Ophthalmic epidemiology最新文献

{"title":"No-Show Propensity and Loss to Follow-Up Among Glaucoma Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study.","authors":"Andrew M Williams, Hai-Wei Liang","doi":"10.1080/09286586.2026.2729054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09286586.2026.2729054","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To identify risk factors for high first-year no-show propensity among glaucoma patients and assess its association with subsequent LTFU.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective cohort study included patients with a glaucoma diagnosis documented from 2013-2023 at a tertiary academic eye institute. Demographic, clinical, and appointment status data were extracted from the electronic health record. LTFU was defined as an interval of >365 days without an attended visit after the first-year observation window. No-show propensity factor (NSPF), a metric of appointment nonattendance that considers the total number of appointments and average no-show rate of the cohort, was calculated for each patient for their first year. Poisson regression models were used to identify risk factors for high NSPF (≥75th percentile). Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate the association between high NSPF and risk of subsequent LTFU.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The 7087 glaucoma patients had 37,249 scheduled appointments in their first year, 2778 (7.5%) of which were no-show. Risk factors for high NSPF included age < 60 years (relative risk [RR]=1.10, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.07-1.12), Black race (RR = 1.23, 95% CI: 1.21-1.25), Medicaid insurance (RR = 1.23, 95% CI: 1.19-1.28), and visual acuity 20/200 or worse in the better-seeing eye (RR = 1.09, 95% CI: 1.06-1.11). Three-quarters (72.0%) experienced at least one LTFU event. In an adjusted model, high NSPF predicted higher risk of subsequent LTFU (hazard ratio = 1.15, 95% CI: 1.08-1.22).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Demographic and clinical factors underlie risk of no-show propensity among glaucoma patients. Patients with a high propensity to no-show in their first year had greater risk of subsequent LTFU.</p>","PeriodicalId":19607,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148963661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Letter to the Editor: Myopia Progression During COVID-19 Pandemic.","authors":"Ka Yan Alison Chao","doi":"10.1080/09286586.2026.2734494","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09286586.2026.2734494","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19607,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148956097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quality of ICD-10 Diagnoses for Cataract in the Danish National Patient Register.","authors":"Mai Skov Christiansen, Marie Ørskov, Ida Ehlers Albertsen, Thure Filskov Overvad","doi":"10.1080/09286586.2026.2729060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09286586.2026.2729060","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To assess the quality of International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-10 diagnoses for cataract in the Danish National Patient Register, which remains unexplored.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We extracted 100 consecutive patients registered with a diagnosis of cataract (50 with H25 [senile cataract] and 50 with H26 [other cataract]). Positive predictive values (PPVs) were calculated as the proportion of diagnoses that were confirmed after manual medical record review. PPVs were calculated both overall and in prespecified subgroups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The median patient age was 76 years, and most were females (61%). The overall PPV for a diagnosis of cataract (H25 or H26) in the Danish National Patient Register was 95.0% (95% confidence interval [CI] 88.8-97.8%). The PPV was 90% or above across all subgroups of the H25/H26 diagnoses, across sex, incident and recurrent diagnoses, and primary position diagnosis, but lower for secondary position diagnoses (40.0%, 95% CI 5.3-85.3%). In most cases, a more specific ICD-code was available but not used in clinical practice.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The positive predictive value of a cataract diagnosis in the Danish National Patient Register is high and suitable for use in epidemiological studies. Subtypes of cataract cannot be reliably identified in the register due to widespread use of unspecified cataract diagnoses.</p>","PeriodicalId":19607,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148920519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and Baseline Data of the Guangzhou Child and Adolescent High Myopia Study.","authors":"Xinyue Li, Shiran Zhang, Xiaotong Han, Ling Jin, Yangfeng Guo, Qianyun Chen, Decai Wang, Xiang Chen, Yabin Qu, Weijia Liu, Mingguang He, Yangfa Zeng","doi":"10.1080/09286586.2026.2729055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09286586.2026.2729055","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To establish a longitudinal, school-based cohort to investigate physiological and pathological ocular changes and identify associated risk factors in children and adolescents with high myopia in South China.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This three-year cohort recruits students aged 6-18 years from 1,438 schools in Guangzhou, China (April 2018-August 2024). Eligible participants have a cycloplegic spherical equivalent (SE) ≤-3.00 D (ages 6-8) or ≤-6.00 D (ages 9-18). Annual follow-up includes demographic, behavioural, and familial questionnaires and comprehensive ophthalmic assessments, including visual acuity, ocular biometry, cycloplegic refraction, fundus photography, and optical coherence tomography/angiography. The study adheres to the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Ethics Committee of Zhongshan Ophthalmic Centre (approval number: 2017KYPJ100). Written informed consent is obtained from all participants and their guardians. Generalized estimating equations and mixed-effect models assess ocular changes and associations with environmental and biometric factors.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>1,331 participants were enrolled at baseline (mean SE= -7.34 ± 2.38 D; axial length = 26.21 ± 1.30 mm). Older age was associated with more myopic SE (β= -0.26, <i>p</i> < 0.001) and longer axial length (β = 0.18, <i>p</i> < 0.001). Males had longer axial length (β = 0.42, <i>p</i> < 0.001), and higher corneal power was linked to shorter axial length (β= -0.29, <i>p</i> < 0.001). Behavioural factors showed no significant associations with SE or axial length.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These baseline preliminary analyses show that demographic factors and corneal power, rather than behavioural factors, are significantly associate with ocular dimensions in early-onset high myopia. This longitudinal cohort provides a vital platform to track ocular growth, early pathological changes, and progression risk factors.</p>","PeriodicalId":19607,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148906318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of Virtual Reality Technology on Anxiety in Children Undergoing Ophthalmic Surgery: A Randomized Clinical Trial.","authors":"Qingwen Yu, Xiyun Rao, Ting Tang, Xuhan Tong, Siqi Hu, Yao You, Shenghui Zhang, Jiake Tang, Xinyan Fu, Xingwei Zhang, Chengsun Shi, Mingwei Wang, Juan Chen","doi":"10.1080/09286586.2026.2730404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09286586.2026.2730404","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Eye surgery, along with the short-term visual difficulties, often translates to anxiety in both children and their families. The emotional well-being of child's guardian can influence the child's anxiety. Virtual reality (VR) technology, which offers a 360° immersive experience, has emerged as an effective nonpharmacological method for reducing anxiety among children through virtual exposure and distraction.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To assess the effectiveness of VR in alleviating anxiety in children and their guardians during eye surgery under general anesthesia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In total, 31 children aged 3-10 years, who were scheduled for elective eye surgery, were randomly assigned to either the VR or the control group. In the VR group, both the children and their guardians were introduced to the surgical process and the operating room environment by using a helmet-mounted VR a day before the surgery. On the day of surgery, the children in the VR group watched an animation video through VR while receiving the intravenous injection. In contrast, children in the control group were verbally informed about the surgery a day before and accepted the intravenous injection as usual on the day of surgery. The guardians' anxiety were assessed on day 1 preoperatively by using the Preoperative Anxiety Scale-7 and the Amsterdam Preoperative Anxiety and Information Needs Scale. Children's anxiety on the day of surgery was measured by using the modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale (m-YPAS). Guardian satisfaction was evaluated on day 1 postoperatively.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Children in the VR group showed significantly lower m-YPAS anxiety scores than those in the control group [23.4 (23.4-28.4) vs. 38.4 (31.6-46.6), rank-biserial correlation = 0.91, p < 0.001]. Similarly, the Preoperative Anxiety Scale-7 scores of guardians in the VR group were notably lower than those in the control group [2 (0-5) vs. 11 (4-12), rank-biserial correlation = - , p < 0.001]. The Amsterdam Preoperative Anxiety and Information Needs Scale results also indicated lower anxiety scores in the VR group [4 (4-6)] than in the control group [8 (7-11), rank-biserial correlation = -0.64, p < 0.001]. Furthermore, the VR group demonstrated a reduced need for additional information [2 (2-3)] when compared with the control group [4 (2-5), rank-biserial correlation = 0.17, p = 0.008]. Guardian satisfaction scores were higher in the VR group [90 (87-100)] than in the control group [85 (80-87), rank-biserial correlation = 0.44, p < 0.001].</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The use of VR technology could be a promising nonpharmacological intervention for alleviating preoperative anxiety in pediatric patients undergoing ophthalmic procedures.</p>","PeriodicalId":19607,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148906325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multisite Extraocular Dryness is Associated with Symptomatic Dry Eye and Tear-Film Instability Among Adults Without Severe Meibomian Gland Loss.","authors":"Ruijia Shi, Kai Cao, Lei Tian, Ying Jie","doi":"10.1080/09286586.2026.2729049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09286586.2026.2729049","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To evaluate whether a greater number of self-reported extraocular dryness sites is associated with Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI)-defined symptomatic dry eye and non-invasive tear break-up time (NIBUT)-defined tear-film instability among community-dwelling adults without severe meibomian gland loss.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional participant-level analysis used baseline data from the Beijing Adult Dry Eye Cohort (ADEC). Adults with complete OSDI, extraocular dryness, age, sex, and meibomian gland data were included if participant-level maximum upper- and lower-eyelid meibomian gland scores across both eyes were ≤ 2. Extraocular dryness was assessed using a study-specific four-site checklist, and the resulting site count was categorized as 0, 1, 2, and 3-4 sites. Age- and sex-adjusted prevalence ratios were estimated using modified Poisson regression with inference accounting for clustering by community.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 675 participants, 270 (40.0%), 212 (31.4%), 106 (15.7%), and 87 (12.9%) reported 0, 1, 2, and 3-4 extraocular dryness sites, respectively. The crude prevalence of OSDI-defined symptomatic dry eye increased from 17.0% to 62.1%, and NIBUT-defined tear-film instability from 24.8% to 74.7%. Compared with the 0-site group, the 3-4-site group had adjusted prevalence ratios of 2.91 (95% CI, 1.95-4.34) for symptomatic dry eye and 2.55 (95% CI, 1.90-3.44) for tear-film instability.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Multisite extraocular dryness was associated with higher prevalence of both symptomatic dry eye and tear-film instability in this community-based population without severe meibomian gland loss and may provide clinically relevant phenotypic information. Longitudinal studies are needed to determine whether the association has predictive value.</p>","PeriodicalId":19607,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148900930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Associations of High Myopia and Glucose Metabolism with Subfoveal Choroidal Thickness: A Nationwide Population-Based Study.","authors":"Sung Do Cho, Se Hie Park, Dai Woo Kim, Young Kook Kim","doi":"10.1080/09286586.2026.2724070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09286586.2026.2724070","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To investigate the independent and interactive associations of high myopia (HM) and glucose metabolism status with subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) in a nationwide, population-based study.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study analyzed data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2019-2021. Participants were classified into a HM group (axial length [AL] >26.0 mm) and a control group (AL < 24.5 mm). Glucose metabolism status was categorized as normal, prediabetes, or diabetes mellitus (DM). Survey-weighted linear regression analyses were performed to identify independent determinants of SFCT. Interaction terms between HM and glucose metabolism status were additionally included to assess potential synergistic effects.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 9,132 participants were included, of whom 1,118 (12.2%) were classified as HM. The distribution of glucose metabolism status differed significantly across groups (<i>p</i> < 0.001), with a higher prevalence of prediabetes and DM in the control group (46.4% vs. 34.3% and 15.4% vs. 10.1%, respectively). HM was associated with a substantial decrease in SFCT (β = -107.25, <i>p</i> < 0.001), whereas prediabetes was associated with an increase in SFCT (β = 5.58, <i>p</i> = 0.015) after full adjustment for potential confounders. DM showed no significant association with SFCT (<i>p</i> = 0.705). No significant interaction was observed between HM and glucose metabolism status, indicating additive rather than synergistic effects. These findings were consistent across sensitivity analyses.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In this nationwide, population-based study, prediabetes was associated with increased SFCT independent of HM. The absence of an association between DM and SFCT suggests that DM may exert opposing, stage-dependent effects on SFCT according to disease severity.</p>","PeriodicalId":19607,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148866181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Methodological Bias in Studies Reporting Racial Differences in Retinopathy of Prematurity in the United States.","authors":"Rafaela M Maggioni Simoes Vieira, Kelly C Nguyen, Alejandra G de Alba Campomanes","doi":"10.1080/09286586.2026.2724412","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09286586.2026.2724412","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To assess methodological biases in studies reporting racial and ethnic differences in retinopathy of prematurity (ROP).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Systematic review of peer-reviewed studies published between 2014 and 2024 that reported on ROP outcome measures by race, ethnicity, or social determinants of health (SDOH). Three reviewers independently assessed each observation for selection and collider bias using definitions derived from perinatal epidemiology literature. Findings were also compared using a structured comparative synthesis between studies with and without identified methodological bias.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A structured PubMed search identified 78 articles; 13 met inclusion criteria, with one study contributing two distinct analytical approaches, yielding 14 total observations. Survivorship bias was identified in 6 of 14 observations (42.9%), primarily due to the exclusion of infants who died prior to ROP screening. Potential collider bias was most common, found in 9 of 14 observations (64.3%), and was introduced through adjustment or stratification by gestational age and/or birthweight. Three studies did not exhibit either assessed biases. Among studies with identified bias, 8 of 10 observations reported lower ROP risk among Black versus White infants, whereas 3 of 4 observations without identified bias reported higher ROP risk or incidence among Black infants.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Methodological biases in ROP studies investigating race or ethnicity are prevalent. Adjustment for gestational age or birthweight may introduce spurious race-ROP associations and contribute to paradoxical findings. Further exploration of the impact of SDOH on disease outcomes may reduce the misattribution of race as a biological risk factor and improve the interpretation of ROP disparities.</p>","PeriodicalId":19607,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148866176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chronic Hypertension and Conversion from Intermediate Age-Related Macular Degeneration (iAMD) to the Advanced Phenotypes.","authors":"Nicolas Neumeister, Emily A Auer, Jennifer L Patnaik, Alan G Palestine, Anne M Lynch","doi":"10.1080/09286586.2026.2719736","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09286586.2026.2719736","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To assess the relationship between chronic hypertension (cHTN) and progression from intermediate age-related macular degeneration (iAMD) to geographic atrophy (GA) and neovascular AMD (NVAMD).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We examined the records of iAMD patients recruited to the University of Colorado AMD Registry (July 2014 - June 2024). cHTN was self-reported at enrollment and confirmed by review of the Electronic Health Record (EHR). Number of prescribed antihypertensive medication classes was also collected. Conversion to GA and NVAMD was assessed through November 2024 with multi-modal imaging for each eye. Cox proportional hazards models with sandwich estimators were used to assess time to conversion.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We studied 900 eyes from 450 iAMD patients, of which 115 eyes (12.8%) converted to GA and 74 eyes (8.2%) converted to NVAMD. Neither measure of hypertension was associated with conversion to GA. In univariate analysis, patients with cHTN were at a 1.81 (95% CI: 1.06, 3.06, <i>p</i> = 0.029) times greater risk of conversion to NVAMD and were at a 1.30 (95% CI: 1.05, 1.62, <i>p</i> = 0.019) times greater risk of conversion to NVAMD for each additional antihypertensive medication class prescribed. In a body mass index (BMI) stratified analysis, the two measures of cHTN were associated with an elevated risk of conversion among overweight/obese patients (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m²) but not underweight/healthy patients (BMI < 25 kg/m²).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>cHTN and antihypertensive medication class count were associated with conversion to NVAMD. BMI may be an effect modifier in the relationship between cHTN and progression from iAMD to NVAMD.</p>","PeriodicalId":19607,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148813817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Central Serous Chorioretinopathy is Associated with Increased Cardiovascular Risk: An Artificial Intelligence-Based Retinal Analysis.","authors":"Jungkyung Cho, Rim Kyung Hong, So Jung Ryu, Sunjin Hwang","doi":"10.1080/09286586.2026.2640009","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09286586.2026.2640009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The association between central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk is debated. We aimed to investigate this link using a novel artificial intelligence (AI)-based retinal biomarker.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective study included 109 CSC patients and 1028 non-CSC controls without pre-existing CVD. A validated AI software (Dr.Noon CVD) analyzed retinal images to generate a five-year CVD risk score. We used inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) to balance for age and sex, and compared scores using a weighted t-test and multivariable linear regression.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>After IPTW, the mean AI-derived Dr.Noon CVD score was significantly higher in the CSC group than in the control group (32.26 ± 8.09 vs. 29.87 ± 9.92; <i>p</i> = 0.024). In the weighted multivariable regression model, CSC was independently associated with a 2.14-point increase in the Dr.Noon CVD score (<i>p</i> < 0.001) after adjusting for age and gender.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>CSC is associated with a higher AI-derived cardiovascular risk score. These findings support the concept of CSC as an ocular manifestation of systemic vascular pathology and suggest that its diagnosis warrants a broader assessment of a patient's cardiovascular health.</p>","PeriodicalId":19607,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"421-427"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147378287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}