npj Climate and Atmospheric Science最新文献

{"title":"An alcohol-governed mechanism of monocarbonyl oligomerization: implications for explosive growth of fine particulate matter","authors":"Yuemeng Ji, Jiaxin Wang, Yongpeng Ji, Yanpeng Gao, Weina Zhang, Jiangyao Chen, Guiying Li, Taicheng An","doi":"10.1038/s41612-025-01138-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-025-01138-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Secondary organic aerosol (SOA), as a major component of fine particulate matter (PM_2.5), significantly impacts air quality, climate, and human health. Although the aqueous chemistry of oxygenated organic compounds (OOCs) is acknowledged as an important contributor to the global SOA budget, the mechanisms by which this process yields SOA-forming oligomers remain unclear. Therefore, we clarify the aqueous-phase reactions of monocarbonyl OOCs (MOOCs, e.g., octanal and 2,4-hexadienal) in sulfuric acid aerosols using quantum chemistry and kinetic calculations. We identified all intermediates and products for established reaction pathways and explored a newly alcohol-governed mechanism for MOOC oligomerization, independent of prior atmospheric knowledge. Oligomers are yielded by the repetition of simple organic reactions, including protonation/deprotonation, hydration/dehydration, and nucleophilic addition, leading to rapid SOA formation. Our results unveil that an alcohol-governed aqueous-phase reaction mechanism of MOOC is likely prevalent across other OOCs in the atmosphere and helps to explain the explosive growth of PM_2.5.</p>","PeriodicalId":19438,"journal":{"name":"npj Climate and Atmospheric Science","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144534059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intensified dominance of El Niño-like convection relevant for global atmospheric circulation variations","authors":"Fenying Cai, Shuheng Lin, Dieter Gerten, Song Yang, Xingwen Jiang, Zhen Su, Jürgen Kurths","doi":"10.1038/s41612-025-01140-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-025-01140-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Tropical convection anomaly could serve as a crucial driver of global atmospheric teleconnections and weather extremes around the world. However, quantifying the dominances of convection anomalies with regional discrepancies, relevant for the variations of global atmospheric circulations, remains challenging. By using a network analysis of observation-based rainfall and ERA5 reanalysis datasets, our study reveals that El Niño-like convection is the most primary rainfall pattern driving the global atmospheric circulation variations. High local concurrences of above-normal rainfall events over equatorial central-eastern Pacific amplify their impacts, even though the most intense rainfall anomalies are observed near the Maritime Continent. Furthermore, we find that the impacts of El Niño-like convection will be tripled by the end of this century, as projected consistently by 23 climate models. Such “rich nodes get richer” phenomenon is probably attributable to the dipolar rainfall changes over the equatorial western-central Pacific. This study highlights the dominant role of El Niño-like convection on the global climate variations, especially under the future changing climate.</p>","PeriodicalId":19438,"journal":{"name":"npj Climate and Atmospheric Science","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144521182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced oxidation capacity driven by pollution-induced chlorine chemistry in the coastal atmosphere","authors":"Gaojie Chen, Ziying Chen, Yanru Zhang, Xiaolong Fan, Lingling Xu, Ziyi Lin, Xiaoting Ji, Jinsheng Chen","doi":"10.1038/s41612-025-01133-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-025-01133-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Reactive chlorine chemistry strongly influences the regulation of atmospheric oxidation capacity, thereby exerting profound impacts on the formation of secondary pollutants and air quality. However, current understanding of distributions and formation mechanisms of reactive chlorine species under the influence of air masses induced by pollution remains limited. In this study, we observed a significant increase in the concentrations of ClNO₂, Cl₂, and HOCl driven by pollution under the influence of continental air masses. By integrating field observations with model simulations, we revealed that unknown sources of these chlorine species are associated with nitrate photolysis and aerosol iron-mediated photochemical processes. The elevated levels of chlorine species promoted the increase in RO<i>x</i> radical concentrations, considerably intensifying the chemical formation of O₃ and PAN and changing their sensitivity. These findings highlight the importance of anthropogenic pollutants in driving chlorine chemistry and provide scientific insights into its significance in regulating photochemical pollution.</p>","PeriodicalId":19438,"journal":{"name":"npj Climate and Atmospheric Science","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144521003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Testing NeuralGCM's capability to simulate future heatwaves based on the 2021 Pacific Northwest heatwave event","authors":"Shiheng Duan, Jishi Zhang, Céline Bonfils, Giuliana Pallotta","doi":"10.1038/s41612-025-01137-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-025-01137-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p>AI-based weather and climate models are emerging as accurate and computationally efficient tools. Beyond weather forecasting, they also show promise to accelerate storyline analyses. We evaluate NeuralGCM’s ability to simulate an extreme heatwave against the Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM), a physics-based climate model. NeuralGCM accurately replicates the targeted event, and generates stable and realistic mid-century projections. However, due to the absence of land feedbacks, NeuralGCM underestimates the projected warming amplitude compared to physics-based model references.</p>","PeriodicalId":19438,"journal":{"name":"npj Climate and Atmospheric Science","volume":"647 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144534030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A causal intercomparison framework unravels precipitation drivers in Global Storm-Resolving Models","authors":"Lucile Ricard, Tom Beucler, Claudia Christine Stephan, Athanasios Nenes","doi":"10.1038/s41612-025-01104-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-025-01104-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Correctly representing convective precipitation remains a long-standing problem in climate models, due to its highly parameterized nature and unclear role of drivers interacting over a wide range of spatial scales. We analyze and compare simulations of Global Storm-Resolving Models, namely the DYAMOND models, using a methodology based on dimensionality reduction and causal inference, to unravel the contribution of large-scale variables and storm-scale dynamics on precipitation distribution. We derive regions of Column Relative Humidity (<span>({CRH})</span>), which exclude sharp humidity gradients and help define coherent thermodynamic environments, which are subsequently found to control precipitation throughout half of the tropics. The mean <span>({CRH})</span> is the primary large-scale driver in regions sufficiently large to maintain homogeneity that is unaffected by storms over the 30-day simulation period. The control of mean <span>({CRH})</span> on precipitation is notably amplified by considering explicitly the intermediate role of the convective area. Moreover, the effect values are consistent across models and quantiles, which could be further employed to constrain GCMs. Our results show that the most extreme intensities (99.9^th percentile) cannot be adequately represented without high-resolution data on vertical velocity. However, their effect on precipitation varies considerably across models and precipitation quantiles, making it more difficult to develop a constraint on storm-scale control.</p>","PeriodicalId":19438,"journal":{"name":"npj Climate and Atmospheric Science","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144521129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comprehensive sub-type source profile of fine particle in China: chemical composition, markers, diagnostic ratios and implication for atmospheric chemistry","authors":"Shaofei Kong, Juan Cao, Xujing Qin, Tingting Wang, Xuan Xiang, Jian Wu, Shihua Qi, Yingying Yan, Yan Yin, Wei Liu, Feng Ding","doi":"10.1038/s41612-025-01110-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-025-01110-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Comprehensive PM_2.5 source profiles were established for 34 sub-types of sources, with markers and diagnostic ratios updated. OC, EC, SO₄²⁻, NO₃⁻, Si, Al, Mg, Ca, Ti, and Fe were dominant species. The maize straw, wheat straw, honeycomb coal burning, firework burning, barbeque and cooking are expected to be separated by receptor modeling. EC, Ca, Fe, and Mg can trace nearly all sources. New markers were identified, like Ti, V and Ni for coal-fired power plants. Ternary diagrams were proposed to identify K⁺-Na⁺-Ca²⁺ sources, and Fe existence form. OC/EC and (SNA + OC)/soot-EC ratio for indicating primary OC and mixing state of soot particles were assessed. Fe, Mn and Cu solubilities varied with magnitude differences according to their ratios to SO₄²⁻. For updating OC, EC, SO₄²⁻, NO₃⁻, P and Cl⁻ emission inventories, anthropogenic dust should be included. The results are helpful for improving knowledge on aerosol chemical transformation and biogeochemical cycle.</p>","PeriodicalId":19438,"journal":{"name":"npj Climate and Atmospheric Science","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144534028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Finer resolutions and targeted process representations in earth system models improve hydrologic projections and hydroclimate impacts","authors":"Puja Das, Auroop R. Ganguly","doi":"10.1038/s41612-025-01134-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-025-01134-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Earth system models inform water policy and interventions, but knowledge gaps in hydrologic representations limit the credibility of projections and impacts assessments. The literature does not provide conclusive evidence that incorporating higher resolutions, comprehensive process models, and latest parameterization schemes, will result in improvements. We compare hydroclimate representations and runoff projections across two generations of Coupled Modeling Intercomparison Project (CMIP) models, specifically, CMIP5 and CMIP6, with gridded runoff from Global Runoff Reconstruction (GRUN) and ECMWF Reanalysis V5 (ERA5) as benchmarks. Our results show that systematic embedding of the best available process models and parameterizations, together with finer resolutions, improve runoff projections with uncertainty characterizations in 30 of the largest rivers worldwide in a mechanistically explainable manner. The more skillful CMIP6 models suggest that, following the mid-range SSP370 emissions scenario, 40% of the rivers will exhibit decreased runoff by 2100, impacting 850 million people.</p>","PeriodicalId":19438,"journal":{"name":"npj Climate and Atmospheric Science","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144521063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"South Pacific Oscillation contributes to multi-year ENSOs","authors":"Xumin Li, Jin-Yi Yu, Ruiqiang Ding, Xiaofeng Xu, Kai Ji, Tao Wen","doi":"10.1038/s41612-025-01130-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-025-01130-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Multi-year El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events, where the warming (El Niño) or cooling (La Niña) extends beyond a single year, have become increasingly prominent in recent decades. Using observations and climate model simulations, we show that the South Pacific Oscillation (SPO) plays a crucial, previously unrecognized role in determining whether ENSO evolves into a multi-year event. Specifically, when an El Niño (La Niña) triggers a positive (negative) SPO in the extratropical Southern Hemisphere during its decaying phase, the SPO feedbacks onto the tropical Pacific through the wind-evaporation-sea surface temperature mechanism, helping sustain ENSO into a multi-year event. This SPO–ENSO interaction is absent in single-year ENSO events. Furthermore, whether ENSO can trigger the SPO depends systematically on the central SST anomaly location for El Niños and the anomaly intensity for La Niñas, with interference from atmospheric internal variability. These findings highlight the importance of including off-equatorial processes from the Southern Hemisphere in studies of ENSO complexity dynamics.</p>","PeriodicalId":19438,"journal":{"name":"npj Climate and Atmospheric Science","volume":"633 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144521064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Photochemistry of iron-containing secondary organic aerosol is impacted by relative humidity during formation","authors":"Natasha M. Garner, Fabian Mahrt, Jens Top, Virginia Tadei, Kevin Kilchhofer, Satoshi Takahama, Imad El Haddad, David M. Bell, Markus Ammann, Peter A. Alpert","doi":"10.1038/s41612-025-01109-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-025-01109-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) comprises most of the submicron atmospheric particle mass, and often becomes internally mixed with other particles. When SOA mixes with transition metal (e.g., iron) containing particles, metal-organic complexes can form, enabling photochemical reactions that change aerosol physicochemical properties. We studied the photochemistry of α-pinene SOA formed on iron-containing ammonium sulfate seed particles at varying relative humidities (RH). Chemical composition and photochemical reduction of particles were analyzed by X-ray spectromicroscopy and infrared spectroscopy. SOA formed at low vs. high RH had different chemical functionality, including abundant carboxylic acids and alcohols. Following photolysis, carboxylic acids and unsubstituted alkanes decreased, and alcohols increased, consistent with decarboxylation reactions. Iron in SOA formed at high RH was readily photochemically reduced, but iron in SOA formed at low RH was not. Overall, RH conditions at SOA formation affect not only chemical composition but also iron-complex formation and hence photochemical processing of aerosols.</p>","PeriodicalId":19438,"journal":{"name":"npj Climate and Atmospheric Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144521179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The significant contribution of biomass burning to methanol-soluble nitrogenous organics and its evolution during the highly-humid haze event in urban Wuhan","authors":"Xuehui He, Ping Zeng, Yanping Zhu, Shan Xu, Haoqian Wang, Yibei Wan, Chunyu Xu, Zongyao Lu, Xiaomeng Guo, Ziwei La, Lele Sa, Rujing Yin, Zhaojin An, Yanqun Liu, Huan Yu, Jingkun Jiang, Xiaoxiao Li, Hairong Cheng","doi":"10.1038/s41612-025-01118-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-025-01118-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Fine particle (PM_2.5) controls in China have achieved great success these years, but heavy haze pollution still occurs occasionally. The sources and evolution of the complex organic mixtures remain poorly resolved. We collected 46 PM_2.5 samples during a 12-day severe haze episode in Wuhan, a megacity in central China. We analyzed the molecular-level organic composition and functional groups with high-performance liquid chromatography-orbitrap tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-Orbitrap MS/MS). The methanol-soluble nitrogenous organics (ONs) contributed 87.6% and 52.5% of total signal intensity in positive electrospray ionization (ESI + ) mode and negative electrospray ionization (ESI-) mode, respectively. Through source apportionment and backward trajectory analysis, we found great contribution of biomass burning (~21.2% of ONs in ESI+ mode and 78.2% in ESI- mode) and significant aqueous/heterogenous products (~71.2% of ONs in ESI+ mode and 18.7% in ESI- mode) during the prolonged, highly-humid evolution (relative humidity ~86.8% lasting for 7 days). We identified C6–C12 amines and C6-C9 nitrophenols as possible molecular markers for biomass burning emissions, while C17-C19 amine oligomers and dicarboxylic acids as secondary markers from heterogeneous/aqueous reactions. The evolution may include three pathways: (1) polymerization of amines with an oxygenated molecule to form long-chain oxygenated amine oligomers; (2) ring-opening fragmentation of nitrophenols to form dicarboxylic acids; (3) ring-retaining functionalization of nitroaromatics to form nitroaromatic carboxylic acids. Pathway 3 has rarely been observed in ambient air, which is possibly related with the extremely high humidity during the periods and deserves further studies. Lastly, we found that ~39.3% of ON compounds had isomers, and ~43.7% of these isomers had distinct timeseries and originated from different sources, strengthening the necessity of measuring isomers. With the help of tandem high-resolution mass spectrometry, this study provides valuable datasets for the molecular and structural information on sources and evolutions of ONs under the highly-humid urban atmospheres.</p>","PeriodicalId":19438,"journal":{"name":"npj Climate and Atmospheric Science","volume":"66 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144521185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}