Optics lettersPub Date : 2025-10-01DOI: 10.1364/OL.572354
Abdulrahman Alhaddad, Wing Ko, Amir Minoofar, Muralekrishnan Ramakrishnan, Huibin Zhou, Hongkun Lian, Zile Jiang, Xinzhou Su, Narek Karapetyan, Yingning Wang, Ruoyu Zeng, Ahmed Almaiman, Moshe Tur, Jonathan L Habif, Alan E Willner
{"title":"Demonstration of optical pattern matching between two QPSK data channels using nonlinear wave mixing.","authors":"Abdulrahman Alhaddad, Wing Ko, Amir Minoofar, Muralekrishnan Ramakrishnan, Huibin Zhou, Hongkun Lian, Zile Jiang, Xinzhou Su, Narek Karapetyan, Yingning Wang, Ruoyu Zeng, Ahmed Almaiman, Moshe Tur, Jonathan L Habif, Alan E Willner","doi":"10.1364/OL.572354","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.572354","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Optical signal processing can provide high-speed operation on optical data and avoidance of optical-to-electrical-to-optical conversion. In many networking scenarios, the optical data may be encoded as quadrature-phase-shift-keying (QPSK) for spectral efficiency and noise tolerance. One signal processing function is pattern matching between two data streams, which directly compares their data patterns and can be useful for network security and improving data transmission. In this work, we experimentally demonstrate optical pattern matching between two independent QPSK data inputs using nonlinear wave mixing. The QPSK channels and their delayed copies are combined at the input of a highly nonlinear fiber (HNLF) along with a continuous wave pump. The data channels and pump undergo four-wave mixing in the HNLF to generate a 9-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (9-QAM) output. The output symbols correspond to the matched, partially matched, and mismatched 2-symbol patterns between the two QPSK inputs. The 9-QAM output constellation has an error-vector-magnitude of 8.4% and 8.9% at 3-Gbaud and 5-Gbaud rates, respectively, resulting in error-free optical pattern matching between the two QPSK inputs over 1536 symbols.</p>","PeriodicalId":19540,"journal":{"name":"Optics letters","volume":"50 19","pages":"6125-6128"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145207234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Multi-operator-based model-driven self-supervised learning for fluorescence diffusion tomography.","authors":"Yuxuan Jiang, Yulin Cao, Yuxiang Dou, Yujun Wu, Haofeng Xia, Wei Jiang, Fei Huang, Qiubai Li, Yong Deng","doi":"10.1364/OL.572740","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.572740","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Supervised learning's reliance on high-fidelity labeled data limits its application in fluorescence diffusion tomography (FDT). Here, we propose a multi-operator-based model-driven self-supervised learning (MMSL) for FDT to eliminate the need for labeled data. Our approach exploits geometrically disjoint source-detector configurations to derive two forward operators from the photon transport model while integrating the operators as dual constraints into an unrolled network architecture: one enforces output-space consistency, and the other directs network parameter optimization. Experimental results on our custom-built line-illumination FDT system demonstrate that MMSL achieves reconstruction quality comparable to supervised methods while exhibiting superior recovery of morphological features. This advancement significantly expands the practical utility of deep learning in experimental FDT scenarios lacking labeled data.</p>","PeriodicalId":19540,"journal":{"name":"Optics letters","volume":"50 19","pages":"6153-6156"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145207271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optics lettersPub Date : 2025-10-01DOI: 10.1364/OL.570488
Y T Chen, Y Zheng, S N Miao, W X Shi, S T Chen, J W Zhang, L J Wang
{"title":"Laser-cooled <sup>171</sup><i>Yb</i><sup>+</sup> microwave clock with a systematic uncertainty of 7.8×10<sup>-15</sup>.","authors":"Y T Chen, Y Zheng, S N Miao, W X Shi, S T Chen, J W Zhang, L J Wang","doi":"10.1364/OL.570488","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.570488","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We present a transportable laser-cooled ion microwave clock based on the ground-state hyperfine splitting of <sup>171</sup><i>Yb</i><sup>+</sup>. The system achieves a systematic uncertainty of 7.8×10<sup>-15</sup> and a short-term frequency stability of 9.5×10<sup>-13</sup>/<i>τ</i>. Enhancements to the magnetic-field system suppress the decoherence process in the multi-body ion ensemble and reduce the second-order Zeeman frequency shift by a factor of two. The absolute microwave frequency is measured to be 12 642 812 118.468 6(3) Hz, consistent with the previous measurements and demonstrating twice the precision of the current state-of-the-art.</p>","PeriodicalId":19540,"journal":{"name":"Optics letters","volume":"50 19","pages":"6024-6027"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145207307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optics lettersPub Date : 2025-10-01DOI: 10.1364/OL.573623
Chen Sanbin, Kenichi Ueda, Xiaojun Tang, Jianlang Li
{"title":"205 W TEM<sub>00</sub>-mode-stacked Nd:YAG rotary disk laser with air cooling.","authors":"Chen Sanbin, Kenichi Ueda, Xiaojun Tang, Jianlang Li","doi":"10.1364/OL.573623","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.573623","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We have demonstrated an efficient, high-power continuous-wave Nd:YAG laser utilizing a stacked and rotary-disk configuration for the gain medium. The disks were air-cooled at room temperature. By employing a diode laser pump power of 347 W in a fiber-coupled end-pumped setup, we achieved an output power of 205 W in the fundamental transverse mode from the simplest resonator cavity. The beam quality factors (M<sup>2</sup>) in the orthogonal directions were measured at 1.143 and 1.169, respectively. The optical slope efficiencies were approximately 68%. Additionally, the root mean square (RMS) of the laser's instability, measured continuously over a period of 6 hours, was found to be 0.276%.</p>","PeriodicalId":19540,"journal":{"name":"Optics letters","volume":"50 19","pages":"6213-6216"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145207158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Uniform low-loss cyclic arrayed waveguide grating router with input splitters and output combiners.","authors":"Shuojian Zhang, Jiamei Gu, Huimin Yan, Zikang Xu, Zhuping Fan, Jian-Jun He","doi":"10.1364/OL.573611","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.573611","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We designed and fabricated a uniform low-loss silicon-on-insulator 4 × 4 cyclic arrayed waveguide grating router (AWGR) using input splitters and output combiners at the edge channels. Our analysis revealed that the field distribution that resulted from the split/combined paths of the input/output port has better coupling efficiency with the arrayed waveguides after diffraction, thus leading to lower loss and lower non-uniformity across all input and output ports. Experimental results demonstrate a loss of non-uniformity of 0.4 dB across all 16 input-output routes, with a 3 dB improvement over the conventional design. The maximum insertion loss is reduced by 3 dB, with a minimum loss of 1.1 dB and crosstalk below -22.7 dB. The design can be extended to larger-scale AWGRs and bidirectional AWGRs for improved performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":19540,"journal":{"name":"Optics letters","volume":"50 19","pages":"5953-5956"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145207176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optics lettersPub Date : 2025-10-01DOI: 10.1364/OL.571618
Jin Li, Rui Niu, Shuai Wan, Ming Li, Fang-Wen Sun, Guang-Can Guo, Chun-Hua Dong
{"title":"Raman-assisted high-efficiency soliton microcombs in a SiO<sub>2</sub> microsphere.","authors":"Jin Li, Rui Niu, Shuai Wan, Ming Li, Fang-Wen Sun, Guang-Can Guo, Chun-Hua Dong","doi":"10.1364/OL.571618","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.571618","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Soliton microcombs, generated in high-Q microresonators, have revolutionized integrated photonic technologies such as optical clocks, spectroscopy, and telecommunications. However, conventional pump schemes suffer from low pump-to-soliton conversion efficiency and high power threshold. Besides, parasitic nonlinear processes such as stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) may also affect the generation and stabilization of soliton states. Here, we realize a high-efficiency soliton microcomb with a low power threshold by exploiting the synergistic interplay between SRS and four-wave mixing (FWM) in a high-Q <i>SiO</i><sub>2</sub> microsphere. A dual-pump strategy-where a primary pump triggers the Raman gain and a secondary pump initiates soliton microcomb formation-enables 21.8<i>%</i> conversion efficiency from the pump laser to the soliton state. Experimental evidence reveals that the introduction of the secondary pump allows the tuning of the center frequency of the Raman soliton microcomb within the Raman gain region. This approach not only reduces the soliton formation threshold but also enables robust soliton stabilization via dynamic Raman gain compensation and thermal suppression. Our work provides a universal pathway for energy-efficient nonlinear photonics in Raman-active microresonators.</p>","PeriodicalId":19540,"journal":{"name":"Optics letters","volume":"50 19","pages":"5945-5948"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145207154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optics lettersPub Date : 2025-10-01DOI: 10.1364/OL.572424
Chao Chen, Xukang Cai, Bingxue Yi, Qing Chang
{"title":"Refraction error compensation method based on a pixel-deviation look-up table for fringe projection profilometry in the cross-media three-dimensional shape measurement.","authors":"Chao Chen, Xukang Cai, Bingxue Yi, Qing Chang","doi":"10.1364/OL.572424","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.572424","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Refraction-induced image distortion produces large errors in cross-media three-dimensional (3D) shape measurement using fringe projection profilometry (FPP). In this Letter, a refraction error compensation method based on a pixel-deviation look-up table (PD-LUT) is proposed. First, pixel deviation with and without light refraction is constructed as PD-LUT. Then, with the PD-LUT and a tri-linear interpolation algorithm, error compensation values in measurement are determined for correcting the erroneous pixel coordinates of measured points. Finally, 3D data without refraction errors are retrieved with the corrected pixel coordinates and FPP. Compared with methods that need to determine the transmission trajectory of light and/or provide feature information for a refractive interface, the proposed method is simple and easy-to-implement, because the complicated and hard-to-implement processes of ray tracing and manually pasting features onto the interface are removed. Two experiments, including 3D shape measurement of a standard step and 3D shape measurement of a spherical object, are conducted to demonstrate the performance of the proposed refraction error compensation method based on PD-LUT.</p>","PeriodicalId":19540,"journal":{"name":"Optics letters","volume":"50 19","pages":"6044-6047"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145207141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A thiol-ene-based HPDLC grating with <i>s</i>-polarizationdominated diffraction.","authors":"Wenbo Mu, Feirong Liu, Run Tian, Penglei Li, Yulan Fu, Yiwei Zhang, Jinxin Guo, Xinping Zhang","doi":"10.1364/OL.573249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.573249","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Holographic Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal (HPDLC) gratings exhibit excellent electro-optical performances due to their unique optical characteristics and tunability. However, the previously reported HPDLC gratings where the<i>p</i>-polarization response dominates in their diffraction, i.e., the diffraction efficiency of HPDLC gratings in <i>p</i>-polarization is much larger than that in <i>s</i>-polarization. This Letter reports a thiol-ene monomer-based HPDLC grating, which exhibits a high <i>s</i>-polarization diffraction efficiency rather than <i>p</i>-polarization. The dependence of refractive index modulation (Δ<i>n</i>) on recording intensity and liquid crystal (LC) doping concentration is experimentally investigated. The results show that Δ<i>n</i> is able to reach as high as 1.93 × 10<sup>-2</sup> in <i>s</i>-polarization and 1.21 × 10<sup>-2</sup> in <i>p</i>-polarization with an optimum recording condition. Combining with the morphology examinations, the results imply that the Δ<i>n</i> strongly depends on the ratio of LC-rich and polymer-rich phases in the grating. Moreover, we confirm that a lower recording intensity leads to a larger LC droplet size formed by holographic recording and thereby results in a decrease in threshold driving voltage of HPDLC gratings. We believe that the finding of <i>s</i>-polarization-dominated diffraction in the proposed thiol-ene photopolymer provides a new direction for HPDLC grating design.</p>","PeriodicalId":19540,"journal":{"name":"Optics letters","volume":"50 19","pages":"6052-6055"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145207152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Topographic measurement of encapsulated microstructures via active wavefront-compensatory coherence scanning interferometry.","authors":"Zhiyi Xu, Zhishan Gao, Jiale Zhang, Xiaoxin Fan, Xiao Huo, Zhongxuan Hou, Zhenyan Guo, Qun Yuan","doi":"10.1364/OL.569289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.569289","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this Letter, we present what we believe to be a novel technique for robust, high-precision measurement of buried microstructures in wafer-level packaging, termed active wavefront-compensatory coherence scanning interferometry (AWC-CSI). By combining high numerical aperture (NA) optics with a deformable mirror for active aberration correction and a dispersion-matched compensation plate in the reference arm, AWC-CSI significantly enhances signal fidelity and signal-to-noise ratio under encapsulating layers. Experimental validation on packaged micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) devices and resolution targets demonstrated an average topographic lateral resolution of approximately 0.95 μm under encapsulation layers ranging from 100 μm to 300 μm in thickness, with a system optical resolution of 0.89 μm. These results confirm its effectiveness for high-precision inspection and its potential for advanced packaging process optimization.</p>","PeriodicalId":19540,"journal":{"name":"Optics letters","volume":"50 19","pages":"6061-6064"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145207218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optics lettersPub Date : 2025-10-01DOI: 10.1364/OL.572127
Pengbai Xu, Jinhui Lian, Junjie Zhu, Zhigeng Ye, Xinfeng Yu, Kunhua Wen, Songnian Fu, Jun Yang, Yuwen Qin
{"title":"High-sensitivity chirped-pulse-pair φOTDR operated at the milli-hertz frequency band.","authors":"Pengbai Xu, Jinhui Lian, Junjie Zhu, Zhigeng Ye, Xinfeng Yu, Kunhua Wen, Songnian Fu, Jun Yang, Yuwen Qin","doi":"10.1364/OL.572127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.572127","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ultra-low-frequency acoustic wave detection has significant applications in seismic wave monitoring, oil-gas exploration, and ocean observation. However, those waves often exhibit large amplitude variations that exceed the dynamic of phase-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometry (φOTDR). Although the recently proposed chirped-pulse-pair (CPP) φOTDR scheme offers an extension of measurement range, its capability for ultra-low-frequency detection has yet to be explored. Here, we experimentally demonstrate a high-sensitivity of CPP-φOTDR operated at the milli-hertz frequency band. Initially, the CPP technique is employed to mitigate noise that accumulates during the reference trace updating. Meanwhile, an integrated adaptive filtering is applied to further reduce the noise floor, enabling the detection of acoustic signals at the milli-hertz band. As a result, the ultra-low-frequency sensitivity, after a continuous 20-hour measurement, can reach 6.6 nε/√Hz at 4 mHz, which is the highest sensitivity record at the milli-hertz frequency band that is compatible with the existing communication cables, to the best of our knowledge.</p>","PeriodicalId":19540,"journal":{"name":"Optics letters","volume":"50 19","pages":"5973-5976"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145207253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}