{"title":"Measurements of cesium PJ-series quantum defect with the microwave spectroscopy.","authors":"Rong Song, Jingxu Bai, Zhenhua Li, Yuechun Jiao, Jianming Zhao, Suotang Jia","doi":"10.1364/OE.528290","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.528290","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>High-precision microwave spectroscopy has been used to measure the transition frequency of nS<sub>1/2</sub> → nP<sub>J</sub> (n is the principle quantum number) and further the quantum defect of nP<sub>J</sub> states in a standard cesium magneto-optical trap. A microwave field with 30-μs duration coupling the nS<sub>1/2</sub> → nP<sub>1/2,3/2</sub> transition yields a narrow linewidth microwave spectroscopy with the linewidth approaching the Fourier limit. After carefully compensating the stray electric and magnetic field and using the diluted atomic gas, we extract improved quantum defects of nP<sub>J</sub> state, δ<sub>0</sub>(nP<sub>1/2</sub>) = 3.59159091(19), δ<sub>2</sub>(nP<sub>1/2</sub>) = 0.36092(35) and δ<sub>0</sub>(nP<sub>3/2</sub>) = 3.55907153(25), δ<sub>2</sub>(nP<sub>3/2</sub>) = 0.37344(47).</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"32 15","pages":"25717-25725"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142625562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"MetaHDR: single shot high-dynamic range imaging and sensing using a multifunctional metasurface.","authors":"Charles Brookshire, Yuxuan Liu, Yuanrui Chen, Wei Ting Chen, Qi Guo","doi":"10.1364/OE.528270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.528270","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We present MetaHDR, which is a single-shot high-dynamic range (HDR) imaging and sensing system using a multifunctional metasurface. The metasurface is capable of splitting an incident beam into multiple focusing beams with different amounts of power, simultaneously forming multiple low dynamic range (LDR) images with distinct irradiance on a photosensor. Then, the LDR images are jointly processed using a gradient-based HDR fusion algorithm, which is shown to be effective in attenuating the residual light artifacts incurred by the metasurface and the lens flare. MetaHDR achieves single-shot HDR photography and videography that increases the dynamic range by at least 50 dB compared to the original dynamic range of the photosensor. It can also perform single-shot HDR sensing, including reflectance calibration and surface curvature estimation of reflective materials. MetaHDR's demonstrated functionalities could be broadly applied in surveillance and security, microscopic imaging, advanced manufacturing, etc.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"32 15","pages":"26690-26707"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142625563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optics expressPub Date : 2024-07-15DOI: 10.1364/OE.531103
Yi Zhang, Yan Yu, Yihao Zhang, Chao Wang, Ming Liu, Qing Wu, Congya You, Ruzhi Wang, Songlin Yu, Hongying Wei
{"title":"Fabrication of broadband HgCdTe photodetectors with biomimetic insect corneal arrays.","authors":"Yi Zhang, Yan Yu, Yihao Zhang, Chao Wang, Ming Liu, Qing Wu, Congya You, Ruzhi Wang, Songlin Yu, Hongying Wei","doi":"10.1364/OE.531103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.531103","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Broadband photodetectors are of great significance in a wide variety of technologically important areas. Inspired by bionics, insect cornea-mimicking microstructures could reduce surface reflection, thus enabling broadband detection. Here, we fabricate a broadband large-area (1280 × 1024) HgCdTe focal plane array photodetector based on biomimetic ZnS microarrays, which achieves high external quantum efficiency (> 60%, averaging 79%) across the broad wavelength range of 400 nm - 5000 nm. These results demonstrate that implementing biomimetic ZnS microstructures has effectively broadened the operational wavelength range of conventional HgCdTe infrared photodetectors to encompass the visible light spectrum. Our work achieves continuous visible-to-infrared spectral imaging and provides a beneficial route to fabricate broadband, large-area, high-performance photodetectors.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"32 15","pages":"25839-25848"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142625381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optics expressPub Date : 2024-07-15DOI: 10.1364/OE.523404
Minhaeng Cho
{"title":"Stimulated Raman-induced beam focusing.","authors":"Minhaeng Cho","doi":"10.1364/OE.523404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.523404","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Stimulated Raman scattering, employing a pump and a Stokes beam, exhibits itself through both the Raman loss observed in the pump beam and the Raman gain in the Stokes beam. This phenomenon finds application in spectroscopy for chemical analyses and microscopy for label-free bioimaging studies. Recent efforts have been made to implement super-resolution Raman microscopy using a doughnut-shaped pump, Stokes, or depletion beam. In this study, it is shown that the amplitude and phase of the pump or Stokes beam undergo significant modulation through the stimulated Raman process when they are configured as one of the higher-order Laguerre-Gauss modes, achieved using appropriate spiral phase plates or spatial light modulators. The resulting intensity distributions of the pump and Stokes beams are determined by a superposition of multiple Laguerre-Gauss modes that are coupled through nonlinear Raman gain and loss processes. Calculation results are used to elucidate the limitations associated with super-resolution coherent Raman imaging with a toroidal pump or Stokes beam. This stands in contrast with the stimulated emission depletion fluorescence microscopy technique, which has no fundamental limit in the spatial resolution enhancement.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"32 15","pages":"26537-26560"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142625604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optics expressPub Date : 2024-07-15DOI: 10.1364/OE.526012
Jaeyoon Kim, Hoon Kim
{"title":"Sub-rate sampled, non-integer fractionally spaced Volterra nonlinear equalizer for IM/DD systems.","authors":"Jaeyoon Kim, Hoon Kim","doi":"10.1364/OE.526012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.526012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>As high-speed analog-to-digital converters (ADC) account for a significant portion of the receiver's cost in intensity-modulation (IM)/direct-detection (DD) systems, there have been substantial efforts to employ an ADC operating at a relatively low sampling rate. However, half-symbol-spaced electronic nonlinear equalizers used to compensate for nonlinear waveform distortions commonly operate at 2 samples/symbols, and thus require digital upsampling before the equalization. This implies that the digital signal processing (DSP) at the receiver should also operate at 2 sample/symbol even though the ADC operates at the sub-rate (i.e., < 2 sample/symbol). Hence, we propose and experimentally demonstrate the sub-rate sampled, non-integer fractionally spaced Volterra nonlinear equalizer (VNLE). This equalizer does not require the digital upsampling, and thus makes the entire receiver DSP block operating at the sub-rate, the same as the sampling rate of ADC. We estimate the complexity of the proposed equalizer by the number of multipliers required for its implementation. We also evaluate the performance of the proposed VNLE over a 64-Gb/s 4-ary pulse amplitude modulation link and compare the performance with the conventional VNLE (requiring digital upsampling). The results show that the proposed VNLE incurs a very slight performance degradation compared with the conventional VNLE, but reduces the implementation complexity considerably since it obviates the need for digital upsampling at the receiver.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"32 15","pages":"26332-26341"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142625605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Four-core fiber-based multi-tapered WaveFlex biosensor for rapid detection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus using nanoparticles-enhanced probes.","authors":"Qianqian Fu, Yiyan Xie, Feilong Gao, Ragini Singh, Xinlong Zhou, Bingyuan Zhang, Santosh Kumar","doi":"10.1364/OE.530225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.530225","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Infections caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus (V. parahaemolyticus) can be highly fatal, making rapid and sensitive detection of them is essential. A new optical fiber biosensor based on localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) phenomenon is developed in this paper. A tapered-in-tapered fiber structure based on MFM is constructed by using four-core fiber (FCF) and multi-mode fiber (MMF) to qualitatively detect different concentrations of V. parahaemolyticus. The sensor successfully excites the LSPR phenomenon and increases the attachment point of biomolecules on the probe surface by fixing gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), molybdenum disulfide nanoparticles (MoS<sub>2</sub>-NPs) and cerium dioxide nanorods (CeO<sub>2</sub>-NRs). The functionalization of polyclonal antibodies on the probe surface can improve the specificity of the sensor. The linear detection range of the developed sensor was 1 × 10<sup>0</sup>-1 × 10<sup>7</sup> CFU/mL, the sensitivity was 1.61 nm/[CFU/mL], and the detection limit was 0.14 CFU/mL. In addition, the reusability, reproducibility, stability, and selectivity of the sensor probe are also tested, which shows that the sensor has great application prospects.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"32 15","pages":"25772-25788"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142625505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Bearing race fault detection using an optomechanical micro-resonator.","authors":"Wei Shi, Yue Huo, Xiaohe Tang, Jingchao Zhang, Hao Hu, Yingwei Li, Xiaoli Li, Li Cao, Qianchuan Zhao, Zhenning Yang, Jing Zhang","doi":"10.1364/OE.529334","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.529334","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bearing fault detection plays a crucial role in ensuring machinery reliability and safety. However, the existing bearing-fault-detection sensors are commonly too large to be embedded in narrow areas of bearings and too vulnerable to work in complex environment. Here, we demonstrate an approach to distinguish the presence of race faults in bearings and their types by using an optomechanical micro-resonator. The principle of the amplitude-frequency modulation model mixing fault frequency with mechanical frequency is raised to explain the asymmetrical sideband phenomena detected by the optical microtoroidal sensor. Kurtosis estimation used in this work can distinguish normal and faulty bearings in the time domain with the maximum accuracy rate of 91.72% exceeding the industry standard rate of 90%, while the amplitude-frequency modulation of the fault signal and mechanical mode is introduced to identify the types of the bearing faults, including, e.g., outer race fault and inner race fault. The fault-detection methods have been applied to the bearing on a mimic unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), and correctly confirmed the presence of fault and the type of outer or inner race fault. Our study gives new perspectives for precise measurements on early fault warning of bearings, and may find applications in other fields such as vibration sensing.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"32 15","pages":"26184-26194"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142625316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Nonlinear absorption conversion of epsilon-near-zero multilayer metamaterial at optical frequencies.","authors":"Jiannan Dong, Dong Wu, Feilian Zhang, Ieng Wai Un, Yanxin Lu, Yihang Chen","doi":"10.1364/OE.522495","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.522495","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Modern all-optical logic switches demand selective, precise, and rapid transmission of optical information. In this study, we investigate an epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) metamaterial composed of silver (Ag) and magnesium fluoride (MgF<sub>2</sub>), which demonstrates a low conversion threshold, strong nonlinear response, and nonlinear absorption conversion. Particularly noteworthy is its highest nonlinear absorption (β≈-2 × 10<sup>6 </sup>cm/GW) occurring at the ENZ point (695 nm) under deposited condition. This research marks the first discussion of nonlinear absorption conversion in the ENZ multilayer metamaterial. The deposited metamaterial sample exhibits saturation absorption (SA), attributed to ground state free electron bleaching, while annealed sample shows a transition from SA to reverse saturation absorption (RSA) due to a three-photon absorption effect. Annealing significantly reduces the laser power threshold required for this conversion process, indicating reduced risk of laser-induced damage. Furthermore, the wavelength shift of the largest RSA (γ≈1.93 × 10<sup>4</sup> cm<sup>3</sup>/GW<sup>2</sup>) in the annealed sample aligns with the expected redshift direction of the ENZ region (735 nm). Our metamaterial design achieves enhanced nonlinear absorption and low-power absorption conversion, which holds significant potential for applications in all-optical logic switches.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"32 15","pages":"26255-26264"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142625577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optics expressPub Date : 2024-07-15DOI: 10.1364/OE.525690
Hao Pan, Mu Ku Chen, Din Ping Tsai, Shubo Wang
{"title":"Nonreciprocal Pancharatnam-Berry metasurface for unidirectional wavefront manipulations.","authors":"Hao Pan, Mu Ku Chen, Din Ping Tsai, Shubo Wang","doi":"10.1364/OE.525690","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.525690","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Optical metasurfaces employing the Pancharatnam-Berry (PB) geometric phase, called PB metasurfaces, have been extensively applied to realize spin-dependent light manipulations. However, the properties of conventional PB metasurfaces are intrinsically limited by the Lorentz reciprocity. Breaking reciprocity can give rise to new properties and phenomena unavailable in conventional reciprocal systems. Here, we propose a mechanism to realize nonreciprocal PB metasurfaces of subwavelength thickness by using the Faraday magneto-optical (FMO) effect of yttrium iron garnet (YIG) material in synergy with the PB geometric phase of spatially rotating meta-atoms. Using full-wave numerical simulations and multipole analysis, we show that the metasurface composed of dielectric cylinders and a thin YIG layer can achieve high isolation of circularly polarized lights, attributed to the enhancement of the magneto-optical effect by the resonant Mie modes and Fabry-Pérot (FP) cavity mode. In addition, the metasurface can enable unidirectional wavefront manipulations of circularly polarized lights, including nonreciprocal beam steering and nonreciprocal beam focusing. The results contribute to the understanding of the interplay between nonreciprocity and geometric phase in light manipulations and can find applications in optical communications, optical sensing, and quantum information processing.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"32 15","pages":"25632-25643"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142625578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Real-time representation and rendering of high-resolution 3D light field based on texture-enhanced optical flow prediction.","authors":"Ningchi Li, Xunbo Yu, Xin Gao, Binbin Yan, Donghu Li, Jianhao Hong, Yixiang Tong, Yue Wang, Yunfan Hu, Chenyu Ning, Jinhong He, Luyu Ji, Xinzhu Sang","doi":"10.1364/OE.529378","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.529378","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Three-dimensional (3D) light field displays can provide an immersive visual perception and have attracted widespread attention, especially in 3D light field communications, where 3D light field displays can provide face-to-face communication experiences. However, due to limitations in 3D reconstruction and dense views rendering efficiency, generating high-quality 3D light field content in real-time remains a challenge. Traditional 3D light field capturing and reconstruction methods suffer from high reconstruction complexity and low rendering efficiency. Here, a Real-time optical flow representation for the high-resolution light field is proposed. Based on the principle of 3D light field display, we use optical flow to ray trace and multiplex sparse view pixels. We simultaneously synthesize 3D light field images during the real-time interpolation process of views. In addition, we built a complete capturing-display system to verify the effectiveness of our method. The experiments' results show that the proposed method can synthesize 8 K 3D light field videos containing 100 views in real-time. The PSNR of the virtual views is around 32 dB and SSIM is over 0.99, and the rendered frame rate is 32 fps. Qualitative experimental results show that this method can be used for high-resolution 3D light field communication.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"32 15","pages":"26478-26491"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142625593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}