao, Xue Tang, Mengtong Yin, Wei Dai","doi":"10.1364/OE.558376","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.558376","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper proposes an odd-order quantum noise-like stream cipher scheme based on joint index modulation (JIM) constellation shaping. By utilizing subcarrier index modulation and dual-mode index techniques, additional information is transmitted through the combination distribution of silent subcarrier positions and constellation modes associated with subcarriers. An odd-order 9QAM signal is constructed, and by optimizing the index rule, constellation shaping is achieved while transmitting more information, increasing the distribution of constellation points within the signal. A 4D hyper-chaotic system is employed to implement multi-dimensional disturbances, including bitwise XOR of the original signal, subcarriers, symbols, and elevate the constellation order. Furthermore, the scheme performs upsampling on the chaotic system's initial values and actively introduces noise bits, which are appended to the initial signal as a basis state to enable key-accompanying transmission. Ultimately, the constellation-shaped 9QAM signal is escalated to a 576QAM signal with constellation shaping features. Experimental results demonstrate the successful transmission of a 2.94 Gb/s quantum noise stream signal over a 25 km single-mode fiber intensity modulation direct detection (IMDD) system. The experimental results show that the proposed JIM-576QAM1 signal provides a 0.7 dB gain at Forward error correction (FEC) = 3.8 × 10^-3 compared to random distribution of the two constellation modes. The proposed scheme maintains a bit error rate (BER) of 0 for key transmission, and abruptly increases to 0.5 in the event of misalignment, indicating a high sensitivity and accuracy of the system with respect to the key. At varying received optical power, the number of masked signal power remain consistent at 20480, and the detection failure probability stays around 1, demonstrating the stability and security of the proposed quantum noise stream encryption scheme. With a key space as large as 10¹⁴⁹, the scheme can effectively counter brute-force attacks from unauthorized receivers. The proposed scheme exhibits high reliability and security, making it a promising candidate for future optical access applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"33 7","pages":"16065-16081"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143974353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simultaneous on-chip generation of violet, blue, cyan, green, yellow, orange, and red light from an octave-spanning infrared frequency comb.","authors":"Mateus Corato-Zanarella, Xingchen Ji, Alexander L Gaeta, Michal Lipson","doi":"10.1364/OE.544085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.544085","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>An integrated, multi-spectral visible-light source could significantly benefit technologies such as displays, medical imaging, spectroscopy, visible-light communications, and astrophysics. However, despite recent advances in chip-scale visible lasers, simultaneously generating light of all colors in a single chip has been challenging. Existing solutions are either not suitable for full chip-scale integration, or are fundamentally difficult to scale. Here we demonstrate the simultaneous on-chip generation of infrared, red, orange, yellow, green, cyan, blue, and violet light. Leveraging the low loss, low dispersion, and high density of modes of an adiabatic multimode silicon nitride (SiN) microresonator, we use a single infrared pump of moderate power (∼130 mW) to produce an octave-spanning infrared frequency comb that is then converted to different portions of the visible spectrum. We measure non-mode-locked combs and soliton steps corresponding to mode-locked states, making our comb generator suitable for applications that demand either low or high coherence. Since the required pump power is compatible with high-power lasers demonstrated in the same SiN platform, our multi-octave light generator can be fully integrated in a chip-scale form factor. We envision that such a light source will be a catalyst for the development and deployment of miniaturized multi-spectral technologies for quantum systems, medical imaging, displays, and spectroscopy.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"33 7","pages":"14581-14590"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143974367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultrafast spatiotemporal control of surface plasmon polariton launch in orthogonal directions via a compact nanoantenna using chirped laser pulses.","authors":"Abubakr A Siddig, Ahmed O Omoniyi, Abrar Altayeb, Boyu Ji, Jingquan Lin","doi":"10.1364/OE.550185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.550185","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Actively manipulating the directional launch of ultrafast spatiotemporal surface plasmon polariton (SPP) is critical for advancing optical communication and information processing in nanoplasmonic devices. This study introduces an innovative compact nanostructure designed for spatiotemporal control of SPP emission at nano-femto scales. The device is capable of launching SPPs unidirectionally into distinct vertical and horizontal output channels, depending on the wavelength and polarization characteristics of the incident light. We model a solution for the spatiotemporal ultrafast switching of the SPP launch in orthogonal directions on the femtosecond time scale through a compact nanoantenna structure excited by the chirped laser pulses. Additionally, the SPP switching time within the nanoantenna structure is demonstrated to be tunable by adjusting the duration of the incident laser pulse. This work provides a foundation for developing advanced, highly integrated nanophotonic devices and miniaturized high-speed signal processing systems, offering versatile applications in advanced optical nanocircuits.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"33 7","pages":"15268-15278"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143975510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}