Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment最新文献

{"title":"Features of electron bunch formation in radiofrequency photoguns","authors":"Mikhail Vladimirov,&nbsp;Vladimir Rashchikov,&nbsp;Sergey Polozov","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170443","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170443","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The paper investigates some aspects of bunch formation in a radiofrequency (RF) electron gun with a semiconductor photocathode. We numerically solve the drift–diffusion problems for excessive electron and hole concentrations inside the semiconductor medium influenced by picosecond laser pulses and an accelerated field of an RF cavity. Being a result of electron transport via drift and diffusion, the electron concentration at the photocathode surface made it possible to determine the photocurrent. We also demonstrate that the approach under consideration permit obtaining characteristic emission curves and determing quantum efficiency of the photocathode.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1075 ","pages":"Article 170443"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143714789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancement of CsPbBr3 detectors spectral performance for gamma-ray detection using simultaneous multi-waveform clustering method","authors":"Majid Khorsandi ,&nbsp;Shangzhen Zhu ,&nbsp;Ling-Jian Meng","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170461","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170461","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As a room-temperature semiconductor detector, all-inorganic Proveskit CsPbBr₃ (CPB) has great potential for gamma-ray detection and spectroscopy. However, most CPB samples suffer from spatially non-uniform responses, leading to variations in charge collection efficiency (CCE) for the identical deposited energy at different locations within the detector. This issue affects the apparent energy resolution of the detector. Therefore, the development of methods for correcting non-uniform CCE would be beneficial. In this paper, we have explored a simultaneous multi-waveform clustering method to classify different interaction patterns and derive the variation of CCE accordingly. This information is then used to correct the energy spectrum and enhance the energy resolution. Our results showed that by using this method, we can significantly improve the detector's energy resolution from 11.5 % at 122 keV to 4.4 % after the correction. The main advantage of our approach is that we can improve the spectral performance of a detector regardless of detector configuration and the sources of variations in CCE. Since the proposed method is based on waveform analysis, it could be effectively applied to other room-tempreature semiconductor detectors, such as CZTs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1075 ","pages":"Article 170461"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143724745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on online monitoring methods for plutonium concentrations","authors":"Shuyi Sun ,&nbsp;Chang Li ,&nbsp;Yinqi Lei ,&nbsp;Weiliang Jin ,&nbsp;Liangliang Lv ,&nbsp;Baowei Ding ,&nbsp;Gongping Li","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170459","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170459","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent years, with the increasing global demand for clean, low-carbon, and reliable energy, nuclear energy has gained more attention and investment as a crucial component. As nuclear power plants are being constructed and operated on a large scale, the amount of nuclear waste discharged from reactors is also increasing. Currently, the PUREX reprocessing method is commonly used for recycling nuclear waste, which requires real-time measurement of nuclide concentrations in the solution to calculate the amount of material to be added. The traditional method involves staff sampling and laboratory analysis. Although this method is highly accurate, the detection results are delayed, and there is a certain radiation risk. Therefore, designing an efficient online monitoring system for spent fuel solution concentration is important for the recycling of spent fuel. While the online monitoring technology for uranium solutions is relatively mature, research on online monitoring of plutonium solutions is scarce. Against this backdrop, this paper simulates and designs an online monitoring system for plutonium concentration. Using the Geant4 simulation software, a model is designed with a silicon drift detector to explore the relationship between different concentrations of plutonium solution and its spontaneous X-ray intensity. A method for measuring plutonium concentration using spontaneous X-ray emission is proposed and validated. The paper also provides reasonable suggestions regarding the sample tube and detector parameters. Based on research into plutonium's spontaneous alpha decay, a combination of an X-ray machine and uranyl nitrate solution is proposed as an equivalent substitute model for corresponding concentrations of plutonium solution. The appropriate energy, angle, and time parameters for this model are determined through simulation, and its accuracy is experimentally verified to meet market demands, offering a new feasible solution for the calibration of plutonium concentration monitoring instruments. This provides valuable reference for the process design and management of spent fuel reprocessing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1075 ","pages":"Article 170459"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143724748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of the machine learning-based online trigger algorithms for heavy flavor events selection in sPHENIX experiment","authors":"Yaozhong Chen ,&nbsp;Kai Chen ,&nbsp;Lei Lang ,&nbsp;Biao Zhang ,&nbsp;Hongtao Li ,&nbsp;Zipeng Cheng ,&nbsp;Jun Liu ,&nbsp;Yaping Wang ,&nbsp;Ming Liu ,&nbsp;Zhaozhong Shi","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170435","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170435","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The sPHENIX experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) is designed to investigate the physics of the strongly coupled Quark–Gluon Plasma (QGP). Heavy-flavor hadrons serve as key probes of the QGP produced during heavy-ion collisions. However, the current readout event rate of the sPHENIX detector is limited to 15<!--> <!-->kHz, due to constraints in the readout system of the outer calorimeter detectors. To improve the trigger efficiency of heavy-flavor events, a dedicated online trigger system is imperative. This paper presents the design of machine learning-based online trigger algorithms aimed at selecting heavy-flavor quark events in the sPHENIX experiment. The algorithms, primarily based on Multi-Layer Perceptrons, Graph Neural Networks, and Bipartite Graph Neural Networks, use only spatial track hit information from fast silicon detectors as input. The performance of these algorithms are evaluated using simulation datasets, with charm-quark event samples generated via Monte Carlo for <em>p</em>+<em>p</em> collisions at <span><math><msqrt><mrow><mi>s</mi></mrow></msqrt></math></span> = 200<!--> <!-->GeV. The results demonstrate that the system achieves a track reconstruction efficiency of 0.945. Additionally, the precision and recall values for identifying heavy-flavor events are both around 0.79.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1075 ","pages":"Article 170435"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143705960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of the dielectric properties of materials obtained by substituting the Ca2+ ion in the compound CaCu3Ti4O12 with Na+ and Bi3+ ions","authors":"A.A. Muradyan,&nbsp;A.R. Aramyan,&nbsp;H.A. Alexanyan,&nbsp;N.H. Sargsyan,&nbsp;L.A. Amiraghyan,&nbsp;L.S. Mkrtchyan,&nbsp;V.G. Harutyunyan","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170452","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170452","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation into the dielectric properties of NaCu₂.₅Ti₄.₅O₁₂, NaBi₁/₃Cu₃Ti₄O₁₂, and Bi₂/₃Cu₃Ti₄O₁₂ from the family CaCu₃Ti₄O₁₂ (CCTO). The study involved substituting the Ca²⁺ ion in CaCu₃Ti₄O₁₂ with Na⁺, Bi³⁺, and a combination of Na⁺ and Bi³⁺ ions. The impact of the valence state and ionic radius of the substituting ions on the dielectric properties of these materials was examined. X-ray phase analysis confirmed the stoichiometric correctness of the considered compounds. Temperature and frequency dependencies of the dielectric characteristics of the studied materials were presented. The importance of resonance phenomena, including observations of negative dielectric constant, was highlighted. At a measurement frequency of 1 MHz, graphical illustrations of the voltage dependence of dielectric constant for all samples were provided. Notably, the significant changes in dielectric constant values for Bi-containing materials within the voltage range of 100 mV to 1 V suggest their potential use as sensitive varicaps. Electron microscopic images of the structure of ceramic samples are presented which is important for understanding the studied dielectric properties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1075 ","pages":"Article 170452"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143705919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Probabilistic modelling to account for uncertainty in portable energy dispersive X-ray diffraction measurements","authors":"Benjamin Mawdsley ,&nbsp;Sam Dorkings ,&nbsp;Simon Maskell ,&nbsp;David Pickup ,&nbsp;Samantha Chong ,&nbsp;Thomas Farrell ,&nbsp;Alexander Phillips","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170430","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170430","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Security systems often rely on being able to identify unknown materials in order to categorise them as harmful or safe. The process must be non-destructive, to preserve the material, and be applicable at a distance to reduce the hazard posed when performing the analysis. These restrictions have led to the use of X-ray diffraction imaging, with the challenge then becoming how best to analyse the data to provide well calibrated risk estimates. In this work, we explore probabilistic methods for quantifying our uncertainty when classifying energy dispersive X-ray diffraction data. Changes in the observational environment, or in the condition of the material itself, will introduce significant variation in the data collected. Through the use of a novel detector system, we collect data which aims to represent some of this uncertainty whilst capturing both angular and energy information. We apply Bayesian modelling techniques to the resultant images to enable inference of material properties whilst being robust to changes in experimental geometry. Such a model is more robust to operating in differing environments, and therefore well suited to practical applications. This model additionally aims to provide well quantified probabilities, in contrast to other approaches which do not assign a confidence level, allowing for more informed decision making. Our probabilistic approach is particularly well suited to a small data domain, where collecting data is a costly exercise and incorporating prior knowledge is desirable. We find that our model manages to extract key, material-specific information such that it is able to classify them with approximately 70% accuracy. Finally, we begin to develop an explicit Bayesian model of the experimental design, opening the way for future work to increasingly parameterise the data collection process and more accurately quantify uncertainty, and to do so across more varied environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1075 ","pages":"Article 170430"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143685252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Implementation of light diagnostics for wakefields at AWAKE","authors":"J. Mezger ,&nbsp;M. Bergamaschi ,&nbsp;L. Ranc ,&nbsp;A. Sublet ,&nbsp;J. Pucek ,&nbsp;M. Turner ,&nbsp;A. Clairembaud ,&nbsp;P. Muggli","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170426","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170426","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We describe the implementation of light diagnostics for studying the self-modulation instability of a long relativistic proton bunch in a 10<!--> <!-->m-long plasma. The wakefields driven by the proton bunch dissipate their energy in the surrounding plasma. The amount of light emitted as atomic line radiation is related to the amount of energy dissipated in the plasma. We describe the setup and calibration of the light diagnostics, configured for a discharge plasma source and a vapor plasma source. For both sources, we analyze measurements of the light from the plasma only (no proton bunch). We show that with the vapor plasma source, the light signal is proportional to the energy deposited in the vapor/plasma by the ionizing laser pulse. We use this dependency to obtain the parameters of an imposed plasma density step. This dependency also forms the basis for ongoing studies, focused on investigating the wakefield evolution along the plasma.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1075 ","pages":"Article 170426"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143705920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficiency determination of FAZIA CsI(Tl) scintillators for energetic protons: Measurement data and GEANT4 validation","authors":"L. Baldesi ,&nbsp;C. Frosin ,&nbsp;S. Barlini ,&nbsp;A.A. Stefanini ,&nbsp;A. Camaiani ,&nbsp;G. Casini ,&nbsp;S. Piantelli ,&nbsp;S. Valdré ,&nbsp;M. Pullia ,&nbsp;M. Donetti ,&nbsp;S. Savazzi ,&nbsp;R. Bougault ,&nbsp;C. Ciampi ,&nbsp;I. Dekhissi ,&nbsp;J.A. Dueñas ,&nbsp;F. Gramegna ,&nbsp;D. Gruyer ,&nbsp;T. Kozik ,&nbsp;N. Le Neindre ,&nbsp;G. Pasquali ,&nbsp;G. Verde","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170420","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170420","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The intrinsic efficiency of some 100 mm-thick slightly tapered CsI(Tl)crystals of the <span>Fazia</span>array irradiated with protons has been measured exploiting the beams delivered by the synchrotron of the CNAO medical facility in Pavia. The kinetic energies of protons ranged from about 70 MeV up to 190 MeV. A similar study has been already performed by our group in the past for the same CsI(Tl)detectors in a collimated configuration. Here we extend the investigation to crystals with fully exposed entrance surface mounted in a complete <span>Fazia</span>block, in realistic experimental conditions. The obtained results are compared with dedicated <span>GEANT4</span>simulations. A good agreement has been found, confirming both the quality of the model description and the need to take into account the measured efficiency decrease in a real physics experiment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1075 ","pages":"Article 170420"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143705420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Energy calibration and stability of the 3 MV accelerator at CIRCE for applications in Nuclear Astrophysics","authors":"R. Buompane ,&nbsp;L. Gialanella ,&nbsp;F. Terrasi ,&nbsp;G.F. Ciani ,&nbsp;A. Di Leva ,&nbsp;J.G. Duarte ,&nbsp;L.R. Gasques ,&nbsp;F. Marzaioli ,&nbsp;L. Morales-Gallegos ,&nbsp;G. Porzio ,&nbsp;C. Santonastaso ,&nbsp;D. Rapagnani","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170429","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170429","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A 3 MV NEC 9SDH-2 Pelletron accelerator is installed at the Center for Isotopic Research on Cultural and Environmental Heritage of Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Caserta (CIRCE-DMF). The accelerator serves several beam lines devoted to both applied and fundamental research. While generally a precise and accurate knowledge of the energy of the charged particle beams is of interest for all applications, the measurement of charged particle nuclear reactions of astrophysical energies is particularly demanding because of the strong energy dependence of the cross section below the Coulomb barrier and the very long duration of the measurements. We describe here the energy calibration of the accelerator installed at CIRCE-DMF and a measurement of the short term stability. A routine to improve the long term stability and remove the observed dependence of the terminal voltage on the injected current was successfully tested. Finally, possible improvements are discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1075 ","pages":"Article 170429"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143705958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterisation of radioactive decay series by digital autoradiography, part 2: Experimental evidence of time and space coincidences (TSCs) on geo-materials","authors":"J. Donnard ,&nbsp;P. Sardini ,&nbsp;M. Descostes","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170439","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170439","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The BeaQuant gas detector is a real-time digital autoradiography system that sequentially acquires alpha and beta emissions from natural decay chains. Each emission is identified according to the type of particle emitted (alpha or beta), and the time and position of emergence in two dimensions. The experimental data generated were interpreted using an algorithm to identify Time and Space Coincidences (TSCs). Three different TSCs were detected on a thin section of uranium ore at secular equilibrium. These α/α, α/α/α and β/α coincidences come from three short-lived radionuclides: ²¹⁵Po and ²¹⁹Rn in the ²³⁵U chain, and ²¹⁴Po in the ²³⁸U chain. The distribution of the differences in arrival times of the particles forming a coincidence was analysed in terms of half-life. This analysis confirmed that these three coincidences originated from these three radionuclides, the periods having been found experimentally. The theoretical calculations of the number of coincidences confirm those obtained by the algorithm for analysing the experimental autoradiographic data.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1075 ","pages":"Article 170439"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143684648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}