{"title":"Implementation of a new function for handling nuclear data of outgoing particles and residual excitation states in PHITS","authors":"Takuya Furuta , Shintaro Hashimoto , Tatsuhiko Ogawa , Yoshihiko Tanimura","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2026.171320","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2026.171320","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A new function to incorporate nuclear data libraries with outgoing particles plus residual nuclei in specific excitation states has been implemented in a Monte Carlo simulation code, Particle and Heavy Ion Transport code System (PHITS). With this function, accurate predictions of outgoing particle spectra and angular distributions according to the nuclear data libraries become possible, while accounting for production of residual nuclei and de-excitation gammas, conserving total energy and momentum in each event. This feature allows users to perform high-precision simulations of detector responses and radiation damage in materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1086 ","pages":"Article 171320"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146070981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Frosio , J. Allan , J. Blaha , H. Brogognia , S. Rokny , M. Santana Leitner , S. Aderhold , M. Bai , S. Littleton
{"title":"Radiation Physics commissioning of LCLS-II superconducting Linac. Gun and cryomodules commissioning","authors":"T. Frosio , J. Allan , J. Blaha , H. Brogognia , S. Rokny , M. Santana Leitner , S. Aderhold , M. Bai , S. Littleton","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2026.171340","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2026.171340","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Linac Coherent Light Source II (LCLS-II) at SLAC is a X-ray free-electron laser based on a 4 GeV superconducting linear accelerator capable of continuous-wave operation. While the machine has not yet reached its full design power, an initial phase of commissioning has focused on characterizing radiation produced by field emission, unintended electron discharge from RF cavities, which can impact beam quality, cause component damage, and create radiation hazards.</div><div>Using in situ diagnostics from the radiation safety system, including ionization chambers, synthetic diamond detectors, and Cherenkov fibers, we investigated field emissions originating from both the laser gun and cryomodules. For the gun, we characterized the captured current at the cathode and quantified the transmitted dark current through the beamline. By applying a dedicated methodology involving downstream collimators, we showed that a large fraction of the dark current can be intercepted by the collimation system.</div><div>For the cryomodules, we used radiation monitors and FLUKA simulations to estimate captured current and its evolution over time. Radiation was observed in several cavities, with field emission detected at gradients as low as 8 MV/m. Detailed analysis of some individual cryomodules revealed trends in backward and forward emission, enabling us to identify specific cavities contributing most to field-emitted current. These results support further mitigation strategies and provide a transferable approach to characterizing field emission in superconducting linacs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1086 ","pages":"Article 171340"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146190884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jilei Xu , Miao He , Cédric Cerna , Yongbo Huang , Thomas Adam , Shakeel Ahmad , Rizwan Ahmed , Fengpeng An , Costas Andreopoulos , Giuseppe Andronico , João Pedro Athayde Marcondes de André , Nikolay Anfimov , Vito Antonelli , Tatiana Antoshkina , Didier Auguste , Weidong Bai , Nikita Balashov , Andrea Barresi , Davide Basilico , Eric Baussan , Jiaheng Zou
{"title":"Design, waterproofing, and mass production of the 3-inch PMT frontend system of JUNO","authors":"Jilei Xu , Miao He , Cédric Cerna , Yongbo Huang , Thomas Adam , Shakeel Ahmad , Rizwan Ahmed , Fengpeng An , Costas Andreopoulos , Giuseppe Andronico , João Pedro Athayde Marcondes de André , Nikolay Anfimov , Vito Antonelli , Tatiana Antoshkina , Didier Auguste , Weidong Bai , Nikita Balashov , Andrea Barresi , Davide Basilico , Eric Baussan , Jiaheng Zou","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2026.171301","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2026.171301","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Over 25,600 3-inch photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) have been instrumented for the central detector of the Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory. Each PMT is equipped with a high-voltage divider and a frontend cable with waterproof sealing. Groups of sixteen PMTs are connected to the underwater frontend readout electronics via specialized multi-channel waterproof connectors. This paper outlines the design and mass production processes for the high-voltage divider, the cable and connector, as well as the waterproof potting of the PMT bases. The results of the acceptance tests of all the integrated PMTs are also presented.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1086 ","pages":"Article 171301"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146190882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jianan Xiao , Bowen Huang , Hai Chen , Francesca Giovacchini , Carlos Delgado , Jorge Casaus , AMS Collaboration
{"title":"The AMS-02 RICH detector: Status, latest results, and physics prospects","authors":"Jianan Xiao , Bowen Huang , Hai Chen , Francesca Giovacchini , Carlos Delgado , Jorge Casaus , AMS Collaboration","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2026.171364","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2026.171364","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Since 2011, the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS-02) has been conducting precision measurement of cosmic-ray fluxes on the International Space Station. Central to its isotope identification capability is the Ring Imaging Cherenkov Detector (RICH), which determines particle velocity and charge with high accuracy. In this paper, we present the status and performance of the RICH detector after more than 14 years of operation in space. The alignment and calibration on the refractive index of aerogel radiators are cross checked with precision. Furthermore, a new velocity reconstruction algorithm based on the Maximum Likelihood Estimation is introduced, which achieves velocity resolution of <span><math><mrow><mn>5</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>×</mo><mn>1</mn><msup><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>4</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> for lithium and <span><math><mrow><mn>4</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>×</mo><mn>1</mn><msup><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>4</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> for beryllium. These calibration and reconstruction advancements are critical for the high-precision future analysis of light isotopes, which provide essential constraints on the cosmic-ray propagation models.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1086 ","pages":"Article 171364"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146190959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yu Zhao , Jianliang Chen , Weihang Liu , Zhiping Li , Liangsheng Huang , Yanliang Han , Xingguang Liu , Shimin Jiang , Xiao Li , Yi Jiao , Sheng Wang
{"title":"Key design features of the southern advanced photon source","authors":"Yu Zhao , Jianliang Chen , Weihang Liu , Zhiping Li , Liangsheng Huang , Yanliang Han , Xingguang Liu , Shimin Jiang , Xiao Li , Yi Jiao , Sheng Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2026.171310","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2026.171310","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Southern Advanced Photon Source (SAPS), a new 3.5 GeV ultra-low emittance ring-based light source, is planned to be built adjacent to the China Spallation Neutron Source in Dongguan. The SAPS project features a low-energy Linac and a booster serving as the pre-injector, and a storage ring design based on hybrid seven-bend achromat (H-7BA) with a circumference of 810 m. To achieve exceptional performance in terms of low emittance and high brightness, a novel unit cell, which consists of a bend combined with horizontal and longitudinal gradient (TLGB) in the center and two reverse bends neighboring the TLGB, is proposed to be used in the H-7BA. This innovative approach allows for a remarkable low natural emittance of 26.3 pm rad and a high brightness exceeding <span><math><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>×</mo><mn>1</mn><msup><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>22</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> photons/s/mm<sup>2</sup>/mrad<sup>2</sup>/0.1% BW at a photon energy of about 4 keV. Furthermore, the optimized dynamic aperture and momentum aperture, even in the presence of realistic error conditions, satisfy the requirements for on-axis longitudinal injection, enabling beam accumulation. In this paper, details about lattice design and optimization, optics correction, injection scheme, collective effects and pre-injector design are presented.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1086 ","pages":"Article 171310"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146081864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yuchen Yang , Yuan Chen , Yiming Zeng , Shichuan Ding , Jun Tao , Changqing Feng , Guangli Kuang
{"title":"A VSWR-based fast protection system for high-power RF amplifiers","authors":"Yuchen Yang , Yuan Chen , Yiming Zeng , Shichuan Ding , Jun Tao , Changqing Feng , Guangli Kuang","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2026.171371","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2026.171371","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, a fast protection system based on Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) measurement was designed for the infrared free electron laser (FEL) facility at Anhui University. The facility produces a tunable laser covering 2.5–200 μm by adjusting the electron-beam energy, and it injects 6–30 MW of microwave power into the accelerating tube via klystrons. Our system focuses on the matching characteristics of the microwave path, is inherently independent of output power, and provides klystron protection across the full operating range. The system performs in-situ sampling of the klystron output through a waveguide directional coupler. The sampled microwave signal undergoes diode-based envelope detection and high-speed analog-to-digital conversion, generating a digital signal stream. An FPGA-based platform then computes the output VSWR in real time and triggers a rapid protection response. The coupler was designed using a reflected-power model, with its directivity optimized to 37 dB, significantly improving VSWR measurement accuracy—achieving a theoretical accuracy of 94.6% when VSWR <1.4. By optimizing the conversion function based on the detector model and experimental data, the power measurement accuracy reaches 98.8%. Simultaneously, real-time power calculation leveraging transfer functions is hardware-accelerated through the FPGA, providing critical fast-response protection capabilities. The system has been developed and applied in klystron conditioning experiments. It consistently achieved ∼288.8 ns (VSWR-based, exclude path delay) and ∼59 ns (ultrafast, exclude path delay) response times during wide-range power sweeps, demonstrating a deployable approach to rapid, pulse-level protection that generalizes to other high-power RF sources.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1086 ","pages":"Article 171371"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146190244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zujun Wang , Liyuan Yin , Qi Zhang , Chuanzhou Li , Rongyu Jiang
{"title":"Radiation damage in GaInP/GaAs/Ge triple-junction solar cells induced by energetic proton","authors":"Zujun Wang , Liyuan Yin , Qi Zhang , Chuanzhou Li , Rongyu Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2026.171358","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2026.171358","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The GaInP/GaAs/Ge triple-junction solar cells (3JSCs) serve as the core component of the power supply system in the spacecraft. However, when operated in the space radiation environment, these GaInP/GaAs/Ge 3JSCs will be subjected to space radiation damage, which induces their performance degradation, and even leads to the function failure of the spacecraft supply system. The influence of proton radiation damage (especially energetic proton radiation damage) on solar cells is one of the most important factors induced by space radiation damage. Thus, the experiments of the GaInP/GaAs/Ge 3JSCs irradiated by 17.8 MeV, 60 MeV, and 100 MeV protons at the proton accelerator facility were conducted. The radiation effects on the GaInP/GaAs/Ge 3JSCs induced by different energy protons are compared. The samples were irradiated at the proton fluence of 1 × 10<sup>11</sup>, 5 × 10<sup>11</sup>, 1 × 10<sup>12</sup>, and 2 × 10<sup>12</sup> p/cm<sup>2</sup>, respectively. The degradations of the normalized open-circuit voltage (<em>V</em><sub>oc</sub>), short-circuit current (<em>I</em><sub>sc</sub>), and maximum power (<em>P</em><sub>max</sub>) induced by different energy protons are analyzed and the degradation mechanisms of the above radiation-sensitive parameters are also demonstrated, and the relationship between the degree of electrical performance degradation and displacement damage dose is obtained.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1086 ","pages":"Article 171358"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146190892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Haoquan Su , Haipeng Li , Wenlong Pan , Guoqing Kong , Wentao Deng , Jinglun Li , Jinwen Shuai , Sheng Wang
{"title":"Physical design and tuning of the long radio frequency quadrupole for accelerator-based boron neutron capture therapy","authors":"Haoquan Su , Haipeng Li , Wenlong Pan , Guoqing Kong , Wentao Deng , Jinglun Li , Jinwen Shuai , Sheng Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2026.171363","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2026.171363","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A continuous-wave radio-frequency quadrupole (RFQ) accelerator for boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) has been designed, tuned, and experimentally validated. The RFQ delivers a beam energy of 2.8 MeV with a design input current of 25 mA. Optimized beam dynamics resulted in a transmission efficiency above 99.66% and a transverse emittance growth below 5.5%. The RF structure employs optimized cross-section and undercut geometries, achieving a cavity quality factor of 14, 286. π-mode stabilizing loops were introduced to enhance mode separation, and 100 tuners were implemented for field and frequency control. Multiphysics simulations predict a maximum temperature rise of 32.5 °C and a frequency shift of −91 kHz under CW operation. During low-power measurements and full-cavity tuning, a sag compensation method based on catenary fitting was developed to correct gravity-induced field distortions. After tuning, the operating frequency was set to 165.118 MHz, with dipole and quadrupole perturbative components controlled within ±1% and ±1.2%, respectively, and the measured Q value reaching 87% of the simulated value. Error analysis indicates that, within tuning tolerances, the transmission efficiency remains above 99.5%, the beam centroid shift is below 0.05 mm, and the output energy variation is less than 0.01 MeV. Beam commissioning demonstrated a output peak current of 22.1 mA and a transmission efficiency exceeding 94% at 125 Hz repetition rate and pulse width of 900 μs. Time-of-flight measurements yielded a proton energy of 2.812 ± 0.002 MeV, confirming the reliability of the RFQ design and tuning.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1086 ","pages":"Article 171363"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146190880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nicholas Macsai , August Mendelsohn , David Harrison , Russell Mammei , Michael Gericke , Leah Broussard , Erick Smith , Grant Riley , Glenn Randall , Mark Makela
{"title":"A novel, steerable, low-energy proton source for detector characterization","authors":"Nicholas Macsai , August Mendelsohn , David Harrison , Russell Mammei , Michael Gericke , Leah Broussard , Erick Smith , Grant Riley , Glenn Randall , Mark Makela","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2026.171336","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2026.171336","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We report on the conversion of the Manitoba II mass spectrometer into a versatile low-energy proton beam facility. This infrastructure is adaptable to any detector-under-test (DUT), and has proven itself effective with the characterization of silicon detectors used in subatomic beyond-the-Standard-Model (BSM) searches, namely the Nab experiment. A pencil beam of mono-energetic protons can be produced in a range from 25<!--> <!-->keV to 35<!--> <!-->keV, achieving a beam current of <span><math><mo>∼</mo></math></span>1 <span><math><mo>×</mo></math></span> 10<sup>-18</sup> <!-->A.</div><div>Electrostatic steering plates were constructed to direct the Gaussian-profile proton beam over a 117<!--> <!-->mm diameter area-of-interest with full-width at half-maxima (FWHM) ranging from 0.6<!--> <!-->mm to 1.26<!--> <!-->mm. This work discusses the modifications and subsequent tests to confirm the beam specifications met the demands of the aforementioned detectors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1086 ","pages":"Article 171336"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146190878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C.W. Shih , G. Nukazuka , Y. Sugiyama , Y. Akiba , D. Cacace , H. En’yo , T. Hachiya , S. Hasegawa , M. Hata , H. Imai , C.M. Kuo , M. Morita , I. Nakagawa , Y. Nakamura , G. Nakano , Y. Namimoto , R. Nouicer , R. Pisani , M. Shibata , M. Shimomura , M. Watanabe
{"title":"Beam test results of the Intermediate Silicon Tracker for sPHENIX","authors":"C.W. Shih , G. Nukazuka , Y. Sugiyama , Y. Akiba , D. Cacace , H. En’yo , T. Hachiya , S. Hasegawa , M. Hata , H. Imai , C.M. Kuo , M. Morita , I. Nakagawa , Y. Nakamura , G. Nakano , Y. Namimoto , R. Nouicer , R. Pisani , M. Shibata , M. Shimomura , M. Watanabe","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2026.171312","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2026.171312","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Intermediate Silicon Tracker (INTT), a two-layer barrel silicon strip tracker, is a key component of the tracking system for sPHENIX at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory. The INTT is designed to enable the association of reconstructed tracks with individual RHIC bunch crossings. To evaluate the performance of preproduction INTT ladders and the readout chain, a beam test was conducted at the Research Center for Accelerator and Radioisotope Science, Tohoku University, Japan. This paper presents the performance of the INTT evaluated through studies of the signal-to-noise ratio, residual distribution, spatial resolution, hit-detection efficiency, and multiple track reconstruction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1086 ","pages":"Article 171312"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146190886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}