Optics expressPub Date : 2024-11-04DOI: 10.1364/OE.539811
Hui Zhou, Qianyin Zhang, Yue Ma, Song Li
{"title":"Optical parameter design model of hemispherical laser retroreflector arrays for satellite laser ranging.","authors":"Hui Zhou, Qianyin Zhang, Yue Ma, Song Li","doi":"10.1364/OE.539811","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.539811","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A laser retroreflector array (LRA) with multiple retroreflectors is used to directionally reflect an incident laser beam and aims to enhance the received signal strength into laser ranging ground stations. A comprehensive mathematical equation of the received photons is established by modelling the LRA far field diffraction intensity (FFDI) and the satellite velocity aberration position. Based on this received photon model, a novel method on designing the dihedral angle offset and the aperture of retroreflectors is proposed, which maximizes the received photon under the minimal elevation angle of the ground station. Taking the hemispherical structure parameters of Chinese HY-2 satellite LRA and the specification parameters of the Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, the optimal aperture and the dihedral angle offset of the HY-2 laser retroreflectors are 17 mm and 1.6<sup>″</sup>, respectively. These two optimal optical parameters make the received photon under the elevation angle of 0° reach ∼0.9 count per laser shot. Until now, ∼851,400 successful observations have been successfully obtained by global ground stations since the first launch of HY-2 satellite series in 2011, which guarantees the high-precise orbit determination of HY-2 satellite series.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"32 23","pages":"41230-41243"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142688207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optics expressPub Date : 2024-11-04DOI: 10.1364/OE.542321
Qinnan Fang, Weisheng Xu, Keke Chen, Yuyang Wang, Kai Jiao, Shengchuang Bai, Shixun Dai, Xunsi Wang
{"title":"Enhancement of far-infrared laser damage threshold in Ge-As-Se glass fiber.","authors":"Qinnan Fang, Weisheng Xu, Keke Chen, Yuyang Wang, Kai Jiao, Shengchuang Bai, Shixun Dai, Xunsi Wang","doi":"10.1364/OE.542321","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.542321","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The application of As-Se chalcogenide glasses in high-power laser delivery is hindered by their low damage threshold due to their weak chemical bonds. To solve this, we introduced germanium elements into the As-Se glasses and optimized the composition to raise the glass transition temperature (T<sub>g</sub>) and enhance the laser damage threshold (LDT). From the correlation among various parameters including T<sub>g</sub>, LDT, and fiber loss, we concluded an optimized composition of Ge<sub>23</sub>As<sub>13.5</sub>Se<sub>63.5</sub>/Ge<sub>23</sub>As<sub>12.5</sub>Se<sub>64.5</sub> glass. After effective purification and preform extrusion, the glasses were processed into high-quality step-index fiber (core diameter of 300 µm), which exhibits a minimum loss of 0.9 dB/m at 6.9 µm and is capable of withstanding an input CO<sub>2</sub> laser power of 19.96 W at a wavelength of 10.6 µm, equal to a power density of 28.25 ± 0.02 kW/cm<sup>2</sup> in air. This is nearly 2.3 times higher than that previously reported for Ge-As-Se fibers. This establishes a material foundation for achieving far-infrared high-energy laser systems using Ge-As-Se fibers in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"32 23","pages":"41593-41602"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142688285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optics expressPub Date : 2024-11-04DOI: 10.1364/OE.541360
Liang Wang, Wei Niu, Shutian Liu, Tie Wang, Shou Zhang, Hong-Fu Wang
{"title":"Enhancement of optomechanical cooling via synthetic magnetism and frequency modulation.","authors":"Liang Wang, Wei Niu, Shutian Liu, Tie Wang, Shou Zhang, Hong-Fu Wang","doi":"10.1364/OE.541360","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.541360","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We propose a scheme to enhance optomechanical cooling via synthetic magnetism and frequency modulation (FM) in a three-mode loop-coupled optomechanical system. By introducing synthetic magnetism, the dark-mode effect can be broken, ensuring the simultaneous cooling of the two mechanical resonators. We find that the cooling of the two mechanical resonators is destroyed in the dark-mode-unbreaking (DMU) regime but can be achieved in the dark-mode-breaking (DMB) regime. Furthermore, FM can be used to suppress the Stokes heating process, significantly enhancing the cooling performance and greatly expanding the feasible parameter range. In particular, in the unresolved-sideband (USB) regime, ground-state cooling of the two mechanical resonators can be achieved via FM even in the unstable region. Finally, we also study ground-state cooling in a multi-mode optomechanical network by breaking the dark-mode effect. Our work paves the way for exploring macroscopic quantum manipulation in multiple systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"32 23","pages":"42149-42164"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142688288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optics expressPub Date : 2024-11-04DOI: 10.1364/OE.537342
Alejandro Sánchez-Postigo, Pablo Ginel-Moreno, Jens H Schmid, Abdelfettah Hadij-ElHouati, Alejandro Ortega-Moñux, J Gonzalo Wangüemert-Pérez, Robert Halir, Pavel Cheben, Íñigo Molina-Fernández
{"title":"Ultra-efficient surface grating couplers for chip-to-fiber and chip-to-free-space coupling based on single-beam radiation.","authors":"Alejandro Sánchez-Postigo, Pablo Ginel-Moreno, Jens H Schmid, Abdelfettah Hadij-ElHouati, Alejandro Ortega-Moñux, J Gonzalo Wangüemert-Pérez, Robert Halir, Pavel Cheben, Íñigo Molina-Fernández","doi":"10.1364/OE.537342","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.537342","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Surface grating couplers, such as fiber-chip grating couplers and optical antennas, are fundamental devices in photonic integrated circuits, as they enable the coupling of light between the chip and an external medium. An important metric of surface grating couplers is the coupling efficiency, and high values, greater than -1 dB, are required for applications in quantum technology, light detection and ranging, and optical interconnects. Surface grating couplers typically suffer from radiation loss to the substrate, which significantly limits their coupling efficiency. Here we propose a novel grating-coupling concept that utilizes a high-refractive-index upper cladding to frustrate radiation orders to the substrate by operating in a single-beam diffraction regime. To illustrate this concept, we report the design of an easily fabricable silicon surface grating coupler with an unprecedented coupling efficiency of -0.2 dB to a single-mode optical fiber. Furthermore, the proposed strategy allows us to design an evanescently coupled millimeter-long optical antenna with a coupling efficiency of -0.1 dB to free space. Additionally, an ultra-fast wavelength-tunable beam steering of 0.37°/nm is achieved, which corresponds to more than a 2.5-fold enhancement over comparable silicon antennas. These results represent a pathway for a new set of photonic integrated interfaces for applications in which high-efficiency chip-to-fiber and chip-to-free-space coupling is critical.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"32 23","pages":"41156-41172"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142687992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optics expressPub Date : 2024-11-04DOI: 10.1364/OE.538088
Song Song, Po Wu, Yejun Liu, Lun Zhao, Tingwei Wu, Xiangyu Liu, Lei Guo
{"title":"Implementation of an indoor optical camera communication and localization fusion system using infrared LED markers.","authors":"Song Song, Po Wu, Yejun Liu, Lun Zhao, Tingwei Wu, Xiangyu Liu, Lei Guo","doi":"10.1364/OE.538088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.538088","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recently, with the development of communication and positioning technologies, progressively higher demands have been placed on the timeliness of indoor communication and the effectiveness of indoor positioning. This paper proposes a low-cost and full-time domain coverage indoor communication and localization fusion system that uses an infrared camera to identify mobile LEDs based on region of interest optical camera communication (RoI-OCC) and calculate three-dimensional (3D) world coordinates based on perspective-n-point (PnP) algorithm. An intermediate delimiter modulation-demodulation method is designed to achieve asynchronous OCC. In processing infrared images, a region-growth-based absolute-directional-mean-difference (RG-ADMD) algorithm is developed to detect infrared targets and recover the scale. Additionally, a local-contrast-method-based Lucas-Kanade (LCM-LK) optical flow estimation algorithm is designed to track infrared targets and determine the centroid coordinates of pixels. In a 5×5 m experimental area, the established system can achieve a target detection recall rate of over 85%, the asynchronous OCC with error-free transmission and an average 3D positioning accuracy of 2.01 cm under a LCM-LK tracking algorithm.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"32 23","pages":"41361-41375"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142688372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optics expressPub Date : 2024-11-04DOI: 10.1364/OE.508090
Timothy S Moore, Srinivas Kolluru, Alberto Tonizzo, Michael S Twardowski
{"title":"Bio-optical inversion scheme based on the radiative transfer equation.","authors":"Timothy S Moore, Srinivas Kolluru, Alberto Tonizzo, Michael S Twardowski","doi":"10.1364/OE.508090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.508090","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>An inversion algorithm based on a forward optical model based on a radiative transfer equation is developed in terms of IOPs with explicit inclusion of the volume scattering function (VSF). Key results from the analysis are: 1) the inversion retrievals perform to comparable levels as the operational configuration of the NASA's Generalized Inherent Optical Property (GIOP) framework; 2) closure error between RT r<sub>rs</sub> and measured r<sub>rs</sub> have no significant effect on predicting the accuracy of the derived IOPs; and 3) $tilde {b}_{bp}$ is important to ZTT, but not explicitly included in other types of comparable semi-analytic algorithms.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"32 23","pages":"41270-41296"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142687638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optics expressPub Date : 2024-11-04DOI: 10.1364/OE.534313
Maciej Jaworski, Paweł Mrowiński, Marek G Mikulicz, Paweł Holewa, Laura Zeidler, Marcin Syperek, Elizaveta Semenova, Grzegorz Sęk
{"title":"Xenon plasma-focused ion beam milling for fabrication of high-purity, bright single-photon sources operating in the C-band.","authors":"Maciej Jaworski, Paweł Mrowiński, Marek G Mikulicz, Paweł Holewa, Laura Zeidler, Marcin Syperek, Elizaveta Semenova, Grzegorz Sęk","doi":"10.1364/OE.534313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.534313","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Electron beam lithography is a standard method for fabricating photonic micro and nanostructures around semiconductor quantum dots (QDs), which are crucial for efficient single and indistinguishable photon sources in quantum information processing. However, this technique is difficult for direct 3D control of the structure shape, complicating the design and enlarging the 2D footprint to suppress in-plane photon leakage while directing photons into the collecting lens aperture. Here, we present an alternative approach to employ xenon plasma-focused ion beam (Xe-PFIB) technology as a reliable method for the 3D shaping of photonic structures containing low-density self-assembled InAs/InP quantum dots emitting in the C-band range of the 3rd telecommunication window. The method is optimized to minimize the possible ion-beam-induced material degradation, which allows exploration of both non-deterministic and deterministic fabrication approaches, resulting in photonic structures naturally shaped as truncated cones. As a demonstration, we fabricate mesas using a heterogeneously integrated structure with a QD membrane atop an aluminum mirror and silicon substrate. Finite-difference time-domain simulations show that the angled sidewalls significantly increase the emission collection efficiency to approx. 0.9 for NA = 0.65. We demonstrate experimentally a high purity of pulsed single-photon emission (∼99%) and a superior extraction efficiency value reported in the C-band of η = 24 ± 4%.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"32 23","pages":"41089-41101"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142688095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optics expressPub Date : 2024-11-04DOI: 10.1364/OE.495589
Kun Wu, Feng Zhang, Wenwen Li, Fengzi Bao, Yi-Ning Shi
{"title":"Polarized adding method of discrete ordinate approximation for ultraviolet-visible and near-infrared radiative transfer.","authors":"Kun Wu, Feng Zhang, Wenwen Li, Fengzi Bao, Yi-Ning Shi","doi":"10.1364/OE.495589","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.495589","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The polarization characteristics of atmospheric scattering are important for planetary studies and should not be ignored in radiative transfer simulations. In this study, what we believe to be a new vector radiative transfer model called the polarized adding method of discrete ordinate approximation (POLDDA) is proposed for use in remote sensing applications for ultraviolet-visible and near-infrared spectra. The single-layer radiative transfer process and inhomogeneous multi-layer connection are solved using the discrete ordinate method (DOM) and adding methods, respectively. By combining the advantages of DOM and the adding method, the Stokes vector (including the I-, Q-, U-, and V-components) calculated using the supposed new method conforms to the results of PolRadtran/RT3, whether in a Rayleigh scattering atmosphere or a water cloud-dominated case. Moreover, the relative root-mean-square error (RMSE) values of the Stokes vector for the test cases between MYSTIC and the new method or RT3 demonstrate the accuracy of the proposed method. In addition, the apparently new method has a higher computational efficiency than RT3, particularly for an atmosphere with a large scattering optical depth. Unlike RT3, the computation time of the proposed method does not increase with the optical depth of each layer.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"32 23","pages":"40108-40133"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142688357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Label-free classification of atherosclerosis plaque via OCT and ultraviolet autofluorescence spectroscopy.","authors":"Wangting Zhou, Kezhou Li, Baoyun Yan, Chao Liu, Nan Wang, Yihui Cao, Jianan Li, Rui Zhu, Jianming Guo, Xueli Chen","doi":"10.1364/OE.543986","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.543986","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We proposed a label-free method for the identification and classification of atherosclerosis plaques by combining optical coherence tomography (OCT) with ultraviolet autofluorescence spectroscopy (uFLS). By aligning the OCT source and the FLS excitation beams, we were able to illuminate the same spot on plaques fixed to the integrated probe, which underwent rotational scanning. This setup enabled the detection of both OCT images and uFLS spectra of the plaques in a co-localized manner. In our approach, a 1300 nm centered swept laser source was utilized for OCT imaging, while a 355 nm laser source, along with a lensed multimode fiber, served as the fluorescence probe for uFLS. The successful acquisition of OCT-uFLS images provided complementary information regarding the tomographic internal structure and biochemical components within the vessels, allowing for comprehensive identification and classification of atherosclerosis plaques. Furthermore, we achieved quantitative measurements and analysis of fluorescence spectra from three main component channels, corresponding to collagen, elastin, and lipid. This enabled us to differentiate atherosclerosis from normal vessel walls and determine the specific types. With the implementation of this dual-modal OCT-uFLS technique, it is possible to facilitate the label-free classification of various histopathological types of atherosclerosis plaques, which holds the potential for both diagnosis and image-guided ablation therapy applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"32 23","pages":"42173-42183"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142688394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optics expressPub Date : 2024-11-04DOI: 10.1364/OE.537296
Omer Emre Ates, Benjamin J Slayton, William P Putnam
{"title":"Subwavelength-modulated silicon photonics for low-energy free-electron-photon interactions.","authors":"Omer Emre Ates, Benjamin J Slayton, William P Putnam","doi":"10.1364/OE.537296","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.537296","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We investigate silicon waveguides with subwavelength-scale modulation for applications in free-electron-photon interactions. The modulation enables velocity matching and efficient interactions between low-energy electrons and co-propagating photons. Specifically, we design a subwavelength-grating (SWG) waveguide for interactions between 23-keV free electrons and ≈1500-nm photons. The SWG waveguide and electron system exhibit a coupling coefficient of |g<sub>Qu</sub>| = 0.23, and as we corroborate with time-domain, particle-in-cell simulations, the system operates as a backward-wave oscillator. Overall, our results show that modulated waveguides could open the door to strong, extended interactions between photons and low-energy (10-keV-scale) electrons, like those typically present in scanning electron microscopes. Additionally, our SWG waveguide design suggests that periodic waveguides could offer intriguing dispersion engineering opportunities for tailoring these interactions.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"32 23","pages":"41892-41904"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142687564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}