Optometry and Vision Science最新文献

{"title":"Evaluation of the preferred sleeping position as a risk factor for keratoconus asymmetry.","authors":"Dhiogo Cezar Corrêa, Daniel Oliveira Dantas, Dillan Cunha Amaral, Hamilton Moreira, Ricardo Noguera Louzada, Milton Ruiz Alves","doi":"10.1097/OPX.0000000000002261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/OPX.0000000000002261","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Significance: </strong>Identifying potential modifiable risk factors for keratoconus progression is crucial for better outcomes. This study suggests that sleeping position may contribute to interocular asymmetry in keratoconus, providing an actionable target for patient education and clinical management and underscoring the importance of sleep posture in slowing disease progression.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study aimed to investigate whether the preferred sleeping position can contribute to interocular asymmetry of keratoconus.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A clinical cross-sectional study was conducted on 50 patients (100 eyes) with grade I and II keratoconus (Amsler-Krumeich) and 40 individuals (80 eyes) without keratoconus. Corneal tomographic parameters from the Galilei G6 (keratometry plus curve [Steep K], mean keratometry [Sim K], thinner corneal thickness, central corneal thickness, Cone Location and Magnitude Index, dioptric asymmetry between the inferior and superior corneal hemispheres, and vertical coma) were obtained to assess interocular asymmetry. All participants answered a questionnaire about their preferred sleeping position. The eye positioned lower during sleep has been referred to as the dependent eye, and the eye positioned higher was classified as the nondependent eye, regardless of the sleeping position (lateral or ventral).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There were no significant differences between dependent and nondependent eyes regarding the evaluated tomographic variables among individuals without keratoconus. However, in individuals with keratoconus, statistically significant differences were observed between dependent and nondependent eyes for the following parameters: Steep K (47.89 vs. 45.78 D, p=0.0047), Sim K (46.54 vs. 44.42 D, p=0.0016); thinnest corneal thickness (445.84 vs. 460.34 μm, p=0.0057), central corneal thickness (463.03 vs. 477.6 μm, p=0.0125), vertical coma (-1.98 vs. -1.41 μm, p=0.0448), and total coma (1.60 vs. 1.22 μm, p=0.0495).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study suggests that in individuals with keratoconus, the preferred sleeping position may contribute to keratoconus asymmetry in the dependent eye, regardless of whether the sleeping position is lateral or ventral.</p>","PeriodicalId":19649,"journal":{"name":"Optometry and Vision Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144079368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pre-wetted modified Schirmer's tear test to determine lacrimal tear-production rate from severe lacrimal-gland dysfunction patients.","authors":"Young Hyun Kim, Sarah M Chang, Jennifer E Ding, Meng C Lin, Clayton J Radke","doi":"10.1097/OPX.0000000000002265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/OPX.0000000000002265","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Significance: </strong>To determine basal tear-production rates from low tear-producing patients, we present a prewetted modified Schirmer's tear test (PW-MSTT). The improved method is an extension of the MSTT that provides a reliable method to investigate the relation between dry-eye symptoms and basal tear production rates.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The MSTT quantifies basal tear-production rates from patients. However, the existing test does not allow measurement of basal tear-production rates from patients that do not wet past the 5-mm mark on the Schirmer strip within 5 minutes. We extended the MSTT with a prewetting technique to allow quantification of basal tear-production rates from patients that do not adequately wet the Schirmer strip within 5 minutes of strip insertion.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An in-vitro study was conducted with sheathed Schirmer strips to determine the volume of sterile nonpreservative saline solution necessary to prewet the Schirmer strip before insertion. This assessment determined that 1.6 µL of prewetting saline wets the Schirmer strip to 5.2 mm of the Schirmer strip, enough to allow basal tear production rate determination from subjects that do not adequately wet the Schirmer strip out to the 5-mm mark. Then, a clinical study was conducted with sheathed Schirmer strips with the prewetting technique to determine the basal tear-production rate from subjects that could not wet sufficiently to determine their basal tear-production rate.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Eleven subjects completed the study; the basal tear production rates from these low tear-producing subjects were determined. The mean (SD) of the measured basal tear-production rate was 0.40 µL/min (0.28 µL/min) compared with normal subjects at 1.19 µL/min.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The developed PW-MSTT successfully quantifies basal tear production rates from subjects that do not adequately wet the Schirmer strip without the new prewetting technique. The determined basal tear-production rate from these low tear-producing subjects was three times less than that of those from a previous study where the subjects could adequately wet the Schirmer strip past the 5-mm line. Our improved methodology for low tear-producing patients sheds insight into how basal tear production rate is related to aqueous-deficient dry-eye symptoms.</p>","PeriodicalId":19649,"journal":{"name":"Optometry and Vision Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144079369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the initial and end-of-day wettability of contemporary daily disposable contact lenses using various in vitro methods.","authors":"Chau-Minh Phan, Brandon Ho, Alex Hui, Hendrik Walther, Ying Zheng, Lakshman Subbaraman, Xinfeng Charlie Shi, James Wu, Lyndon William Jones","doi":"10.1097/OPX.0000000000002260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/OPX.0000000000002260","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Significance: </strong>Contact lens wettability is potentially correlated with friction, which is linked to lens comfort. However, measuring wettability can be highly variable. This study assessed wettability using three techniques for a more accurate profile.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To evaluate the wettability of contemporary daily disposable contact lenses after 16 hours on an in vitro model using the sessile drop, captive bubble, and a novel in vitro noninvasive keratograph breakup time (NIKBUT) method.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The wettability of six contemporary silicone hydrogel contact lens materials (verofilcon A, delefilcon A, senofilcon A, kalifilcon A, stenfilcon A, and somofilcon A) and two conventional hydrogel materials (nesofilcon A and etafilcon A) were evaluated using an in vitro blink model at t = 0 and 16 hours. The blink rates of the eye model were 20 blinks per minute. Sessile drop and captive bubble angles were analyzed using the Optical Contact Analyzer. NIKBUT was assessed on a blink model in combination with the OCULUS Keratograph 5M.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There were no significant differences in wettability for any lens types between 0 and 16 hours when assessed using the captive bubble or NIKBUT methods (p>0.05). For the sessile drop method, verofilcon A had the lowest contact angle values (36.5 ± 2.9°), and all lenses except for etafilcon A had similar wettability after 16 hours. All the lenses had similar wettability when assessed using the captive bubble method, suggesting that they had similar wettability under optimal wetting conditions. For NIKBUT, delefilcon A had the longest NIKBUT values (9.0 ± 1.0 s) after 16 hours.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The sessile drop technique produced the most measurable differences in wettability between different lens types, whereas the captive bubble technique was not able to provide any measurable differences between lenses. NIKBUT measurements may provide a better measure of on-eye wettability, but variability in the results using the current eye model still needs to be addressed in future studies for improved repeatability. Although the contact lenses showed different contact angles and NIKBUT results, their in vitro wettability did not significantly change over the 16 hours of simulated wear in terms of the captive bubble or NIKBUT values.</p>","PeriodicalId":19649,"journal":{"name":"Optometry and Vision Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144079367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy and factors influencing toric orthokeratology lenses in managing moderate to high astigmatic myopia.","authors":"Huali Hong, Yijiao Long, Lihong Li, Haiyan Lu, Enwei Lin","doi":"10.1097/OPX.0000000000002264","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/OPX.0000000000002264","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Significance: </strong>Toric orthokeratology lenses show potential in slowing myopia progression in adolescents with moderate to high astigmatic myopia. These findings support the broader application of toric orthokeratology in managing challenging refractive conditions and mitigating myopia-related complications.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study seeks to probe the efficacy of toric orthokeratology lenses in controlling moderate to high astigmatic myopia in adolescents and to analyze the risk factors influencing treatment outcomes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>One hundred adolescent patients with moderate to high astigmatic myopia who were treated at our medical facility from January 2022 to January 2023 were randomly selected as the study subjects. All patients were allocated to either the experimental group (n = 50) or the control group (n = 50) using a random number table method. The control group was subjected to treatment with spherical orthokeratology lenses, whereas the experimental group was treated with toric orthokeratology lenses. Changes in uncorrected visual acuity, axial length, cylinder diopters, sphere diopters, and average corneal curvature before treatment and after 12 months of treatment were compared between the two groups. The logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify the factors influencing the efficacy of toric orthokeratology lenses in controlling moderate to high astigmatic myopia in adolescents.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Both cohorts showed substantial improvements in uncorrected visual acuity, axial length, sphere, and average corneal curvature compared with their pre-treatment values, with the experimental cohort showing greater improvements than the control cohort (p=0.01, 0.03, 0.00, 0.00). There were no significant differences in cylinder between the two groups after treatment (p=0.56). Univariate analysis unraveled significant differences in age, baseline sphere, average corneal E value, baseline axial length, and central corneal thickness (p=0.00, 0.03, 0.04, 0.02, 0.05). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis displayed that the area under the curve for the logistic regression model attained 0.82, with a 95% confidence interval of (0.69, 0.95), sensitivity of 88%, specificity of 72%, and a Youden index of 0.61.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Toric orthokeratology lenses demonstrate potential efficacy for adolescents with moderate to high astigmatic myopia by slowing myopia progression. Patients who are older, severely nearsighted, and have longer baseline axial length experience more significant control over myopia progression.</p>","PeriodicalId":19649,"journal":{"name":"Optometry and Vision Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144033560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Eye growth and myopia progression following cessation of myopia control therapy with a dual-focus soft contact lens.","authors":"Paul Chamberlain, David S Hammond, Arthur Bradley, Baskar Arumugam, Kathryn Richdale, John McNally, Chris Hunt, Graeme Young","doi":"10.1097/OPX.0000000000002244","DOIUrl":"10.1097/OPX.0000000000002244","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Significance: </strong>This 7-year clinical study assessed the impact of age and number of years of myopia control treatment with MiSight 1 day (omafilcon A; CooperVision, Inc., Pleasanton, CA) dual-focus contact lenses on post-treatment eye growth and myopia progression. Growth and progression after treatment were ceased and returned to age-normal levels retaining prior accrued treatment gains.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study aimed to assess eye growth and refractive changes after cessation of prolonged myopia control treatment with a dual-focus contact lens.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Eighty-three subjects completing a 6-year clinical trial of a dual-focus myopia control contact lens (MiSight 1 day) continued into a follow-on 1-year \"wash-out\" phase in which all subjects were fit with a single-vision contact lens (Proclear 1 day, omafilcon A; CooperVision, Inc.). Right and left eye data were analyzed from 38 subjects with 6 years of prior treatment (T6) and 40 receiving treatment during study years 4 to 6 (T3). Axial length and cyclopleged spherical equivalent refractive errors were monitored annually for 7 years. Expected axial growth and myopia progression during years 4 to 7 if treatment had not been started were estimated by extrapolating growth of untreated myopic control eyes collected during years 1 to 3 using population-based estimates of age effects on growth rates.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>During the untreated year 7, annualized axial growth and refractive changes were 0.09 ± 0.09 (T3) and 0.10 ± 0.10 mm/y (T6), and -0.23 ± 0.36 (T3) and -0.21 ± 0.40 D/y (T6), respectively, each slightly greater than observed during the previous year of treatment (0.07 ± 0.12 [T3] and 0.08 ± 0.07 mm [T6], and -0.04 ± 0.34 [T3] and -0.13 ± 0.42 D [T6]). Year 7 progression was less for the older (11 to 12 at baseline, -0.17 ± 0.40 D/0.05 ± 0.07 mm) than the younger (8 to 10 at baseline, -0.26 ± 0.36 D/0.13 ± 0.10 mm) subgroup. Years in treatment (3 vs. 6) did not influence post-treatment growth or progression.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>A cessation study following 3 or 6 years of myopia control treatment with the dual-focus myopia control contact lens found axial growth and myopia progression rates similar to those expected of untreated myopic eyes at these ages. This finding reveals that accrued treatment gains were retained and neither amplified nor diminished after cessation of treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":19649,"journal":{"name":"Optometry and Vision Science","volume":" ","pages":"353-358"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12101879/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143710700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Myopia in Houston optometry graduates from 2013 to 2023.","authors":"Barsha Lal, Joshua Joseph, Amy Cantrell, Han Cheng, Lisa A Ostrin","doi":"10.1097/OPX.0000000000002228","DOIUrl":"10.1097/OPX.0000000000002228","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Significance: </strong>Adult onset and progression of myopia are not well understood. It is of interest to better characterize myopia progression in young adults, who are frequently subjected to risk factors, such as intense near-work demands.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study aimed to assess the prevalence and progression of myopia and other refractive errors in optometry students in the United States.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study was a retrospective chart review of electronic medical records of students enrolled in the optometry program at the University of Houston College of Optometry who graduated between 2013 and 2023. For each student, refractive error was noted from the medical record for eye examinations during their time as an optometry student. Exclusion criteria were ocular disease, myopia control treatment, or refractive surgery. Prevalences of hyperopia (≥+ 0.50 D), emmetropia (>-0.50 to <+0.50 D), myopia (≤-0.50 D), astigmatism (>0.50 D), and anisometropia (≥1.0 D) were determined from spherical equivalent refraction (SER) of the right eye. Absolute and annualized differences in SER were calculated between visits.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Records for 1071 students were reviewed, and 961 were included. Prevalences were 80.7% for myopia, 14.9% for emmetropia, and 4.4% for hyperopia. Additionally, 38.4% had astigmatism, and 16.1% had anisometropia. Students with one follow-up exam (n = 639) showed a significant negative change in SER of -0.05 ± 0.38 D over an average follow-up period of 1.60 ± 0.61 years (p=0.001). Myopia onset was observed in 15.7% of emmetropes at baseline. Greater negative SER change was associated with greater follow-up duration and younger age. Hyperopes and emmetropes did not demonstrate significant changes in SER. An annualized negative SER change of ≥-0.25 D was noted in 20% of the 639 students, of which 5.5% showed ≥-0.50 D.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Findings demonstrate a high prevalence of myopia among optometry students. A small but statistically significant myopic change in refraction was observed. These findings may implicate a role of education and near work in myopia.</p>","PeriodicalId":19649,"journal":{"name":"Optometry and Vision Science","volume":" ","pages":"289-298"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143493204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emmetropization in highly hyperopic infants: A randomized clinical trial of partial refractive correction.","authors":"Ann M Morrison, Matthew L Robich, Lisa A Jordan, Loraine T Sinnott, Donald O Mutti","doi":"10.1097/OPX.0000000000002254","DOIUrl":"10.1097/OPX.0000000000002254","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Significance: </strong>Highly hyperopic infants are at greater risk for not undergoing emmetropization and later developing conditions such as strabismus, amblyopia, and early literacy and reading problems. An early intervention consisting of partial hyperopic correction and encouragement of accommodation may influence the rate of emmetropization in these high-risk infants.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study aimed to determine if moderate spectacle partial correction (3.00 D cut from cycloplegic) and visual exercises to promote accommodation enhance emmetropization (reaching ≤+3.00 D) in highly hyperopic (≥+5.00 D to ≤+7.00 D) 3-month-old infants compared with no treatment (observation).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Thirty-five highly hyperopic 3-month-old infants (57% female) were randomized to observation or treatment ( clinicaltrials.gov ; NCT03669146). Primary analysis compared the mean hyperopia at 18 months of age in treated versus untreated participants. Data were also modeled using proportional hazards survival analysis (time to reach ≤+3.00 D).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There was no significant difference in refractive error at 18 months of age between infants in the treated (+1.6 ± 0.6 D) and observation groups (+1.2 ± 0.7 D; p = 0.23) but treatment affected the rate of emmetropization depending on baseline hyperopia (p = 0.01). At 12 months of age, treated infants had similar refractive errors regardless of baseline hyperopia but untreated infants at 12 months underwent faster emmetropization if their baseline hyperopia was <+5.50 D and slower emmetropization if it was >+5.50 D.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Partial hyperopic refractive correction with accommodative exercises in highly hyperopic infants did not affect average refractive error at 18 months. However, treatment affected the rate of emmetropization and how long it took to reach ≤+3.00 D. Treatment slowed the rate of emmetropization at lower levels of initial hyperopia but may enhance emmetropization at higher levels.</p>","PeriodicalId":19649,"journal":{"name":"Optometry and Vision Science","volume":" ","pages":"310-319"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144030033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"2024 Chew Sek Jin Memorial Lecture: \"Are we there yet?\"","authors":"Ian Flitcroft","doi":"10.1097/OPX.0000000000002257","DOIUrl":"10.1097/OPX.0000000000002257","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The journey from myopia being an intriguing scientific puzzle to part of clinical practice has been a long and varied path. Chew Sek Jin was one of the pioneers on this journey and, as director of the Singapore Eye Research Institute, initiated an ambitious research program that has helped us get to where we are today. His work was data-driven, embracing the power of epidemiological and longitudinal studies. He emphasized both the public health aspects and clinical management of myopia, pioneering the use of atropine in Singapore. With his work with Josh Wallman, he recognized the importance of research into the biological mechanisms of myopia.</p>","PeriodicalId":19649,"journal":{"name":"Optometry and Vision Science","volume":" ","pages":"240-259"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144036266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The limitations of centile curves for evaluating myopic eye growth.","authors":"Mark A Bullimore, Xu Cheng, Noel A Brennan","doi":"10.1097/OPX.0000000000002252","DOIUrl":"10.1097/OPX.0000000000002252","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Significance: </strong>Pediatric growth charts are widely used to track height and weight. Recently, axial length growth charts have been developed. Unfortunately, they underestimate the rate of normal myopic eye growth, making it challenging to evaluate the benefits of myopia control interventions, due to the conflation of myopes and nonmyopes.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The aim is to assess the value of axial length centile curves in the management of childhood myopia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Papers reporting centile curves were identified by searching PubMed. For comparison, axial length values for a representative selection of baseline values (21 to 24 mm at 6 years) were calculated as a function of age and ethnicity using published meta-analyses of myopic and emmetropic eye growth data.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Six published centile curves, largely based on cross-sectional data, were identified: three from European populations, two from China, and one from India. The trajectory of the emmetropic eye growth model generally tracks the European and Indian centile curves at lower centiles. This is not the case for the Chinese centile curves, likely due to the significant numbers of myopic children even at lower centiles. In contrast, the trajectory of the myopic eye growth model is steeper than that of the centile curves, even at higher centiles. This suggests that the higher centiles contain substantial numbers of nonmyopic children. Only in the centile curves for Chinese children, who have a higher prevalence of myopia, do they approach myopic eye growth, and then only for older children and at higher centiles.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Centile curves do not accurately represent myopic eye growth, are not the best tool to monitor myopia progression and treatment, do not accurately represent growth in incident myopes, and are not the best way to predict myopia onset. Separate centile curves for myopic eyes do not alleviate the problem because of incident myopia. Annualized growth models may provide a better approach to assessing axial elongation relative to population norms.</p>","PeriodicalId":19649,"journal":{"name":"Optometry and Vision Science","volume":" ","pages":"299-306"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12101890/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144048507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preschool children with insufficient physiological hyperopia experience accelerated myopic drift.","authors":"Shimeng Bian, Jianing Pu, Wei Chen, Zhen Zhou, Ranran Zhang, Dan Wang, Xuejing Mi, Yanyan Yang, Chuzhi Peng, Huaying Xu, Mingrui Jin, Yonghong Jiao","doi":"10.1097/OPX.0000000000002235","DOIUrl":"10.1097/OPX.0000000000002235","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Significance: </strong>This study reveals that preschool children with insufficient physiological hyperopia experience accelerated myopic drift and axial length elongation. Regular monitoring can serve as an early warning for impending myopia during early childhood, highlighting its critical role in future myopia prevention strategies.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study examines the patterns of spherical equivalent and biometric parameters if physiological hyperopia has shown an accelerated tendency to regress by preschool age and whether the early onset of physiological hyperopia regression accelerates myopia onset.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This kindergarten-based longitudinal observational study included 1308 children between 3 and 6 years old from kindergartens in Haidian District, Beijing, China. Comprehensive eye examinations were performed on all participants.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Two grouping methods were used for all children. The first was based on their baseline age and divided into four groups of 3 to 6 years. The second was based on spherical equivalent, with spherical equivalent >0.75 D designated as the physiological hyperopia group and spherical equivalent ≤+0.75 D designated as the pre-myopia or myopia group. Physiological hyperopia and the proportion of children with physiological hyperopia displayed a declining trend over time in all age groups (p<0.001), with the older the baseline age, the more pronounced the decline (p<0.001), and the rate increased year by year (p<0.001). In contrast, axial length, anterior chamber depth, and axial length/corneal curvature radius displayed an increasing trend (p<0.001), and the rate of increase of axial length and anterior chamber depth accelerated over time (p<0.001). Female children have more physiological hyperopia and a higher proportion of children with physiological hyperopia compared with males (p<0.001) but displayed a more rapid decline (p<0.001). The axial length, anterior chamber depth, and the axial length/curvature radius were found to be elevated in the pre-myopia or myopia group in comparison to the physiological hyperopia group (p<0.001). Furthermore, the magnitude of the rate increase in myopic drift and axial length was found to be greater in the aforementioned group.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The regression of physiological hyperopia accelerates in preschool-age children, with older children showing faster regression and lower levels of physiological hyperopia. This premature decline correlates with an increased rate of myopic drift and accelerated biometric growth. Therefore, regular monitoring of physiological hyperopia should begin at preschool age, as the rate of regression serves as a more reliable predictor of future myopia than refraction alone.</p>","PeriodicalId":19649,"journal":{"name":"Optometry and Vision Science","volume":" ","pages":"271-279"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143458743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}