{"title":"Optical tunable terahertz metasurface based on the carbon nanotube film.","authors":"Xiaoju Zhang, Yue Wang, Kexia Jiang, Xiang Zhang, Guangcheng Sun, Lihua Ma, Yumeng Ru","doi":"10.1364/OL.566166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.566166","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this paper, an optical tunable terahertz metasurface based on the carbon nanotube (CNT) film has been designed and fabricated, combining the resonant characteristics of the CNT-based metasurface with the optically tunable properties of the silicon substrate. The transmission properties and optical modulation mechanism of the metasurface were investigated in detail by experiment and simulation. The results show that an obvious transmission peak is located at 0.33 THz when there is no pump beam, but as the pump power increases from 0 to 900 mW, the transmission amplitude decreases, and the modulation depth increases, the modulation depth can achieve 66.0%. The optical tunable response of the CNT metasurface has potential applications in dynamic THz functional devices. The materials and device designed strategies also provide important insights for emerging CNT-based THz devices.</p>","PeriodicalId":19540,"journal":{"name":"Optics letters","volume":"50 13","pages":"4182-4185"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144541737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optics lettersPub Date : 2025-07-01DOI: 10.1364/OL.566044
Samuel I Zapata-Valencia, Heberley Tobon-Maya, Osamu Matoba, Jesús Lancis, Enrique Tajahuerce
{"title":"Quantitative phase imaging in Hadamard-based active single-pixel microscopy by the motionless transport of intensity equation.","authors":"Samuel I Zapata-Valencia, Heberley Tobon-Maya, Osamu Matoba, Jesús Lancis, Enrique Tajahuerce","doi":"10.1364/OL.566044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.566044","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this Letter, a method to achieve quantitative phase imaging (QPI) on Hadamard-based single-pixel microscopy (HSPM) is presented. A motionless implementation of the transport of intensity equation (TIE) supported by a focus-tunable lens (FTL) is reported for HSPM. The presented approach enables the use of digital micromirror devices (DMDs) instead of the typically implemented phase-only modulators utilized in QPI single-pixel imaging (SPI). Photobleaching and phototoxicity are minimized under the proposed approach. A minimal light-sample interaction is guaranteed by the DMDs' achievable frame rates, the structured illumination approach, and the use of high-sensitive photodiodes. The feasibility of this method is validated by imaging a calibrated phase-only USAF test target of different height steps. Additionally, epithelial cheek cells are imaged under low-power conditions, 240 µW, to validate the effectiveness of phase retrieval for biological samples.</p>","PeriodicalId":19540,"journal":{"name":"Optics letters","volume":"50 13","pages":"4478-4481"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144541749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optics lettersPub Date : 2025-07-01DOI: 10.1364/OL.562910
Shaghayegh Yaraghi, David Guacaneme, Swati Bhargava, Ameen Alhalemi, Oussama Mhibik, Daniel Cruz-Delgado, Rodrigo Amezcua-Correa, Ivan Divliansky, Miguel A Bandres
{"title":"Tunable hyperspectral filter based on rotated chirped volume Bragg gratings.","authors":"Shaghayegh Yaraghi, David Guacaneme, Swati Bhargava, Ameen Alhalemi, Oussama Mhibik, Daniel Cruz-Delgado, Rodrigo Amezcua-Correa, Ivan Divliansky, Miguel A Bandres","doi":"10.1364/OL.562910","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.562910","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Spectral filtering of the transverse profile of hyperspectral beams is essential in various areas of optics, from multimode photonics and hyperspectral imaging to optical communications. An optimal hyperspectral filter requires flexible tuning capabilities, both in central wavelength and spectral bandwidth. Currently available filters-such as thin-film, acousto-optic, and liquid crystal tunable filters (TFTFs, AOTFs, and LCTFs)-exhibit limitations such as restricted tuning ranges, compromised image quality, or relatively low damage thresholds. Here, we propose and demonstrate a novel, to our knowledge, tunable hyperspectral filter based on rotated chirped volume Bragg gratings. Our filter enables continuous and independent tuning of the central wavelength and full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) bandwidth, steep spectral edges, and high out-of-band rejection. Furthermore, it offers higher damage threshold compared to existing alternatives. Its compact, passive architecture eliminates the need for external power, making it a robust and efficient alternative to current tunable filtering technologies.</p>","PeriodicalId":19540,"journal":{"name":"Optics letters","volume":"50 13","pages":"4454-4457"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144541764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optics lettersPub Date : 2025-07-01DOI: 10.1364/OL.566576
Qi Li, Donghui Li, Yuanheng Zhao, Jianyong Zhang, Yan Liu, Guofang Fan, Fengping Yan, Desheng Chen, Muguang Wang
{"title":"An interferometric fiber optic vibration sensor based on random phase modulation.","authors":"Qi Li, Donghui Li, Yuanheng Zhao, Jianyong Zhang, Yan Liu, Guofang Fan, Fengping Yan, Desheng Chen, Muguang Wang","doi":"10.1364/OL.566576","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.566576","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A stable homodyne interferometric fiber optic vibration sensor is proposed and demonstrated by using a probe pulse, which is generated based on random phase modulation. The first half of the probe pulse is divided into three time slots. Each time slot is subjected to random and different phase modulation. The last half of the probe pulse is not modulated. An unequal-arm Michelson interferometer is used as the sensing unit of vibration sensor. By using a simple direct detection scheme, the interference signals of three time slots can be distinguished in the time domain. Two time slots' interference signals are selected and extracted as the signal to be demodulated. The vibration signal to be measured can be quantitatively measured by using ellipse fitting algorithm and arctangent algorithm. Compared with the traditional 3 × 3 coupler-based scheme, the system structure is simple and can form a large-scale sensor array. Moreover, the interference light signal in each time slot can provide multiple channels for averaging, resulting in a better demodulation signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) performance. By multi-channel averaging, the SNR is improved by at least 5.2 dB.</p>","PeriodicalId":19540,"journal":{"name":"Optics letters","volume":"50 13","pages":"4282-4285"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144541682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Coal classification and analysis based on shadowgraphy and deep learning methods.","authors":"Tong Peng, Junrong Feng, Wen Yi, Feng Li, Ruibing Liu, Honglian Guo","doi":"10.1364/OL.559226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.559226","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The classification and analysis of coal are crucial for energy production and resource management. Shadowgraphy, leveraging variations in air refractive index and transmittance caused by shockwaves, presents a simple and accessible approach for the classification and component analysis of energetic materials. In this study, we developed an automated laser excitation and image acquisition system utilizing optical fibers of varying lengths. This method enables high-resolution imaging of the laser-induced shock wave propagation process within a range from hundreds of nanoseconds to several microseconds, without reducing imaging resolution as traditional high-speed cameras do when increasing frame rates. A convolutional neural network (CNN) was employed to analyze these shadowgrams, achieving a classification accuracy of 98.38% across 29 types of coal. Furthermore, we successfully predicted key content of coal such as ash content, volatile matter, and fixed carbon. The results showed that ash content yielded root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 1.75%, while volatile matter and fixed carbon were RMSEP of 1.04% and 2.74%, respectively. In a laboratory setting, this powerful classification and content prediction method offers promising applications in material screening and identification.</p>","PeriodicalId":19540,"journal":{"name":"Optics letters","volume":"50 13","pages":"4294-4297"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144541690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optics lettersPub Date : 2025-07-01DOI: 10.1364/OL.563000
Lu Yang, Yun Tang, Bingyan Zhang, Changyong Chen, Cui Ma, Zhiyi Liu, Zhihua Ding
{"title":"Differential autocorrelation histogram of singular values for image reconstruction in reflection matrix optical coherence tomography.","authors":"Lu Yang, Yun Tang, Bingyan Zhang, Changyong Chen, Cui Ma, Zhiyi Liu, Zhihua Ding","doi":"10.1364/OL.563000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.563000","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Reflection matrix optical coherence tomography has recently emerged as a promising modality for ultra-deep optical imaging in a turbid tissue. However, a critical issue that is not well addressed is to determine the optimized number of primary singular values of the measured reflection matrix used for image reconstruction. In this paper, the method based on the differential autocorrelation histogram of singular values is proposed. The histogram distribution generally consists of two regions with distinct distribution characteristics. One is the continuously distributed region, which is related to the multiple-scattered noise and can be fitted by a skewed distribution curve. The other is the discrete distribution region associated with the single-scattered signal, which does not obey the fitting curve. The boundary between two regions is then identified and used to determine the optimized number of the primary singular values for image reconstruction. Both simulating and experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method is more robust and adaptable to samples with different signal-to-noises and large dynamic ranges of reflectivity, outperforming two currently adopted methods.</p>","PeriodicalId":19540,"journal":{"name":"Optics letters","volume":"50 13","pages":"4322-4325"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144541698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Enhanced photon trapping in perovskite solar cells via grating structures.","authors":"Chang Liu, Da Yin, Yi-Fan Wang, Su-Heng Li, Yue-Feng Liu, Jing Feng","doi":"10.1364/OL.564964","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.564964","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Insufficient light absorption and weak environmental stability are important issues that hinder the development of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). This Letter reports a structurally engineered photon management strategy utilizing a corrugated electron transport layer for enhanced photon trapping in PSCs. The synergistic interplay of grating-induced scattering and diffraction effects leads to a broadband absorption enhancement spanning 300-800 nm in the perovskite layer. When the period of the grating structure is 1.5 μm, the absorption of the perovskite layer reaches its maximum value, and the J<sub>SC</sub> of the PSC is increased from 23.00 mA/cm<sup>2</sup> of the flat device to 24.97 mA/cm<sup>2</sup>. Moreover, due to the hydrophobic effect of the grating structure, the humidity stability of the PSCs has also been improved. After being stored in nitrogen at 30% relative humidity (RH) and 20°C for 120 h, the PCE drops to 89.8% of the initial value.</p>","PeriodicalId":19540,"journal":{"name":"Optics letters","volume":"50 13","pages":"4474-4477"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144541702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optics lettersPub Date : 2025-07-01DOI: 10.1364/OL.560869
Yuehan Liu, Jiayun L Huang, Xingde Li
{"title":"Focus-tunable two-photon fiberscope enabling <i>in vivo</i> imaging at selected depths.","authors":"Yuehan Liu, Jiayun L Huang, Xingde Li","doi":"10.1364/OL.560869","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.560869","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Miniaturized two-photon (2P) imaging devices enable real-time <i>in vivo</i> and <i>in situ</i> imaging at subcellular resolution, highly valuable for clinical applications and basic research (such as neuroscience). However, achieving high-quality volumetric imaging at varying depths remains challenging. In this study, we demonstrated a 2P fiberscope capable of three-dimensional (3D) imaging over a cylindrical volume of a 350 μm diameter and a 400 μm depth. Depth scanning was achieved by incorporating a miniature electrowetting-based varioptic lens (VL) into a two-dimensional (2D) scanning 2P fiberscope, whose focus was tuned by modulating the VL drive voltage. The performance of the fiberscope was demonstrated by <i>ex vivo</i> imaging of fluorescently stained convallaria and GFP mouse brain sections, as well as <i>in vivo</i> dynamic GCaMP-based calcium imaging of cortical neurons in an awake mouse.</p>","PeriodicalId":19540,"journal":{"name":"Optics letters","volume":"50 13","pages":"4194-4197"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144541709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optics lettersPub Date : 2025-07-01DOI: 10.1364/OL.559019
Dianyuan Ping, Qichao Lu, Junhao Zhao, Li Tao, Boyu Dong, Yinjun Liu, Shuhong He, Renjie Li, Jianyang Shi, Nan Chi, Junwen Zhang
{"title":"Full-photonics up- and downconversions for W-band 16-QAM signal wireless delivery over 30.4 km with advanced equalizations.","authors":"Dianyuan Ping, Qichao Lu, Junhao Zhao, Li Tao, Boyu Dong, Yinjun Liu, Shuhong He, Renjie Li, Jianyang Shi, Nan Chi, Junwen Zhang","doi":"10.1364/OL.559019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.559019","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We have experimentally demonstrated a communication system with an ultra-long sea surface wireless distance of 30.4 km and high-speed 16-quadrature amplitude modulation (16-QAM) data transmission at the W-band based on full-photonics up- and downconversion technology. Utilizing a frequency- and phase-locked optical two-tone generator, the transceiver ensures a stable millimeter-wave (mmW) signal at 76.4 GHz for transmission. Furthermore, we proposed a Volterra nonlinear equalization (VNLE) algorithm to compensate for nonlinear damage in signal transmission. Thanks to full-photonics conversion technology and advanced post-equalization digital signal processing algorithms, we have achieved a data transmission rate of 16 Gb/s 16-quadrature amplitude modulation (16-QAM) signal over a sea surface distance of 30.4 km. It is worth noting that as a special type of channel, water vapor density and atmospheric conditions will greatly affect the signal transmission. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a full-photonics 16-QAM signal exceeding 30 km at the W-band on a single channel, achieving a rate-distance product of 16 Gb/s × 30.4 km = 486.4 Gbps·km.</p>","PeriodicalId":19540,"journal":{"name":"Optics letters","volume":"50 13","pages":"4314-4317"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144541712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optics lettersPub Date : 2025-07-01DOI: 10.1364/OL.565541
Friedemann Landmesser, Nicolai Gölz, Ulrich Bangert, Tobias Sixt, Lukas Bruder
{"title":"High-resolution rapid-scanning Fourier transform spectroscopy of ultracold atoms.","authors":"Friedemann Landmesser, Nicolai Gölz, Ulrich Bangert, Tobias Sixt, Lukas Bruder","doi":"10.1364/OL.565541","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.565541","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Femtosecond (fs) interferometry combined with acousto-optical phase modulation is an effective approach to implement various types of coherent nonlinear and multidimensional spectroscopy schemes. Here, we focus on gaseous and ultracold samples and compare directly the performance and spectral resolution between two experimental implementations of the phase modulation technique, which are stepwise and continuous rapid scanning of the underlying Fourier transform (FT) interferometers. We show the performance advantage of the rapid-scanning approach and demonstrate a spectral resolution of 250 MHz in the spectroscopy of laser-cooled Li atoms. This is a 10-fold resolution improvement compared to previous experiments.</p>","PeriodicalId":19540,"journal":{"name":"Optics letters","volume":"50 13","pages":"4346-4349"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144541715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}