npj Climate and Atmospheric Science最新文献

{"title":"Aircraft emissions of ultrafine particles characterized by real-world near runway measurements","authors":"Jeff Maes, Spyros Bezantakos, Luccas K. Kavabata, George Biskos, Irene C. Dedoussi","doi":"10.1038/s41612-025-01095-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-025-01095-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Aircraft emissions of (ultra)fine particles during landing and take-off operations pose increasing human health hazards for airport employees and near-airport communities. Measurements of in-operation aircraft are therefore crucial for characterizing real-world aircraft emissions, and their variability. In this work, we develop an approach that enables the gathering of large quantities of data on real-world aircraft-specific emissions. We use three types of portable PM sensors located ca. 200 m downwind of an operational runway at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol, over different seasons, to characterize the plumes from ca. 500 specific operations covering most aircraft types of the global flying fleet. High concentration peaks (in the order of 10⁶ particles/cm³) of sub-25 nm particles are observed in the near field. While departure plumes exhibit higher particle number concentrations than arrival plumes, the values do not necessarily scale with aircraft size or engine thrust rating. We find large variability among aircraft types and engine models, highlighting the importance of incorporating real-world observations when assessing the impacts of aviation on the atmospheric composition and human health.</p>","PeriodicalId":19438,"journal":{"name":"npj Climate and Atmospheric Science","volume":"147 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144320005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insights into contrasting ENSO influence on SST variations off Australia’s southeast and west coasts","authors":"Zeya Li, Xuebin Zhang, Neil J. Holbrook","doi":"10.1038/s41612-025-01068-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-025-01068-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p>El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) affects sea surface temperatures (SSTs) around the world with varying degrees of influence. Dynamical understanding of global SST responses to ENSO has progressed substantially, but is far from complete. We propose a novel modelling approach, and use it to investigate why SSTs along Australia’s southeast coast are modulated by ENSO much less strongly than along Australia’s west coast. Combining tropical Pacific pacemaker ensemble simulations and ocean model perturbation experiments, this modelling approach identifies and compares the contributions of different mechanisms for the two regions. Off Australia’s west coast, the strong ENSO signature in SST variability is dominated by remote tropical Pacific ENSO-driven wind stress forcing via oceanic teleconnections, with smaller contributions from non-ENSO climate variability. However, off the southeast coast, the contribution from remote tropical Pacific ENSO-driven wind stress forcing is largely offset by the thermodynamic ENSO-driven buoyancy forcing locally within the Coral and Tasman Sea. This resultant weak ENSO signature in SST is further weakened by non-ENSO climate variability.</p>","PeriodicalId":19438,"journal":{"name":"npj Climate and Atmospheric Science","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144311877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High effective supersaturation offsets low aerosol hygroscopicity to promote orographic cloud formation over the southern Tibetan Plateau","authors":"Yuan Wang, Fang Fang, Jiming Li, Ping Zhang, Zhao Ji, Jinsen Shi, Jianping Huang","doi":"10.1038/s41612-025-01119-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-025-01119-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Tibetan Plateau, known as Asian water tower, plays a crucial role in regional water cycles and climate. However, limited in-situ cloud observations have hindered a comprehensive understanding of cloud microphysical processes over this region. To address this, a ground-based in-situ experiment was conducted in the southern Tibetan Plateau (STP) to investigate aerosol-cloud-precipitation interactions. Utilizing extensive microphysical measurements of aerosols and clouds, this study derived in-cloud water vapor supersaturation (<i>SS</i>) and examined its role in aerosol activation and cloud development. Results revealed that orographic clouds over the STP exhibit notably high <i>SS</i> levels, with an average <i>SS</i> of 0.36% and cloud case mean <i>SS</i> ranging from 0.1% to 1.27%. Such high <i>SS</i> compensates for the low hygroscopicity of Aitken-mode aerosols, facilitating their activation into cloud droplets. The resulting microphysical changes include increased droplet number concentrations, broader droplet spectra, and enhanced cloud liquid water content, which could promote collision-coalescence processes and precipitation formation. Moreover, these <i>SS</i>-induced microphysical changes may enhance cloud albedo and influence regional radiative forcing, potentially impacting atmospheric circulation and monsoon dynamics over the Tibetan Plateau. These findings highlight the critical role of high <i>SS</i> in cloud formation under conditions of weak aerosol activation potential, offering new insights into orographic cloud processes in high-altitude environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":19438,"journal":{"name":"npj Climate and Atmospheric Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144320180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Land water availability altered by historical land use and land cover change","authors":"Tao Tang, Jun Ge, Junji Cao, Haiyun Shi","doi":"10.1038/s41612-025-01111-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-025-01111-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Anthropogenic land use and land cover changes (LULCC) have profound impacts on land water availability, defined as precipitation (P) minus evapotranspiration (ET), through biophysical pathways. However, such impacts have long been debated mostly due to either the inadequate consideration of the atmospheric feedbacks arising from the changes in circulations and background climate in observation-based studies or unrealistic representation of historical LULCC in idealized-simulation-based studies. To overcome these limitations, we use the latest simulations from multiple Earth system models to investigate the impacts of historical (1850–2014) and future (2015–2100) LULCC on P–ET. Here we show that historical LULCC caused an insignificant reduction in global P–ET, mainly in wet regions. Locally, P–ET tends to decrease (increase) in deforestation (reforestation) regions mainly due to the dominant role of precipitation. Approximately 3.8% of the global land area (5.1 Mkm²) even has experienced opposite regime shifts, in which negative (positive) P–ET becomes positive (negative). Under a medium-to-high warming scenario, however, reforestation is projected to decrease P–ET even over reforested areas. This study not only elucidates the hydrological effects of realistic LULCC with atmospheric feedbacks being fully considered, but also highlights that the relative importance of the local effects and atmospheric feedbacks varies with background climate changes. We stress that background climate changes and feedbacks due to LULCC should be considered when planning reforestation and other land-use policies.</p>","PeriodicalId":19438,"journal":{"name":"npj Climate and Atmospheric Science","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144320006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploration of a practical approach to providing RH corrections to low cost sensor networks","authors":"Savinda Arambawatta Lekamge, Henry P. Oswin","doi":"10.1038/s41612-025-01115-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-025-01115-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Low-cost PM_2.5 sensors have been deployed extensively for high spatio-temporal resolution air quality monitoring. However, environmental factors, especially relative humidity (RH), cause discrepancies for low-cost sensors when compared with regulatory-grade instruments. Developing methods of correcting or accounting for this RH discrepancy is therefore key to attaining data from low-cost air quality sensors, which can be used to monitor compliance with global air quality guidelines. Here, we developed a simple aerosol dryer and placed a pair of Plantower PMS7003 sensors before and after it, continuously monitoring the impact of drying on the reported particle mass concentrations. During the monitoring period, drying reduced the reported mass concentration for Brisbane’s PM_2.5 by 25–40%. This measured drying effect was then used to calculate a real-time RH correction factor, enabling adjustment of particle mass concentrations reported by a sensor network, accounting for fluctuations in RH and the contribution of hygroscopic sources to ambient PM_2.5.</p>","PeriodicalId":19438,"journal":{"name":"npj Climate and Atmospheric Science","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144305254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tropical cyclone response to ambitious decarbonization scenarios","authors":"Mincheol Moon, Seung-Ki Min, Jung-Eun Chu, Soon-Il An, Seok-Woo Son, Hamish Ramsay, Zhuo Wang","doi":"10.1038/s41612-025-01122-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-025-01122-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Numerous studies have explored global warming impact on tropical cyclones (TCs), but post-global warming TC activity remains poorly understood. This study analyzed 400-year evolution of TC characteristics in CO₂ emission-driven ensemble experiments performed with the CESM2 model under net-zero (ZeroE) and negative CO₂ emission (NegE) scenarios. Findings reveal a hemispheric asymmetry in TC track changes, with the Northern Hemisphere seeing a decrease and the Southern Hemisphere an increase. Under the ZeroE scenario, asymmetry persists for 300 years, while the NegE scenario mitigates it within 200 years. This asymmetry is influenced by changes in mid-level humidity, vertical wind shear, and sea surface temperature gradients. Unlike the TC frequency, maximum wind speeds and rainfall associated with landfalling TCs are enhanced globally in the ZeroE scenario, while alleviated in the NegE scenario. These results indicate that a carbon-neutral strategy is not sufficient and that more ambitious negative emission efforts are needed to mitigate TC impacts.</p>","PeriodicalId":19438,"journal":{"name":"npj Climate and Atmospheric Science","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144311703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ENSO teleconnections with the NAE sector during December in CMIP5/CMIP6 models: impacts of the atmospheric mean state","authors":"Davide Sabatani, Silvio Gualdi","doi":"10.1038/s41612-025-01064-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-025-01064-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study investigates how the atmospheric mean state influences the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) teleconnections with the North Atlantic-European (NAE) region, using ERA5 and CMIP5/CMIP6 models. By isolating the contributions of heating anomalies in the Niño 3.4 and Tropical Western-Eastern Indian Ocean (TWEIO) regions, we find that in November, the Niño 3.4 teleconnection dominates, projecting onto the positive phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). In December, the TWEIO teleconnection prevails, reinforcing the positive NAO via a zonal wavenumber-3 Rossby wave train originating from SouthEast Asia (SEA). Models that fail to simulate the December ENSO teleconnection with the NAE exhibit a weak Rossby wave source in SEA and overly strong subtropical Pacific and Atlantic jet streams, which trap Rossby waves at lower latitudes, affecting the remote atmospheric response over the NAE. This waveguide bias is likely driven by a cold bias in the northern Pacific and Atlantic, a common mean-state error in climate models.</p>","PeriodicalId":19438,"journal":{"name":"npj Climate and Atmospheric Science","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144305251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding drivers and uncertainty in projected African precipitation","authors":"Thierry N. Taguela, Akintomide A. Akinsanola, Tolulope E. Adeliyi, Alan Rhoades, Robert H. Nazarian","doi":"10.1038/s41612-025-01123-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-025-01123-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We investigate the drivers of projected summer precipitation changes and their uncertainties across Africa in the second half of the 21st century under the SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 scenarios using CMIP6 models. Our results reveal distinct regional precipitation changes, particularly under SSP5-8.5, with robust increases of 75%, 24%, and 17% over the Sahara, South Eastern Africa, and South Central Africa, respectively, and a decline of up to 5% over West Southern Africa (WSAF). In most regions, precipitation increases are driven by enhanced vertical thermodynamic processes associated with temperature-induced moisture increases and enhanced moisture convergence. In contrast, the WSAF decrease is associated with vertical dynamic processes driven by a weakening of the Hadley circulation’s ascending branch. Model uncertainty accounts for over 85% of total projection uncertainty across all regions and is largely due to subgrid-scale parameterizations. Overall, this study enhances our understanding of climate change impacts on African precipitation.</p>","PeriodicalId":19438,"journal":{"name":"npj Climate and Atmospheric Science","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144305256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Northward propagation of Hadley Cell in the South Asian monsoon region driven by active convection over the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau triggered by sea surface temperature warming of the North Atlantic","authors":"Wenyue Cai, Xiangde Xu, Yanju Liu, Yaoming Ma, Chunzhu Wang, Runze Zhao, Chan Sun, Na Dong, Ruibo Wang","doi":"10.1038/s41612-025-01075-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-025-01075-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The sea surface temperature (SST) warming in the high-impact area of the North Atlantic prompts active convection over the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP), which consequently drives the Hadley Cell (HC) in the South Asian monsoon region to shift northward. This interaction mechanism stresses the “hub” effect of the QTP in the atmospheric energy and water cycle of the low- to mid–high latitude systems during the convergence of westerly and monsoon winds. The Rossby source, also famous as the “oscillation source,” formed in the upper troposphere by the SST variations in the high-impact area of the North Atlantic, is an essential “thermal driving source” for the interannual shifts in convection over the QTP. The meridional teleconnection wave train structure triggered by the warming (1991–2020)/cooling (1961–1990) of the SST in the high-impact area of the mid–high latitudes of the North Atlantic displays a reversed phase. The Rossby wave train, which spreads from the North Atlantic to the QTP during the high-impact sea surface warming phase in the North Atlantic, indicates a remarkable anticyclonic structure (strong divergence) in the high altitude (200 hPa) of the QTP, which favors the generation of active convective activity in the latter 30 years. By contrast, convective activity is blocked. During the two stages of 1961–1990 and 1991–2020, despite a significant interdecadal positive and negative phase reversal in the North Atlantic Multiyear Oscillation (AMO), the variance in the definition range between the AMO and the high-impact area of the North Atlantic led to substantial differences in the meridional teleconnection wave train structures and the corresponding effects. In addition, the latent heat emitted by the enhanced convective activity on the QTP during the sea surface warming phase in the high-impact area of the North Atlantic can strengthen the “heat pump” effect of the QTP, cause the northward shift of HC in the South Asian monsoon region, and spark the mutual feedback mechanism between the plateau convection and the HC in the South Asian monsoon region. According to these interdecadal response characteristics, this paper offers a comprehensive physical image that exhibits the mutual feedback between the convection over the QTP and the HC in the South Asian monsoon region, where the active convection is initiated by the SST warming in the high-impact area of the North Atlantic.</p>","PeriodicalId":19438,"journal":{"name":"npj Climate and Atmospheric Science","volume":"92 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144305252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toward a unified parameterization of three dimensional turbulent transport in high resolution numerical weather prediction models","authors":"Ping Zhu, Kwun Yip. Fung, Xuejin Zhang, Jun A. Zhang, Jian-Wen Bao, Chuan-Kai Wang, Bin Liu, Zhan Zhang, Lucas Harris, Kun Gao, Fanglin Yang, Jongil Han, Weiguo Wang","doi":"10.1038/s41612-025-01117-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-025-01117-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In numerical weather prediction (NWP) models, horizontal and vertical turbulent mixing is parameterized separately within the dynamic solver of a model and by a one-dimensional standalone module outside the dynamic core. This method becomes problematic as model resolution increases to the gray zone of turbulence parameterization where three-dimensional (3D) anisotropic turbulence tends to generate inter-connected horizontal and vertical mixing that cannot be artificially separated. To remediate the problem, a 3D scale-aware (SA) turbulence scheme based on a generalized turbulence closure applicable across scales has been developed and implemented in the Hurricane Analysis and Forecast System (HAFS). Simulations of 11 Atlantic basin storms of 2024 show that the new scheme substantially improves HAFS’s forecasting skill for storms with hurricane strength, suggesting that an appropriate account for 3D anisotropic turbulent transport is important for track and intensity forecast of tropical cyclones and provides a venue for realistically representing sub-grid-scale turbulence in NWP.</p>","PeriodicalId":19438,"journal":{"name":"npj Climate and Atmospheric Science","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144305305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}