{"title":"Investigations on effects of Cd doping on the structural, morphological, linear and third order nonlinear optical properties of CuS-PMMA nanocomposites thin films","authors":"P.P. Gedam , Y.S. Tamgadge , G.G. Muley , R.P. Ganorkar , R.Y. Bakale , S.V. Khangar","doi":"10.1016/j.optmat.2025.117545","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optmat.2025.117545","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We report the synthesis of undoped and Cd doped CuS nanoparticles (NPs) using <span>l</span>-alanine as a surface passivating agent via simple co-precipitation method. Powder samples of CuS NPs and thin films of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)-CuS NPs, prepared by spin coating on glass substrate, were investigated for their structural, morphological, linear and nonlinear optical (NLO) properties. Powder X-ray diffraction confirmed the formation of covellite CuS with average crystallite size of 5–20 nm. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) validated the sample purity, while high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) revealed uniform morphology of NPs. Linear optical studies using ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) absorption spectroscopy showed localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) in the wavelength range 600–680 nm. A pronounced blue shift in the absorption wavelength and an optical band gap up to 2.28 eV was observed for 1 wt% Cd doped CuS NPs. Thin film samples (undoped and Cd-doped) were further characterized by z-scan technique, which revealed thermally stimulated third-order NLO effects in Cd doped CuS-PMMA nanocomposite thin films, attributed to non-local thermal contributions from surface states, dielectric effects, and photoacoustic interactions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19564,"journal":{"name":"Optical Materials","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 117545"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145159872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Ultrafast Ce–Mg codoped GAGG garnet single crystal fibers grown by micro-pulling down (μ-PD) technique","authors":"Valerii Kononets , Abdeldjelil Nehari , Pavlo Mai , Christophe Dujardin , Louis Roux , Gilles Ledoux , Roberto Cala , Loris Martinazzoli , Etiennette Auffray , Iaroslav Gerasymov , Oleg Sidletskiy , Kheirreddine Lebbou","doi":"10.1016/j.optmat.2025.117547","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optmat.2025.117547","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We demonstrate the potential of magnesium (Mg<sup>2+</sup>) co-doping in Ce<sup>3+</sup>-doped gadolinium aluminum gallium garnet Gd<sub>3</sub>(Ga<sub>3</sub>Al<sub>2</sub>)O<sub>12</sub> (GAGG:Ce) scintillating crystals to obtain a fast decay time performance and the feasibility of μ-PD technique for growing GAGG:Ce,Mg with high dopant concentrations. We demonstrate that Mg<sup>2+</sup> co-doping can enhance scintillation kinetics through compositional engineering. An ultra-fast effective decay time of ∼1 ns was achieved with 2500 ppm Ce and 500 ppm Mg, suggesting that Mg<sup>2+</sup> co-doping modulates energy transfer pathways through Ce<sup>3+</sup>/Ce<sup>4+</sup> activator ions effectively. These results pave the way for the development of ultrafast scintillator materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19564,"journal":{"name":"Optical Materials","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 117547"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145120737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optical MaterialsPub Date : 2025-09-22DOI: 10.1016/j.optmat.2025.117546
Ziyu Chen , Jiangzhou Xu , Yuanhao Wang , Yue Wu , Shaopeng Wang , Hao Li , DanDan Ju , Zejia Zhao , Feng Song
{"title":"Dynamic color encryption controlled by lanthanide dual-mode luminescence emission and logistic mapping","authors":"Ziyu Chen , Jiangzhou Xu , Yuanhao Wang , Yue Wu , Shaopeng Wang , Hao Li , DanDan Ju , Zejia Zhao , Feng Song","doi":"10.1016/j.optmat.2025.117546","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optmat.2025.117546","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rare earth luminescent materials with broad-wavelength responsiveness are ideal for optical encryption due to their tunable emission properties. When combined with algorithmic assistance, optical information can achieve intelligent feedback and highly secure encryption. In this work, NaYF<sub>4</sub> co-doped with y% Eu<sup>3+</sup> ions and Er<sup>3+</sup> ions is employed to achieve dual-mode luminescence tuning. Under 980 nm and 271 nm laser excitation, switchable orange-red and green luminescence outputs are achieved through electron transition processes. Furthermore, color coordinates are utilized for logistic mapping encryption, where confirmed parameter values generate the desired chaotic behavior, achieving high-capacity and high-complexity multiplexed key streams. The decryption process requires strict adherence to specific readout and iteration rules to access the encrypted information. Additionally, the excitation wavelength is introduced as a checkpoint to trigger decryption. This strategy of coupling logistic mapping with multi-mode luminescence broadens the avenues for efficient optical information encryption, while enhancing both the usability and security of the encryption method.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19564,"journal":{"name":"Optical Materials","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 117546"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145159873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optical MaterialsPub Date : 2025-09-20DOI: 10.1016/j.optmat.2025.117532
Jingxuan Wei , Jieru Song , Yongjie He , Rongxu Bai , Qing-Qing Sun
{"title":"1-Transistor-1-diode architecture UV optical memory based on the atomic layer deposition InGaZnO thin film with retention and operation mechanism analysis","authors":"Jingxuan Wei , Jieru Song , Yongjie He , Rongxu Bai , Qing-Qing Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.optmat.2025.117532","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optmat.2025.117532","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Indium–Gallium–Zinc Oxide (IGZO) is a starring semiconductor material with multiple device applications, including memory and photoelectronics. In 2020, the IGZO integration in capacitor-less dynamic random access memory (2T0C DRAM) founded a breakthrough innovation, where the gate capacitor of the IGZO thin film transistor (TFT) functioned as the storage node (SN). Inspired by this foundation, this study combines the photoelectric properties of IGZO with the 2T0C architecture to fabricate and characterize a 1-transistor-1-diode (1T1D) ultraviolet (UV) optical memory device. Based on the IGZO thin film synthesized via atomic layer deposition (ALD), systematic characterizations were performed to validate the photoelectric characteristics. Following the IGZO deposition, the 1T1D UV optical memory was fabricated, comprising a TFT and a photodiode. Photoelectric and electrical characterizations of both devices were conducted to confirm their availability for optical memory. Subsequent to the single device characterizations, retention and endurance characterizations were executed and evaluated by the defined parameters of optical retention time (<em>t</em><sub>OR</sub>) and optical response current (<em>I</em><sub>OR</sub>), with <em>t</em><sub>OR</sub> ranging from 171 s to 498 s and <em>I</em><sub>OR</sub> ranging from 14 nA to 45 nA with both fluctuations below 2 % in endurance characterizations. By modifying the light pulse parameters and circuit configurations, the impacts of wavelength, intensity, optical programming operation time and anode voltage on optical storage performance were comprehensively analyzed and elucidated. Finally, based on variations of read current during retention characterizations, the operation mechanism of the 1T1D UV optical memory was analyzed, and the operation process was categorized into four distinct stages.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19564,"journal":{"name":"Optical Materials","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 117532"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145120150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optical MaterialsPub Date : 2025-09-20DOI: 10.1016/j.optmat.2025.117537
Nikolai V. Mitetelo , Mikhail A. Stepanov , Andrey A. Guskov , Sergey D. Lavrov , Alexander P. Pyatakov , Elena D. Mishina
{"title":"Nonlinear optical microscopy for magnetic domain imaging in (210)-Oriented iron garnet film","authors":"Nikolai V. Mitetelo , Mikhail A. Stepanov , Andrey A. Guskov , Sergey D. Lavrov , Alexander P. Pyatakov , Elena D. Mishina","doi":"10.1016/j.optmat.2025.117537","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optmat.2025.117537","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We performed polarization-resolved nonlinear optical studies of magnetization-induced second harmonic generation in epitaxially grown (BiLu)<sub>3</sub>(FeGa)<sub>5</sub>O<sub>12</sub> films on a Gd<sub>3</sub>Ga<sub>5</sub>O<sub>12</sub> substrate. Being sensitive to the magnetization vector orientation on a subwavelength scale, this method visualizes different magnetic states in uniformly and non-uniformly magnetized regions. In the vicinity of this spatial magnetic distribution, a pronounced sensitivity of nonlinear optical signal to local micromagnetic order is observed and described. Our experiments followed by analysis of the crystallographic and magnetic properties of material's susceptibility demonstrate a high-quality visualization of the magnetization distribution and the possibility to estimate its parameters. These parameters are of crucial importance for the external manipulation of such magnetic states, requiring less energy to reconfigure the state of the structure for efficient memory and computing devices with high performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19564,"journal":{"name":"Optical Materials","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 117537"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145120151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optical MaterialsPub Date : 2025-09-20DOI: 10.1016/j.optmat.2025.117543
Huanqin Yu , Xia Wang , Bingqiang Cao
{"title":"Preparation and photophysical properties of CsPb1-xSnxI3 quantum dots using Sn powder as reducing agent","authors":"Huanqin Yu , Xia Wang , Bingqiang Cao","doi":"10.1016/j.optmat.2025.117543","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optmat.2025.117543","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The preparation of CsPb<sub>1-x</sub>Sn<sub>x</sub>I<sub>3</sub> quantum dots (QDs) is an effective way to obtain near-infrared sources. The problem that Sn<sup>2+</sup> is easily oxidized into Sn<sup>4+</sup> has always been the focus of research. Sn powder was added to the tri-n-octylphosphine-SnI<sub>2</sub>-PbI<sub>2</sub> solution to reduce Sn<sup>4+</sup>, and CsPb<sub>1-x</sub>Sn<sub>x</sub>I<sub>3</sub> QDs were prepared by hot injection. The phase, microstructure and photophysical properties of CsPb<sub>1-x</sub>Sn<sub>x</sub>I<sub>3</sub> QDs were further characterized. The research results show that CsPb<sub>1-x</sub>Sn<sub>x</sub>I<sub>3</sub> QDs are cubic phase crystals with a size of about 10–20 nm, and the photoluminescence peak of CsPb<sub>1-x</sub>Sn<sub>x</sub>I<sub>3</sub> QDs is continuously adjustable in the near-infrared region. The characterization of phase and photophysical properties further confirmed that use Sn powder as a reducing agent to directly reduce Sn<sup>4+</sup> in TOP-solution provides a new idea for the preparation of near-infrared photoluminescent CsPb<sub>1-x</sub>Sn<sub>x</sub>I<sub>3</sub> QDs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19564,"journal":{"name":"Optical Materials","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 117543"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145109920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Enhanced visible light photodetection properties of Pb-doped SnS nanostructures synthesized via sonochemical method","authors":"Rouhollah Namazi-Rizi , Farid Jamali-Sheini , Mohsen Cheraghizade","doi":"10.1016/j.optmat.2025.117544","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optmat.2025.117544","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the synthesis, structural, optical, and electrical characterization of lead (Pb)-doped tin sulfide (SnS) nanostructures synthesized via a sonochemical method for application in photodetectors. The introduction of Pb dopants was found to reduce crystallite and particle sizes (except the sample with the lowest Pb concentration), induce lattice strain, and increase carrier concentration, thereby modifying the material's physical and electronic properties while preserving the orthorhombic SnS phase. Optical analyses demonstrated tunable band gap energy variations correlated with doping levels. The results indicate that the band gap energies decrease with increasing Pb concentration. Electrical measurements confirmed <em>p-type</em> conductivity, accompanied by improved charge transport characteristics. Photodetectors fabricated from these nanostructures exhibited enhanced performance metrics, including higher photocurrent intensity, increased optical sensitivity, faster response times, and better detectivity relative to undoped SnS devices. The optimized Pb-doped SnS nanostructures show promise as cost-effective and environmentally friendly materials for optoelectronic devices operating across visible spectral ranges.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19564,"journal":{"name":"Optical Materials","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 117544"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145222466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optical MaterialsPub Date : 2025-09-19DOI: 10.1016/j.optmat.2025.117540
Wei Mun Cheong , Mohd Hafiz Mohd Zaid , Khamirul Amin Matori , Zhi Wei Loh , Li Ping Tan , Jiaojiao Wang
{"title":"Sintering effects on Sm3+-doped willemite glass-ceramics: structural, mechanical, and optical studies","authors":"Wei Mun Cheong , Mohd Hafiz Mohd Zaid , Khamirul Amin Matori , Zhi Wei Loh , Li Ping Tan , Jiaojiao Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.optmat.2025.117540","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optmat.2025.117540","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Willemite glass-ceramics are promising for optoelectronic applications due to their compatibility with rare-earth dopants and stability. The use of sustainable raw materials such as glass waste further enhances their appeal in green material development. In this study, Sm<sup>3+</sup>-doped willemite glass-ceramics were synthesized from zinc-borosilicate glass using the melt and fast-quenching technique, followed by sintering, with soda-lime-silica glass waste serving as a substitute raw material for SiO<sub>2</sub>. X-ray diffraction (XRD) demonstrated the development of α-Zn<sub>2</sub>SiO<sub>4</sub> crystals above 800 °C. Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis showed Sm concentrated in the glassy phase (4.65 wt%), with minimal incorporation in crystalline regions (∼0.25 wt%). Vickers hardness and fracture toughness reached maximum values of (5.61 ± 0.14) GPa and (2.91 ± 0.55) MPa∙m<sup>1/2</sup> when the sample was sintered at 800 °C. The optical absorption edge moved from 241 nm to 252 nm, and the direct band gap narrowed from (5.023 ± 0.003) eV to (4.451 ± 0.003) eV. Additionally, the sample sintered at 800 °C exhibited a 60.9 % increase in photoluminescence intensity compared to the as-synthesized glass. CIE chromaticity coordinates around (0.57, 0.42) and a CCT range of 1740–1810 K confirmed warm reddish-orange emission. These results highlight the material's potential as a sustainable reddish-orange phosphor for optoelectronic applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19564,"journal":{"name":"Optical Materials","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 117540"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145120751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optical MaterialsPub Date : 2025-09-19DOI: 10.1016/j.optmat.2025.117530
Nasser Almutlaq , A.H. Ammar , H.S. Metwally , Ali Ibrahim , A.A.M. Farag , E.H. Aamer
{"title":"Experimental and computational intelligent techniques for predicting the thickness-dependent optical behavior of PbI2 thin films","authors":"Nasser Almutlaq , A.H. Ammar , H.S. Metwally , Ali Ibrahim , A.A.M. Farag , E.H. Aamer","doi":"10.1016/j.optmat.2025.117530","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optmat.2025.117530","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a comprehensive investigation of thermally evaporated lead iodide (PbI<sub>2</sub>) thin films, focusing on the influence of film thickness (50–500 nm) on morphological, optical, and nonlinear properties. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and 3D surface topography reveal a distinct evolution in microstructure, transitioning from fine-grained uniformity in 50 nm films to coarse, aggregated crystallites in 300 nm films due to enhanced grain growth and stress accumulation. Optical analyses demonstrate tunable transmittance, reflectance, and absorption characteristics, with the direct bandgap decreasing from 2.89 eV (50 nm) to 2.50 eV (300 nm), attributed to reduced quantum confinement effects in thicker films. A robust artificial neural network (ANN) model is developed to predict key optical parameters—including refractive index (n), extinction coefficient (k), dielectric functions (<em>ε</em><sub>1</sub>, <em>ε</em><sub>2</sub>), and nonlinear susceptibility (χ<sup>(3)</sup>), with exceptional accuracy (MSE <10<sup>−7</sup>), validating its capability to simulate unmeasured thicknesses. Furthermore, nonlinear optical studies highlight PbI<sub>2</sub>'s potential for photonic applications, with thickness-dependent variations in two-photon absorption (<em>β</em><sub>c</sub>) and skin depth. This work establishes a synergistic approach that combines experimental characterization and machine learning to optimize PbI<sub>2</sub> thin films for use in optoelectronic and nonlinear optical devices, providing a scalable framework for material design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19564,"journal":{"name":"Optical Materials","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 117530"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145120775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optical MaterialsPub Date : 2025-09-19DOI: 10.1016/j.optmat.2025.117542
Xin Xu , Jian Zhang , Han Zhang , Dahong Mo , Yiwei Li , Bin Liu , Tao Zheng , Yanyan Guo
{"title":"Effect of ZrO2 addition on the structure and properties of aluminoborosilicate glass","authors":"Xin Xu , Jian Zhang , Han Zhang , Dahong Mo , Yiwei Li , Bin Liu , Tao Zheng , Yanyan Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.optmat.2025.117542","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optmat.2025.117542","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Aluminoborosilicate glass, a novel special optical glass material, has attracted extensive attention due to its excellent physical and chemical properties. It is well known that zirconia (ZrO<sub>2</sub>) can enhance the mechanical properties of glass, making it an indispensable component in many aluminosilicate glass systems. However, few studies have systematically investigated the effect of ZrO<sub>2</sub> content on the properties of aluminoborosilicate glass. In this work, aluminoborosilicate glasses were successfully prepared by the melt-quenching method in the SiO<sub>2</sub>–B<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>–Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>–Na<sub>2</sub>O–NaCl–ZnO–TiO<sub>2</sub>–ZrO<sub>2</sub> system. The influence of ZrO<sub>2</sub> content on the microstructure, mechanical properties, thermal expansion coefficient, and visible light transmittance was investigated. The results show that an appropriate amount of ZrO<sub>2</sub> increases the glass density, hardness, and flexural strength, while excessive ZrO<sub>2</sub> reduces the mechanical properties. Conversely, the thermal expansion coefficient and softening point temperature exhibit opposite trends: moderate ZrO<sub>2</sub> content decreases these parameters, whereas excessive ZrO<sub>2</sub> leads to their increase. Notably, ZrO<sub>2</sub> content shows no significant effect on the visible light transmittance, and all glass samples maintain excellent optical transparency, achieving up to 90 % transmittance in the visible light region. These findings are of great significance for the development of high-performance aluminoborosilicate glasses and broadening their wide applications in various fields.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19564,"journal":{"name":"Optical Materials","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 117542"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145222301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}