Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment最新文献

{"title":"Constellation: The autonomous control and data acquisition system for dynamic experimental setups","authors":"Simon Spannagel ,&nbsp;Stephan Lachnit ,&nbsp;Hanno Perrey ,&nbsp;Justus Braach ,&nbsp;Lene Kristian Bryngemark ,&nbsp;Erika Garutti ,&nbsp;Adrian Herkert ,&nbsp;Finn King ,&nbsp;Christoph Krieger ,&nbsp;David Leppla-Weber ,&nbsp;Linus Ros ,&nbsp;Sara Ruiz Daza ,&nbsp;Murtaza Safdari ,&nbsp;Luis G. Sarmiento ,&nbsp;Annika Vauth ,&nbsp;Håkan Wennlöf","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2026.171279","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2026.171279","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The operation of instruments and detectors in laboratory or beamline environments presents a complex challenge, requiring stable operation of multiple concurrent devices, often controlled by separate hardware and software solutions. These environments frequently undergo modifications, such as the inclusion of different auxiliary devices depending on the experiment or facility, adding further complexity. The successful management of such dynamic configurations demands a flexible and robust system capable of controlling data acquisition, monitoring experimental setups, enabling seamless reconfiguration, and integrating new devices with limited effort.</div><div>This paper presents Constellation, a flexible and network-distributed control and data acquisition software framework tailored to laboratory and beamline environments, that addresses the limitations of existing solutions. The framework is designed with a focus on extensibility, providing a streamlined interface for instrument integration. It supports efficient system setup via network discovery mechanisms, promotes stability through autonomous operational features, and provides comprehensive documentation and supporting tools for operators and application developers such as controllers and logging interfaces.</div><div>At the core of the architectural design is the autonomy of the individual components, called <em>satellites</em>, which can make independent decisions about their operation and communicate these decisions to other components. This paper introduces the design principles and framework architecture of Constellation, presents the available graphical user interfaces, shares insights from initial successful deployments, and provides an outlook on future developments and applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1085 ","pages":"Article 171279"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145980298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functional design and implementation of the CiADS power supply master controller based on System-on-Chip","authors":"Wenqi Lyu ,&nbsp;Yuan He ,&nbsp;Ximeng Chen ,&nbsp;QingQing Linghu ,&nbsp;Zhongzu Zhou ,&nbsp;Zhijun Wang ,&nbsp;Jiang Zhao ,&nbsp;Detai Zhou ,&nbsp;Zongheng Xue","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2026.171276","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2026.171276","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Superconducting linear accelerators in Accelerator-Driven Subcritical Systems (ADS) demand very high availability, as unplanned beam trips can endanger the spallation target and reactor. To address reliability and protection needs at the China Initiative Accelerator-Driven Subcritical System (CiADS) facility, we design and validate a System-on-Chip (SoC)-based dual-redundant master controller for magnet power supplies. The controller integrates: (i) an FPGA-resident finite-state-machine (FSM) fast-protection core for superconducting and normal-conducting magnets; (ii) a dual-master hot-standby mechanism; (iii) <em>N</em>+1 current-sharing with module-failure compensation; and (iv) a triggered fault-snapshot pipeline with EPICS integration. Experiments on the HIAF-iLinac testbed show failover of 500 ± 20 ms, seamless switchover with no output disturbance, &lt;30 % CAN-bus utilization, and fault snapshots that match oscilloscope captures. These results indicate that the SoC-based controller meets CiADS protection and redundancy requirements while improving determinism, maintainability, and long-term reliability over conventional PLC/PC architectures, providing a reusable reference design for future megawatt-scale ADS facilities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1085 ","pages":"Article 171276"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145980299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Powder X-ray diffraction implementation in Geant4","authors":"Marcus A.P. Miljak ,&nbsp;Pramod Koshy ,&nbsp;Joel N. O'Dwyer","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2026.171280","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2026.171280","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Scientists working with XRD have limited tools to model intricacies in XRD experiments. Conventional Bragg-Brentano style powder diffractometers have robust in-built software which allow users to simulate powder XRD diffractograms. However, these programs can only account for so many modifications to powder XRD experiments. Thus, there is no all-encompassing software that allows a user to simulate a powder XRD diffractogram from an arbitrary experimental geometry, while also being able to account for all necessary X-ray physics and crystallographic information.</div><div>A modification to Geant4 Penelope Rayleigh scattering model has been performed that allows a user to simulate physically accurate coherent elastic scattering (Bragg scattering) from a powdered crystal material. This will enable scientists to simulate XRD experiments, with any geometry, as long as it can be constructed in Geant4 while also accounting for all necessary physics.</div><div>To showcase the modification, two Bragg-Brentano style diffractometers (Empyrean I and MiniFlex) have been constructed in Geant4 and were used to produce a simulated diffractogram. The simulations were undertaken with custom generated scattering form factors that account for inherent diffraction peak broadening. These results are compared to experimentally obtained diffractograms, with the analysis revealing a good match. Thus, this showcases the potential for the model to be used in different diverse XRD experiment simulations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1085 ","pages":"Article 171280"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145980301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neutron yield monitor for pulsed radiation sources","authors":"A.P. Denisenko ,&nbsp;E.V. Ryabeva ,&nbsp;R.F. Ibragimov ,&nbsp;M. Yu Mishin ,&nbsp;YuV. Mikhailov ,&nbsp;V.P. Tarasov","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2026.171314","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2026.171314","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The article presents the results of the work involving an experimental monitor designed to measure the neutron yield of pulsed neutron sources using the activation method. Indium is used as an activation material. The procedure for developing and manufacturing the device is described, including the justification of the moderator design and the configuration of secondary radiation counters, obtained using the Geant4 tools.</div><div>The results of the experiments on registering the pulsed neutron radiation with the energies of 2.5 and 14 MeV in the range of neutron yields from 4∙10⁴ to 4∙10¹¹ neutrons per pulse at 15–150 cm distances between the source and the front surface of the device are presented. The influence of the main factors contributing to the uncertainty of the measurement results is considered.</div><div>A method of pulse counting is described when the counters operate under excessive ultimate count rate. The method consists in the waiting for the activity to decrease to a critical level with subsequent backward extrapolation to the initial moment of time. This algorithm allows measuring the outputs of intense pulsed neutron sources, despite the limitations on the count rate of the detectors used.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1085 ","pages":"Article 171314"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146078187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and fabrication of a four-rod radio frequency quadrupole with a variable aperture","authors":"Shota Ikeda ,&nbsp;Shunsuke Ikeda ,&nbsp;Takeshi Kanesue ,&nbsp;Toshiro Sakabe ,&nbsp;Antonino Cannavo ,&nbsp;Masahiro Okamura ,&nbsp;Kazumasa Takahashi ,&nbsp;Chuan Zhang ,&nbsp;Masashi Masuoka ,&nbsp;Horana Gamage Madhawa","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2026.171303","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2026.171303","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Radiofrequency quadrupole (RFQ) linear accelerators with variable aperture cell parameters offer an effective means of accelerating high-intensity ion beams exceeding 100 mA and have been implemented in various RFQ designs. However, in a four-rod RFQ, the use of dielectric perturbation methods to measure the voltage distribution behind the rod electrodes is not applicable when implementing variable aperture geometries, because changes in the rod shape influence the electric field at the location of the perturbation element. Therefore, it was necessary to design the rod profile for each cell such that the electric field distribution behind the rods remains unaffected by changes in the aperture. In this study, we present a method to adjust the voltage distribution by modifying the geometry of the rod electrodes according to each cell's aperture parameters. This design approach enables the integration of variable aperture cells into a four-rod RFQ linac, significantly enhancing the achievable beam current. To ensure uniform capacitance and maintain a constant rod-electrode voltage despite variations in the average aperture radius, we developed a systematic method for shaping the rod electrodes. This method was refined using two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) electromagnetic field simulations to optimize the electrode cross-sectional profiles. The fabricated rod electrodes were then installed in a four-rod RFQ, and the electric field distribution was measured using the perturbation method and tuned by adjusting the base plates. As a result, the measured variation of ±1.1 % confirms that this design methodology can produce a sufficiently uniform voltage distribution for high-current beam acceleration. These results demonstrate the practical feasibility of a variable-aperture four-rod RFQ linac.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1085 ","pages":"Article 171303"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146024150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design of a novel fast neutron imaging detector with excellent spatial resolution, fast temporal response, large sensitive area, and high detection efficiency","authors":"Huaiyong Bai,&nbsp;Hang Li,&nbsp;Lisheng Yang,&nbsp;Hengrui Zhang,&nbsp;Ji Wen,&nbsp;Chengguo Pang,&nbsp;Binyuan Xia,&nbsp;Ming Su,&nbsp;Fan Gao,&nbsp;Chenguang Li,&nbsp;Xiaodong Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2026.171296","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2026.171296","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fast neutron imaging is a powerful measurement technique, particularly suitable for large-sized samples containing both light and heavy materials. However, it is severely affected by background events, leading to compromised image quality. To achieve substantially improved results, a novel fast neutron imaging detector is proposed, which mainly consists of crisscrossed wavelength-shifting fibers, the composite mixture of YAP(Ce) scintillation powder and polypropylene powder, and SiPM arrays. The detector offers several advantages including excellent spatial resolution, a large sensitive area, and high detection efficiency. Furthermore, another key merit lies in its temporal response, which is expected to be no more than 1 ns. This enables the application of time-of-flight technology for identifying directly transmitted neutron events, thereby effectively suppressing the corresponding background events.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1085 ","pages":"Article 171296"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146024230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monitoring 135Xe after the shutdown of a research reactor using gamma-ray spectroscopy","authors":"Flynn Darby ,&nbsp;Andrew Lucas ,&nbsp;Michel Saliba ,&nbsp;Sara Pozzi ,&nbsp;Oskari Pakari","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.171252","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.171252","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>¹³⁵Xe, a high-yield fission product with a large neutron absorption cross section, can greatly influence the reactivity of a reactor, posing challenges to reactor operation and safety if the transient ¹³⁵ Xe concentration is not taken into account. To date, ¹³⁵Xe has only been monitored indirectly with neutron flux monitors, studied from off-gas, or studied in simulation. In this study, we show that ¹³⁵Xe in a zero-power research reactor can be directly monitored after shutdown, using gamma spectroscopy. We use an HPGe gamma-ray spectrometer in the beam port of the CROCUS research reactor and measure the ¹³⁵Xe and ¹³⁵I signature gamma-ray emissions (250 keV and 1260 keV, respectively) after shutting down the reactor. We directly measure the transient behavior of ¹³⁵Xe and ¹³⁵I, the commonly known “Xenon Pit” corresponding to maximum neutron absorption, following reactor shutdown. The expected ¹³⁵Xe peak time with known half-life values is 11.13 h, and we calculate 11.15 ± 0.22 h when fitting the measured data with free half-life parameters. We provide results for code validation, especially useful for reactor shutdown and accident scenarios, as well as reactivity margin predictors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1085 ","pages":"Article 171252"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146024231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of multipole field reduction in C-band photocathode RF gun","authors":"Shimin Jiang ,&nbsp;Shengjin Liu ,&nbsp;Zhijun Lu ,&nbsp;Xingguang Liu ,&nbsp;Xiao Li ,&nbsp;Renjun Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2026.171277","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2026.171277","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper addresses the issue in C-band photocathode radio frequency (RF) guns where the presence of significant multipole field components in the accelerating field, restricts the improvement of beam quality. A strategy of optimizing the multipole field components in the RF structure is adopted to alleviate this problem, and a detailed analysis is conducted on the matching performance of the multipole field components generated by the pick-ups and coaxial waveguide couplers respectively. Simulation results show that after rotating the two pick-ups by 30°, the influences of the multipole field components generated by the pick-ups and couplers at the beam position can cancel each other out, thereby minimizing the impact of the multipole field components on the beam at the target position. This optimized scheme has been applied to the final gun design. After analyzing the effects of the solenoid and correction coils on the beam, the transverse emittance difference caused by the multipole field components at the target position is reduced to below 0.01 mm mrad. These research results provide a new method for the optimization of multipole field components in RF guns.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1085 ","pages":"Article 171277"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146024154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A fast, semi-automated dimension reduction procedure for particle identification data in telescope detectors","authors":"B.M. Harvey ,&nbsp;L. Knull ,&nbsp;T. Hankins ,&nbsp;M.D. Youngs ,&nbsp;K. Hagel ,&nbsp;A.B. McIntosh ,&nbsp;S.J. Yennello","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.171258","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.171258","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Modern nuclear physics experiments often use telescopic detector systems to identify reaction products on a particle-by-particle basis. These telescopes exploit the dependence of differential energy loss on nuclide charge and mass; by correlating the amount of energy deposited in the thin (<span><math><mrow><mi>Δ</mi><mi>E</mi></mrow></math></span>) and thick (<span><math><mi>E</mi></math></span>) layers of a telescope, different nuclides populate different regions of this <span><math><mrow><mi>Δ</mi><mi>E</mi></mrow></math></span>-<span><math><mi>E</mi></math></span> in the form of distinct curved bands. Particle identification is then accomplished by drawing 2-D gates around these bands. However, this approach is laborious and often imprecise, susceptible to subjective or inconsistent gate placement. One improvement to this is to instead draw guidelines along the data and use these to project the 2-D <span><math><mrow><mi>Δ</mi><mi>E</mi></mrow></math></span>-<span><math><mi>E</mi></math></span> into a 1-D space; here, inconsistencies are significantly easier to identify and iteratively correct. While this helps reduce systematic error, the approach remains laborious, especially for complex multi-detector arrays. To address these challenges, the Texas Automated Particle Identification Routine (TAPIR), a new semi-automated linearization procedure, has been developed. Using modern image processing techniques, TAPIR enables consistent and efficient linearizations, reducing the time required to linearize detectors while simultaneously producing a more accurate linearization than is practically achievable through manual methods. An example linearization is provided for a Forward Array Using Silicon Technology (FAUST) detector telescope to outline the method and then compare against a manual linearization, together illustrating the precision, accuracy, and relative simplicity of this technique.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1085 ","pages":"Article 171258"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145929146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measurements of 12C0,1- ions through charge-exchange reactions in gas cells at IUAC: A step towards the proposed PIMS facility by the CUPAC-NE collaboration (D2)","authors":"Nabajyoti Pandit ,&nbsp;A. Barthakur ,&nbsp;Rasna Baruah ,&nbsp;Dimpal Saikia ,&nbsp;Bhargab Boruah ,&nbsp;Monuj Gogoi ,&nbsp;J.J. Das ,&nbsp;C.P. Safvan ,&nbsp;C.P. Veena ,&nbsp;Aditya Kumar","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2026.171300","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2026.171300","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Charge-exchange measurements of a¹⁴C⁺ beam in the 50–150 keV energy range are of current interest in the context of recent developments in Positive Ion Mass Spectrometry (PIMS). In PIMS, a high-pressure gas cell containing isobutane gas is used to efficiently produce ¹⁴C⁻ ions. Because charge exchange is an atomic process, we used ¹²C instead of ¹⁴C in our study with N₂ gas under single‐atom collision conditions. In our experiment, we calibrated the proposed detection setup for PIMS. We also extracted C⁻ and C⁰ cross sections. The results indicate the validity of the designed parameters of the CUPAC-NE CEC. The measurements were performed using 50 keV ¹²C⁺ ions delivered by the 10 GHz Nanogan ECR ion source at LEIBF of IUAC, New Delhi. To facilitate these measurements, a newly developed compact Faraday Cup was added to the existing Channel Electron Multiplier (CEM) detector downstream of the Electrostatic Analyzer (ESA).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1085 ","pages":"Article 171300"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146024234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}