Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment最新文献

{"title":"Ultrafast cavity beam arrival monitor for high-repetition-rate XFELs: Design and commissioning at SHINE","authors":"Yimei Zhou ,&nbsp;Shanshan Cao ,&nbsp;Yongbin Leng ,&nbsp;Longwei Lai ,&nbsp;Xiaoqing Liu ,&nbsp;Jian Chen ,&nbsp;Renxian Yuan","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170942","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170942","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development and validation of a cavity beam arrival monitor (CBAM) system for the Shanghai HIgh repetitioN rate XFEL and Extreme light facility (SHINE) achieves sub-20<!--> <!-->fs timing resolution at 100<!--> <!-->pC across a 10<!--> <!-->pC–300<!--> <!-->pC dynamic range. Based on a 3.520<!--> <!-->GHz TM010-mode cavity probe, the system incorporates a down-conversion scheme with low-noise amplification and high-dynamic-range conditioning. A beam diagnostic processor utilizes a 14-bit ADC at 866.7<!--> <!-->MSPS (derived from a 1.3<!--> <!-->GHz reference via phase-locked loop (PLL)) to sample the 54.2<!--> <!-->MHz intermediate frequency (IF) signal. Real-time signal processing employs an optimized fixed-point Goertzel Discrete Fourier Transform (Goertzel-DFT) algorithm with windowing for precise phase extraction. Beam tests at SHINE demonstrated 4.9<!--> <!-->fs (RMS) phase resolution and 4.3 <span><math><mo>×</mo></math></span> 10^-4 <!-->amplitude accuracy at 100<!--> <!-->pC, while SXFEL validation confirmed 13<!--> <!-->fs resolution at 8<!--> <!-->pC. The key innovations of this work include a novel bunch-to-bunch overlap correction algorithm for 1<!--> <!-->MHz operation, reducing systematic phase errors from 260<!--> <!-->fs to below 0.3<!--> <!-->fs. Additionally, an active temperature control system for coaxial cables demonstrates exceptional long-term stability, improving phase drift by 30.6<!--> <!-->fs over 7-hour continuous operation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1082 ","pages":"Article 170942"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144925470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Automatic cavity tuning system design for IMP HIRFL-SSC","authors":"Xiaodong Han ,&nbsp;Yan Cong ,&nbsp;Zhe Xu ,&nbsp;Ruifeng Zhang ,&nbsp;Shilong Li ,&nbsp;Xin Fu ,&nbsp;Xianwu Wang ,&nbsp;Yong Feng ,&nbsp;Ruihuai Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170978","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170978","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Separated Sector Cyclotron(SSC) frequency stabilization subsystem is an important component of the SSC radio frequency(RF) stabilization system at the Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou(HIRFL) of the Institute of Modern Physics(IMP), which is used to ensure that the self-resonant frequency of the RF cavity is aligned with the working frequency during the accelerator working period. The problem of resonant cavity detuning due to thermal deformation, mechanical vibration, and other factors was addressed by adjusting the coupling and matching parameters between the resonant cavity and the transmitter, thereby maximizing power transfer efficiency and ensuring full utilization of the transmitter’s output capability. The SSC RF system has the characteristics of wide bandwidth, high-quality factor(<span><math><mi>Q</mi></math></span>), anisotropic structural cavity, and a non-constant temperature cavity water-cooling system. In this study, the cavity structure was modeled and simulated using CST Studio Suite(CST). An automatic coarse-tuning scheme based on the relative amplitude of the cavity sampling signal and the reference signal, as well as an automatic coarse-fine tuning linkage scheme based on the phase difference were proposed to accomplish cavity tuning. According to the proposed scheme, hardware and software algorithms based on a Field Programmable Gate Array(FPGA) and the servo motion system were designed and realized. After online testing, this scheme was shown to greatly reduce the workload of manual intervention during the power coupling process and accelerate the cavity startup, compared with the traditional scheme, which only uses the phase difference based on coarse tuning. Additionally, the introduced coarse-fine tuning linkage tuning demonstrated higher tuning accuracy, system stability, and safety than the original tuning system. After long-term online operation, the system ran stably and reliably, with a lower frequency stability less than that of <span><math><mrow><mo>±</mo><mn>7</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>5</mn><mo>×</mo><mn>1</mn><msup><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>7</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1082 ","pages":"Article 170978"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144917026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Highly charged ion approach to measure nuclear charge radii of Fr, Ra, and Rn isotopes for precision measurements","authors":"R. Silwal ,&nbsp;E. Takacs ,&nbsp;Y. Wang ,&nbsp;A.A. Kwiatkowski ,&nbsp;S.A. Blundell ,&nbsp;H. Staiger ,&nbsp;Dipti ,&nbsp;A. Lapierre ,&nbsp;J.D. Cardona ,&nbsp;F. Maldonado Millán ,&nbsp;G. O’Neil ,&nbsp;A. Hosier ,&nbsp;J.D. Gillaspy ,&nbsp;Yu. Ralchenko ,&nbsp;G. Gwinner","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170947","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170947","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Conventional electron scattering and muonic atom spectroscopy techniques are challenging to apply to heavy ions unless the element has at least one stable or extremely long-lived isotope. To overcome this limitation, a recently introduced method for determining nuclear charge radii relies on extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) spectroscopy of the <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>D</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> line in highly charged Na-like ions. In this work, we present an experimental approach to measure the nuclear charge radii of isotopes of radioactive elements such as Fr, Ra, and Rn using this method at TRIUMF’s Ion Trap for Atomic and Nuclear Science (TITAN) instrument, located at the ISAC radioactive beam facility. We also explore the potential of using Na-like <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>D</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> lines in the soft x-ray region for future measurements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1082 ","pages":"Article 170947"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144917024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A virtual Frisch-grid geometry-based CZT gamma detector for in-field radioisotope identification","authors":"P. Maj ,&nbsp;G. Pinaroli,&nbsp;A. Bolotnikov,&nbsp;G.A. Carini,&nbsp;G.W. Deptuch,&nbsp;D.S. Gorni,&nbsp;S. Herrmann,&nbsp;D. Pinelli,&nbsp;J. Pinz,&nbsp;A. Verderosa","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170976","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170976","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We present a Virtual Frisch-Grid geometry-based CZT gamma detector developed for identifying different radioisotopes over an energy range from a few<!--> <!-->keV up to 2<!--> <!-->MeV, and useful for efficient characterization of CZT crystals. The detector is built with a 3 <span><math><mo>×</mo></math></span> 3 matrix of CZT crystals, each measuring approximately 6<!--> <!-->mm <span><math><mo>×</mo></math></span> 6<!--> <!-->mm <span><math><mo>×</mo></math></span> 15 mm. The charge generated within the sensor’s active volume is read out via an anode connected directly to the AVG3_Dev integrated circuit. A current signal induced by charge drift is collected on side pads of the crystals, enabling reconstruction of a 3D interaction position. This paper discusses the design, development, and performance of the standalone, mobile detector system, which integrates the AVG3_Dev readout IC developed at Brookhaven National Laboratory, a high-speed FPGA-based with per-channel digital signal processing, and embedded system capabilities. The device is compact, battery-powered, and supports wireless data streaming, making it suitable for field operations for radioisotope identification.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1082 ","pages":"Article 170976"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144913211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of hybrid gaseous detectors","authors":"Ecem Artan ,&nbsp;Burak Bilki ,&nbsp;Mehmet Tosun ,&nbsp;Aybala Baykala","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170962","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170962","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In order to address the issue of future implementation of gaseous detectors due to large global warming potentials of some common detector gases, our team has developed the concept of “hybrid gaseous detectors” where part of the electron multiplication is transferred from the gas layer to a solid-state layer applied directly on the in-chamber anode surface. The concept was tested with the RPCs and was validated to relax the operating conditions considerably enabling the consideration of alternative gases and flow schemes. For the developed hybrid RPCs, Al<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>O<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> and TiO<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> were used as high secondary electron emission yield surface coatings on the anode. Afterwards, we adapted the hybrid concept to drift tubes. First tests have shown promising results. Recently, we developed hybrid RPCs with optical readout which is obtained with SiPMs directly coupled to the gas layer. Here, we report on the development of hybrid gaseous detectors and discuss future directions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1082 ","pages":"Article 170962"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144921739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design of IMPix-S3, a pixel readout sensor for future gaseous detectors at HIAF","authors":"Hong Yuan ,&nbsp;Xiaoyang Niu ,&nbsp;Weijia Han ,&nbsp;Yongsheng Wang ,&nbsp;Haibo Yang ,&nbsp;Honglin Zhang ,&nbsp;Chaojie Zou ,&nbsp;Qilin Wang ,&nbsp;Chengxin Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170966","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170966","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As the High-Intensity Heavy-ion Accelerator Facility (HIAF) advances towards higher brightness, the demand for high count rates in physics experiments becomes increasingly critical. To address the requirement of high count rates in gaseous detectors, we proposed a pixel readout sensor, IMPix-S3, which can measure energy, time and position. The IMPix-S3, fabricated in 130 nm CMOS technology, consists of a pixel array of 2 × 128 pixels, two TDC arrays of 1 × 128 TDCs, and a digital control and readout circuit. The chip features an energy measurement range from 1 ke<span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo></mrow></msup></math></span> to 20 ke<span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo></mrow></msup></math></span>, an Integral Non-Linearity (INL) of only 0.176%, and an Equivalent Noise Charge (ENC) of no more than 41e<span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo></mrow></msup></math></span>. It employs a coarse-fine TDC and optimizes the front-end circuit design to achieve a timing accuracy of 7 ns. This paper will discuss the design and performance of this IMPix-S3 sensor.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1082 ","pages":"Article 170966"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144988408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IO information-based component relevance estimation in a mixed-signal ASIC analog circuit","authors":"Julian Weick ,&nbsp;A.M. Zoubir ,&nbsp;P. Riedler ,&nbsp;D.V. Berlea ,&nbsp;I. Asensi Tortajada ,&nbsp;D. Dobrijevic ,&nbsp;Tomislav Suligoj ,&nbsp;L. Fasselt ,&nbsp;H. Pernegger ,&nbsp;W. Snoeys ,&nbsp;C.A. Solans Sanchez ,&nbsp;M. van Rijnbach ,&nbsp;M. Gazi ,&nbsp;M. Vazquez Nunez ,&nbsp;A. Sharma ,&nbsp;C.A. Schroth ,&nbsp;L. Flores Sanz de Acedo ,&nbsp;A. Vijay ,&nbsp;F. Dachs ,&nbsp;V. Dao ,&nbsp;S. Haberl","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170968","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170968","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With increasing demand for active sensor surface and compact modularization, monolithic active pixel sensors are gaining track in high-energy physics experiments. The analog circuits in these mixed-signal ASICs are often black boxes where the components’ function and the circuitry’s behavior can only be evaluated through simulation or educated guesses. Further, parameters acting on these components are often present, allowing the tuning of the behavior towards optimal performance of the circuitry while in operation. These parameters span a multidimensional feature space that is highly intertwined, making precise predictions of their influence on the sensor performance challenging. An approach to evaluate the interplay and importance of these parameters based on Shapley values is presented, which can provide information about the implemented circuit on the ASIC. We show how input–output information can be used, to assess the importance and influence of the components in the analog circuit on the performance of an exemplary pixel sensor. The resulting increase in information can help to evaluate the best tuning parameters of the circuit respective to the present requirements of the users as well as generate valuable feedback for designers guaranteeing the optimal performance of the sensor.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1082 ","pages":"Article 170968"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145004119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The ATLAS RPC Phase II upgrade for High Luminosity LHC era","authors":"G. Falsetti ,&nbsp;on behalf of the ATLAS Muon Collaboration","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170955","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170955","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Resistive Plate Chamber detectors <span><span>[1]</span></span>, <span><span>[2]</span></span> play a crucial role in triggering events with muons in the ATLAS central region <span><span>[3]</span></span>. In view of the High Luminosity LHC program, this system is facing a significant upgrade. In the next few years, 226 triplets of new generation RPCs will be installed in the innermost region of the ATLAS Muon Barrel Spectrometer while 80 triplets in the outer Muon Spectrometer (MS) region, increasing the number of tracking layers from 6 to 9, doubling the trigger lever arm and increasing the coverage. The new Barrel Inner RPCs (BI-RPC) have an improved rate capability up to 10 kHz/cm<span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></math></span> to withstand the HL-LHC conditions (CER 2017). This contribution will present an overview of the ATLAS RPC Phase II project, the qualification of gas volumes and read out planes, the present status of RPC singlets production and tests.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1082 ","pages":"Article 170955"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144925929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Picosec R&D towards Muon Collider applications","authors":"C. Aimè ,&nbsp;M. Brunoldi ,&nbsp;S. Calzaferri ,&nbsp;D. Fiorina ,&nbsp;C. Riccardi ,&nbsp;P. Salvini ,&nbsp;I. Vai ,&nbsp;P. Vitulo ,&nbsp;endorsed by the International Muon Collider Collaboration and the Picosec Micromegas Collaboration","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170963","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170963","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Muon Collider represents a possible breakthrough in the high energy physics field, thanks to its potential of discovery in the multi <span><math><mstyle><mi>T</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>V</mi></mstyle></math></span> energy range, and to its possibility to do precision measurements due to the clean collision environment from the quantum chromodynamics background. Nevertheless, muons decays in <span><math><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>2</mn><mspace></mspace><mstyle><mi>µ</mi><mi>s</mi></mstyle></mrow></math></span>, producing a source of background directly and indirectly by the interaction with the surrounding materials. To cope with this so-called Beam Induced Background, a proposed solution exploits a precise-timing MicroPattern Gaseous Detector called Picosec to tag <span><math><mi>μ</mi></math></span> in the muon spectrometer. Picosec is a detector based on the Micromegas technology, that can reach exceptional performance in terms of time resolution, up to tens of picoseconds. However, its components need to be optimized to make the detector suitable for large experiments. In this study, recent results obtained regarding the optimization of a key component such as the photocathode will be presented. On the other hand, the standard gas mixture, made with environmentally unfriendly gases, needs to be addressed. In the following, the research regarding alternative mixtures will be presented. In the conclusion, a brief overview of some of the future R&amp;D activities that are foreseen will be provided.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1082 ","pages":"Article 170963"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144917029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A new monolithic proportional gas detector with a micro-gap electron multiplier structure directly integrated on top of a finely pixelated readout ASIC","authors":"C. Sgrò ,&nbsp;L. Baldini ,&nbsp;R. Bellazzini ,&nbsp;A. Brez ,&nbsp;M. Ceccanti ,&nbsp;L. Latronico ,&nbsp;L. Lucchesi ,&nbsp;A. Manfreda ,&nbsp;M. Minuti ,&nbsp;L. Orsini ,&nbsp;M. Pesce-Rollins ,&nbsp;M. Pinchera ,&nbsp;A. Profeti ,&nbsp;G. Spandre","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170967","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170967","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We describe the design and preliminary test of a new generation of Gas Pixel Detector where the amplification structure is built directly on top of a CMOS ASIC. In this concept the chip works at the same time as readout electronics, collection plane and electron multiplication structure. We use an ASIC from the XPOL family, successfully operating on-board the IXPE polarimetric and imaging space telescope. It comprises 100k <span><math><mrow><mn>50</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>μ</mi><mi>m</mi></mrow></math></span> pitch hexagonal pixels and a large area analog readout, combined with a very fine pitch 1-D or 2-D gas proportional charge amplifying structure based on the concept of the micro-gap chamber. The charge multiplier is built directly on the uppermost metal layer of the chip, i.e. on the metal pads which act as the charge collecting electrodes each connected to the input stage of their respective individual pre-amplifier. This is achieved by adding two thin (about <span><math><mrow><mn>2</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>μ</mi><mi>m</mi></mrow></math></span> thick) finely patterned layers, one insulator and one metal, as a post-processing micro-fabrication step. These three layers together constitute the anode-cathode gap of a micro-gap like charge multiplication structure. The goal is to exploit the intrinsic sub-micron precision of the process and the extremely small exposed dielectric material to improve the compactness, space and energy response uniformity and the gain stability over time. Preliminary tests validating this concept are discussed in this paper.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1082 ","pages":"Article 170967"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144917030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}