{"title":"Efficient parallel relaying FSO communications using rateless codes in horizontal terrestrial and satellite-to-ground scenarios.","authors":"Beibei Cui, Shanyong Cai, Liqian Wang, Zhiguo Zhang","doi":"10.1364/OE.570980","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.570980","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The reliability of FSO communications is severely limited by atmospheric conditions. Adding redundant communication channels, like parallel relaying, is a solution to achieve high reliability. Parallel relaying can achieve non-linear propagation and compensate for signal degradation by reducing the length of single hops, but at the cost of increased resource consumption. To optimize resource utilization, a parallel relaying configuration employing rateless codes (RCs) is proposed in this paper. Since different coded packets are transmitted over each parallel link, RCs achieve higher resource utilization efficiency and lower latency, compared to standardized packet duplication. A precise analytical framework is elaborated to calculate the average required resources for parallel relaying system with RCs under atmospheric turbulence channel. Evaluated in both horizontal terrestrial scenario and satellite-to-ground scenario, the proposed RCs scheme shows superior resource utilization efficiency under a dynamic atmospheric channel.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"33 18","pages":"39092-39106"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145125620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Quantitative analysis of backscattering contamination sources in the TianQin telescope.","authors":"Xinxin Liu, Zizheng Li, Yiping Wang, Tianxiang Lv, Jingxiao Peng, Shanxiang Liang, Xin Zhang","doi":"10.1364/OE.570389","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.570389","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The utilization of smooth optical surfaces represents a critical approach for suppressing backscattering in spaceborne gravitational wave telescopes, such as those employed in the TianQin project. The bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) serves as an effective physical parameter for characterizing light scattering properties and has been extensively applied in stray light suppression research. This study employs surface scattering theory to quantitatively analyze the impact of three major stray light sources - surface roughness, defects, and contamination-on telescope system backscattering. Based on this analysis, we establish specific performance requirements for single mirror surface roughness, defect tolerance, and cleanliness levels.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"33 18","pages":"37629-37640"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145125624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Enhancing the energy utilization efficiency of broadband emission from organic molecules using narrowband photonic-crystal nanocavity modes.","authors":"Nishiki Yamada, Takashi Asano, Keiji Sugi, Ryo Kasegawa, Yasutoshi Jimbo, Yoshiaki Kouyama, Hironori Toyoda, Tatsuya Ichikawa, Tetsuo Minami, Bong-Shik Song, Kenji Ishizaki, Susumu Noda","doi":"10.1364/OE.568958","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.568958","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nanocavities can enhance the luminescence of light-emitting materials via the Purcell effect. However, if the emitter spectrum is much broader than the cavity-mode spectrum, a large fraction of the energy used to excite the emitter can usually not be extracted by the cavity mode. Here, we demonstrate that energy-utilization efficiency enhancements are nevertheless possible due to improved radiation directionality, provided that the emitter spectrum is determined by population-conserving homogeneous broadening. Our best cavity can re-shape a 50-nm-broad emission spectrum from organic molecules to a spectrum with a 0.72-nm linewidth while increasing the detected integrated intensity by a factor of 2.1.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"33 18","pages":"38707-38720"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145125626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optics expressPub Date : 2025-09-08DOI: 10.1364/OE.565077
Luo Wang, Mingjie Xiao, Haiyang Zhang, Changming Zhao
{"title":"Generalized Jones-Mueller calculus for optical anisotropic media.","authors":"Luo Wang, Mingjie Xiao, Haiyang Zhang, Changming Zhao","doi":"10.1364/OE.565077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.565077","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>3-D matrix calculus plays a critical role in describing 3-D polarized transformations. However, existing two 3-D calculi, generalized Jones and Mueller matrix calculus (GJM and GMM), remain flawed and incomplete. First, the global connection between two matrices has not been theoretically explored and established, which results in their independence and inability to form a unified framework (similar to 2-D Jones-Mueller framework). Second, existing GJM calculus models the 3-D interaction with anisotropic media as a paraxial-like system constrained by specific <i>S</i><i>U</i>(3) rotations, neglecting the influence of vectorial light path and defining the differential GJM (dGJM) as inherent and fixed. In this article, we first introduce a Lorentz-like algebra to establish a double-covering homomorphism between <i>S</i><i>L</i>(3,<i>C</i>) and the Lorentz-like group <b>LLG</b>, which enables global and bi-directional mapping between GJM and GMM. Then, we propose a pure-matrix approach covering the vectorial light path to describe the 3-D anisotropic interaction, which enables polarization modeling along arbitrary light paths. The proposed theories further refine the framework of 3-D polarization optics and can be the foundation of a variety of non-paraxial polarization applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"33 18","pages":"37826-37839"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145125648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optics expressPub Date : 2025-09-08DOI: 10.1364/OE.563663
Ivan Loboda, Anton Réva
{"title":"Optimization of the Ritchey-Chrétien telescope for a discrete set of reference spheres.","authors":"Ivan Loboda, Anton Réva","doi":"10.1364/OE.563663","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.563663","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We propose a method to minimize the amount of aspherization required to produce hyperboloid mirrors for the widely used Ritchey-Chrétien telescope design. The approach is based on fine-tuning the telescope's geometry to precisely match a discrete set of high-precision etalons, which are used to control the polishing of the spherical substrates. We support this optimization technique with an open-source implementation in Python and demonstrate its effectiveness through several real-world examples, achieving improvements of up to more than an order of magnitude, with the telescope parameters adjusted by only a fraction of a millimeter. We also show that this method can be extended to several other reflecting telescope designs.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"33 18","pages":"38015-38028"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145125511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Composite multi-frequency oscillation driving for enhanced dynamic grayscale stability in electrophoretic displays.","authors":"Ruisi Gao, Jianwen Chen, Mian Qin, Ziyang Wang, Linli Li, Yuting Bai, Tianxin Tian, Shixiao Li, Pengfei Bai, Guofu Zhou","doi":"10.1364/OE.574202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.574202","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Electrophoretic displays (EPDs) occupy a unique position in display technologies due to their distinctive reflective operation and bistable characteristics. However, charged particles in the suspension medium tend to form agglomerates under van der Waals forces, significantly impairing particle mobility. This compromises precise control of particle motion through driving signals, leading to grayscale drift and dynamic response hysteresis. Conventional rapid-display driving waveforms with single-frequency oscillation fail to adequately activate particles. To overcome this limitation, we propose a composite multi-frequency oscillatory driving method. By sequentially applying high-frequency and medium-frequency oscillation waveforms, this approach achieves efficient disaggregation of particle agglomerates and precise particle positioning, demonstrably enhancing grayscale accuracy and image quality in EPD video applications. For grayscale rendering, the proposed method achieves a 40.462% reduction in average color difference (Δ<i>E</i>) and superior four-grayscale uniformity compared to other techniques. In dynamic imaging, it elevates the structural similarity index (SSIM) and peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) by 16.675% and 15.092% respectively. Consequently, these advancements substantially enhance video stability and image fidelity while expanding EPD's grayscale expressiveness, thereby enhancing its viability for high-quality imaging and video-intensive applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"33 18","pages":"39167-39180"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145125522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optics expressPub Date : 2025-09-08DOI: 10.1364/OE.569238
Bing-Qian Lu, Jun-Fang Wu, Chao Li
{"title":"Design of wavelength division multiplexer based on sandwiched topological waveguides in a valley photonic crystal.","authors":"Bing-Qian Lu, Jun-Fang Wu, Chao Li","doi":"10.1364/OE.569238","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.569238","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Topological photonic systems provide versatile platforms for efficient and robust molding of light. In this work, we present a triangular-kagome hybrid valley lattice, which is employed to construct several sandwiched topological waveguides with unique valley-dependent transmission features, and the underlying physics is revealed. These topologically-protected waveguides have large and tunable working bandwidths, which can be readily engineered just by locally tuning the structure parameters of the single-layer middle region, without the requirement of changing the global lattice as usually done. Finally, as an example for applications, a harpoon-shaped topological wavelength division multiplexer with broad and compact operation bands is realized by taking advantage of these specially-designed topological waveguides. The method and approach presented here are promising in the field of photonic integrated circuits with topological protection, and offer what we believe to be new opportunities for realizing multifunctional photonic devices based on topological waveguide states.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"33 18","pages":"38284-38296"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145125563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optics expressPub Date : 2025-09-08DOI: 10.1364/OE.572954
Shijia Wu, Xiao Zhou, Weilong Kong, Yalan Zhao, Yunfei Shang, Zitong Zhang, Yongtao Liu
{"title":"Deep learning enhanced dual-mode fluorescence cooperative imaging using upconversion nanoparticles.","authors":"Shijia Wu, Xiao Zhou, Weilong Kong, Yalan Zhao, Yunfei Shang, Zitong Zhang, Yongtao Liu","doi":"10.1364/OE.572954","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.572954","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Multiphoton microscopy (MPM) has profoundly advanced deep-tissue imaging with superior optical sectioning capabilities. However, achieving high-resolution imaging at significant depths remains a challenge due to light scattering and resolution-penetration trade-offs. Here, we present a deep learning enhanced dual-modal fluorescence cooperative imaging (DL-DMFC) approach to achieve deep-penetration high-resolution imaging. By utilizing the multiple long-lived intermediate states, lanthanide upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) simultaneously induce two-photon (λemission1 = 808 nm) with higher penetration and four-photon (λemission2 = 455 nm) fluorescence with higher resolution under a single 980 nm pump source excitation. To synergistically leverage the advantages of imaging at two fluorescence, we trained artificial neural networks incorporating a dual mechanism based on adversarial training with cyclic consistency constraints is employed to establish a cross-domain mapping between the dual-modal signals. We demonstrate that this synergistic excitation and computational framework enable high-resolution (51% transverse resolution enhancement), anti-scattered 3D imaging beyond 500 μm. This approach solves the problem of penetration-resolution trade-off in MPM and provides a new strategy for deep tissue thick scattering imaging.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"33 18","pages":"38603-38617"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145125566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optics expressPub Date : 2025-09-08DOI: 10.1364/OE.569324
Rong He, Longsheng Bi, Jinhua Lu, Shixin Yan
{"title":"Research on a multi-level adaptive denoising algorithm based on ICESat-2 background photon characteristics.","authors":"Rong He, Longsheng Bi, Jinhua Lu, Shixin Yan","doi":"10.1364/OE.569324","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.569324","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>ICESat-2 data play a critical role in Earth observation, but the high sensitivity of the advanced topographic laser altimeter system (ATLAS) makes observations susceptible to environmental factors like solar radiation, generating substantial noise that compromises accurate retrieval of surface structural parameters. This paper proposes a preliminary-to-fine Multi-level denoising algorithm, whose innovations lie in improving the elliptical search domain in the fine denoising phase to adapt to slope change under complex terrain, innovatively proposing a method based on maximum background rate Indirect estimation threshold to eliminate noise, and in addition, optimizing the Box plot filter to make it more conforming to the photon distribution characteristics of areas with complex vertical structures such as forest and city. The outcome shows that the background rate of daytime ICESat-2 data is on the order of 10<sup>5</sup>-10<sup>6</sup> points per second, which can directly reflect the density of noise photons in the data; in the data validation of four types of surface features, namely forest, wasteland, glacier, and city, the average denoising rate of the algorithm in this paper reaches 70%. Compared with existing algorithms, the R<sup>2</sup> is increased by at least 4.30%, the MAE is reduced by 0.68 m, and the RMSE is reduced by 0.95 m, which fully attests to the suitability of the algorithm for denoising ICESat-2 data in daytime strong noise environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"33 18","pages":"38297-38316"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145125585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optics expressPub Date : 2025-09-08DOI: 10.1364/OE.571305
Kevin Pulgar, Eva Rajo-Iglesias, Francisco Pizarro
{"title":"Dielectric split-pin unit cell for gradient index lenses implementation by using 3D-printing.","authors":"Kevin Pulgar, Eva Rajo-Iglesias, Francisco Pizarro","doi":"10.1364/OE.571305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.571305","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article presents the design and implementation of a dielectric split-pin unit cell for designing graded index (GRIN) lenses using 3D printing technology. The proposed unit cell aims to simplify the fabrication process of GRIN lenses by leveraging the advantages of 3D printing. The design consists of two metallic parallel plates, one with a high-permittivity substrate layer and the other with an array of easily printable dielectric pins of lower permittivity. The variation in the height of these pins allows for the creation of the desired refractive index profiles. Four types of GRIN lenses-Maxwell, Luneburg, Gutman, and Fission lenses-are analyzed and designed to operate at a central frequency of 20 GHz. The study includes a parametric analysis to determine the necessary dimensions of the unit cells to achieve the required refractive indices. The effectiveness of the proposed design is validated through full-wave simulations and measurements of one fabricated lens, demonstrating good agreement with theoretical predictions and confirming the viability of this approach for practical applications in high-frequency devices.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"33 18","pages":"37654-37666"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145125604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}