Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment最新文献

{"title":"Position reconstruction for HERD Plastic Scintillator Detector using KAN neural network","authors":"Longkun Yu ,&nbsp;Chenxing Zhang ,&nbsp;Dongya Guo ,&nbsp;Yaqing Liu ,&nbsp;Wenxi Peng ,&nbsp;Dali Zhang ,&nbsp;Ke Gong ,&nbsp;Zhigang Wang ,&nbsp;Bing Lu ,&nbsp;Rui Qiao ,&nbsp;Ming Xu ,&nbsp;Ruijie Wang ,&nbsp;Tianwei Bao ,&nbsp;Yongwei Dong ,&nbsp;Jing Wang ,&nbsp;Shuai Yang ,&nbsp;Yongye Li ,&nbsp;Giovanni Ambrosi ,&nbsp;Mattia Barbanera ,&nbsp;Claudio Brugnoni ,&nbsp;Gianluigi Silvestre","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170922","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170922","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The High Energy cosmic-Radiation Detection (HERD) facility is a dedicated high energy astronomy and particle physics experiment that will operate on the Chinese space station. Its primary objective is to detect high-energy cosmic rays (GeV <span><math><mo>∼</mo></math></span> PeV) and gamma-rays (<span><math><mrow><mo>&gt;</mo><mtext>500</mtext><mspace></mspace><mtext>MeV</mtext></mrow></math></span>). As one of the sub-detectors of HERD, the Plastic Scintillator Detector (PSD) is designed to identify charged particles for gamma-ray detection and is also utilized to measure the charge of cosmic rays. In 2023, our first prototype of PSD was developed and tested at CERN PS and SPS beam. This paper investigates the positional response of the PSD using two reconstruction algorithms: the traditional dual-ended ratio and a deep learning approach based on KAN neural network. We find that the position resolution reconstructed by the deep learning method ranges approximately from 2.1 <span><math><mi>mm</mi></math></span> to 10.6 <span><math><mi>mm</mi></math></span> (<span><math><mrow><mn>1</mn><mi>σ</mi></mrow></math></span>), which is significantly superior to that of the traditional method.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1082 ","pages":"Article 170922"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144896326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of new large area Micromegas detector and its ToRA ASIC-based readout electronics for AMBER experiment at CERN","authors":"Chiara Alice ,&nbsp;Maxim Alexeev ,&nbsp;Antonio Amoroso ,&nbsp;Michela Chiosso ,&nbsp;Davide Giordano ,&nbsp;Oleg Denisov ,&nbsp;Daniele Panzieri ,&nbsp;Giovanni Mazza ,&nbsp;Rui de Olivera","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170957","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170957","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As part of the extensive upgrade program of the Apparatus for Mesons and Baryon Experimental Research (AMBER, NA66) spectrometer a resistive bulk MICRO-MEsh-GAseous Structure (micromegas) detectors with an active area of <span><math><mrow><mn>1</mn><mi>x</mi><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>5</mn><mspace></mspace><msup><mrow><mi>m</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> has been selected for the replacement of some Multi-Wires Proportional Chambers. This detector will be made out of three independent modules. Each micromegas detector has two readout planes in a face-to-face configuration and a common cathode providing an XUV measurement. For the lateral modules a uniform <span><math><mrow><mn>10</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>Ω</mi><mo>/</mo><msup><mrow><mi>cm</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> Diamond-Like Carbon (DLC) layer was chosen. The production of the first detector was completed in October 2024 and the test campaign is underway. The first module under test is presently the largest resistive bulk MM in operation. Leveraging results gained from prior tests of smaller MM prototype a new 64-channel mixed-signal front-end Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) for time and energy measurements is under development at INFN Sezione di Torino. The ongoing work on the detector and on the front-end electronics based on the new ToRA (Torino Readout for AMBER) ASIC, is presented.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1082 ","pages":"Article 170957"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144932934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and benchmarking of JANGOFETT: A Novel Geant4-Operated Fission Event Tracking Tool","authors":"Liam Walker ,&nbsp;Jack Shire ,&nbsp;Jacob Jaffe,&nbsp;Payton Sprando,&nbsp;Jack Olinger,&nbsp;Alexander Chemey","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170948","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170948","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Experiments measuring fission observables encounter false coincidences arising from timing overlap of separate fission product decays. Simulations of both fission observables and particles in detector systems exist, but have not yet been combined to produce accurate event-by-event outputs in a time-dependent manner. Geant4 is a powerful simulation tool for nuclear physics studies, but it does not typically handle multiple initial particles in a single simulation instance, nor does it feature high fidelity fission sampling. <strong><u>J</u>ANGOFETT: <u>A</u> <u>N</u>ovel <u>G</u>eant4-<u>O</u>perated <u>F</u>ission <u>E</u>vent <u>T</u>racking <u>T</u>ool</strong> has been developed to address this challenge. The tool utilizes simulated fission data from an external program in conjunction with Geant4, which has been modified to produce a single timeline of events over an entire simulated experiment. The physical accuracy of the simulated overlapping energy depositions within detectors has been verified via simulation of fission products from the spontaneous fission of ²⁵²Cf.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1082 ","pages":"Article 170948"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144896327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and characterization of hybrid MCP-PMT with embedded Timepix4 ASIC used as pixelated anode","authors":"R. Bolzonella ,&nbsp;J. Alozy ,&nbsp;R. Ballabriga ,&nbsp;N.V. Biesuz ,&nbsp;M. Campbell ,&nbsp;V. Cavallini ,&nbsp;A. Cotta Ramusino ,&nbsp;M. Fiorini ,&nbsp;E. Franzoso ,&nbsp;M. Guarise ,&nbsp;X. Llopart Cudie ,&nbsp;G. Romolini ,&nbsp;A. Saputi","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170965","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170965","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We present a novel single-photon detector based on a vacuum tube incorporating a photocathode, a microchannel plate (MCP), and a Timepix4 CMOS ASIC functioning as a pixelated anode. Designed to handle photon rates up to 1 billion per second across a <span><math><mrow><mn>7</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>c</mi><msup><mrow><mi>m</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> active area, the detector achieves outstanding spatial and temporal resolutions of <span><math><mrow><mn>5</mn><mo>−</mo><mn>10</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>μ</mi><mi>m</mi></mrow></math></span> and below <span><math><mrow><mn>50</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>p</mi><mi>s</mi></mrow></math></span> r.m.s., respectively.</div><div>The Timepix4 ASIC comprises approximately 230,000 pixels, each integrating analog and digital front-end electronics. This enables data-driven acquisition and supports data transmission rates up to 160 Gb/s. External FPGA-based electronics manage both configuration and readout.</div><div>In order to test the timing performance of the Timepix4 ASIC we performed preliminary characterization of an assembly bonded to a <span><math><mrow><mn>100</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>μ</mi><mi>m</mi></mrow></math></span> thick n-on-p silicon sensor using a pulsed infrared laser, which demonstrated a per-pixel timing resolution of <span><math><mrow><mn>110</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>p</mi><mi>s</mi></mrow></math></span>, with cluster-based averaging methods improving to below <span><math><mrow><mn>50</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>p</mi><mi>s</mi></mrow></math></span>.</div><div>Six prototype detectors incorporating different MCP stack configurations and end-spoiling depths were produced by Hamamatsu Photonics. We report on their characterization, including dark count rates, gain, and spatial and timing resolutions, assessed both in laboratory conditions and during a test-beam campaign at CERN’s SPS facility.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1082 ","pages":"Article 170965"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144896298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and performance analysis of 1 kW, 2450 MHz solid state pulsed RF amplifier with electron cyclotron resonance plasma source","authors":"Manish Pathak ,&nbsp;Praveen Mohania ,&nbsp;Ashish Mahawar ,&nbsp;S.K. Jain ,&nbsp;Raj Kumar Namdeo ,&nbsp;Rekhya Naika ,&nbsp;Akhilesh Jain ,&nbsp;D.V. Ghodke ,&nbsp;Mahendra Lad ,&nbsp;Vijendra Prasad ,&nbsp;Purushottam Shrivastava","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170974","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170974","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Raja Ramanna Center for Advanced Technology (RRCAT) has developed a CW Electron Cyclotron Resonance (ECR) plasma source at 2450 MHz to extract the ion beam current up to 35 keV beam energy. To enable the ion source operation in pulse mode, a solid-state pulsed RF power amplifier was designed, constructed, and integrated with this ion source. This RF power source delivers peak RF power of up to 1 kW with a variable pulse width of 1 ms–5 ms and duty factor of up to 10 %. For operational convenience, the RF amplifier was equipped with an integrated Arduino microcontroller-based pulse modulator and a pulse power metering system. The amplifier output is coupled to the ECR source via a waveguide isolator. A triple stub tuner was used to minimize the reflected RF power, in this RF chain. A 10 mA stable pulsed hydrogen ion beam current (2 ms pulse width at 2 Hz repetition rate) was extracted at 35 keV beam energy at an optimized value of hydrogen gas flow rate of 0.5 SCCM and pulsed RF power of 750 W. This paper describes the design and test details of 1 kW, pulsed RF supply, and its performance analysis with the ECR plasma source.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1082 ","pages":"Article 170974"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144896297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterisation of flow in venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: A novel application of positron emission particle tracking","authors":"Kiran Nutter ,&nbsp;Tzany Kokalova Wheldon ,&nbsp;Tony Price ,&nbsp;Hoong Sern Lim","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170952","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170952","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) has been used successfully for decades but the bleeding and thrombotic complications can have a significant effect on morbidity and mortality. Abnormal blood flow patterns in the cannula could influence the occurrence of many unwanted side effects. However, the flow pattern at the interface between the outflow from the cannula and arterial blood flow is not well understood. The development of the high sensitivity SuperPEPT camera at the University of Birmingham enables high precision flow measurements that would not have been possible with previous positron emission particle tracking (PEPT) cameras. In this study, we demonstrate the capability of PEPT to characterise flow patterns in a model of VA-ECMO cannulation, and further evaluated the impact of two insertion angles (15<span><math><mo>°</mo></math></span> and 45<span><math><mo>°</mo></math></span>) of the return cannula. There were both qualitative and quantitative differences in flow patterns between the two cannulation angles. Two levels of ECMO support were tested, with both demonstrating a statistically significant difference (<span><math><mrow><mi>p</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>0058</mn></mrow></math></span> &amp; <span><math><mrow><mi>p</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>0091</mn></mrow></math></span>) in the division of the ECMO flow when the cannulation angle was changed. This study demonstrates the feasibility of characterising flow patterns in a model of VA-ECMO using PEPT. Future studies should evaluate the clinical implications of our findings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1082 ","pages":"Article 170952"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144921738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High spatial resolution cone beam X-ray imaging system based on a scanning electron microscope","authors":"Zhouhang Duan,&nbsp;Jifeng Han,&nbsp;Yangmei Chen,&nbsp;Weiping Lin,&nbsp;Xingquan Liu,&nbsp;Yiyang Long,&nbsp;GuoFeng Qu,&nbsp;Peipei Ren,&nbsp;Penghui Wang,&nbsp;Chuqi Yi,&nbsp;Chaoyang Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170975","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170975","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A high-spatial-resolution cone-beam X-ray imaging system has been realized based on the micro spot X-ray source generated by a high-quality electron beam from a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The diameter of the X-ray source was estimated to be 1.0 μm based on Geant4 simulation when the primary electron beam size is 10 nm, which is mainly determined by the electron injection range inside the copper target, and the X-ray source was found to follow double Gaussian distribution. The clear X-ray images of a 400-mesh copper mesh have been acquired, and the best spatial resolution of the system was tested to be 7.1 μm under magnification factor of 68.8. The X-ray imaging on distinct head regions of a <em>Carebara diversa</em> ant have been realized, the organs like the ant's jaw and eyes were clearly shown, and the imaging range can be adjusted easily. These results demonstrate that this imaging system has high magnifications and precise spatial resolution, and is able to achieve clear and practical X-ray imaging for very small biological specimens.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1082 ","pages":"Article 170975"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144893430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The particle identification detection system of the St. George recoil separator","authors":"L. Morales ,&nbsp;S. Kalkal ,&nbsp;J. Hinnefeld ,&nbsp;G.P.A. Berg ,&nbsp;S. Broadwater ,&nbsp;S. Child ,&nbsp;A.C. Dombos ,&nbsp;L. Earnest ,&nbsp;R. Fang ,&nbsp;A. Garcia-Simental ,&nbsp;J. Henning ,&nbsp;S. Hudan ,&nbsp;H.S. Jung ,&nbsp;J. Laurence Jr. ,&nbsp;S. Moylan ,&nbsp;A.T. Sanchez ,&nbsp;C. Seymour ,&nbsp;G. Seymour ,&nbsp;N. Smith ,&nbsp;R.T. deSouza ,&nbsp;M. Couder","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170925","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170925","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The detection system of the St. George recoil separator at the University of Notre Dame Nuclear Science Laboratory (NSL) must provide particle identification to separate leaky beam from the reaction products of interest. This article describes the requirements for that system and the implementation of those requirements. Particle identification is achieved by the combination of local time of flight, in two Micro-Channel Plate (MCP) based timing detectors, and energy measurements in a Silicon Strip Detector (SSD). Optimization of the electric and magnetic fields required to operate the timing detectors are reported. The detection system was characterized using radioactive sources and ion beams, the results of these tests are discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1082 ","pages":"Article 170925"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144880161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Upgrade of the photoemission spectroscopy beamline at HLS-II","authors":"Jingjing Du ,&nbsp;Zimeng Wang ,&nbsp;Zhanglang Xu ,&nbsp;Haibin Pan ,&nbsp;Lihui Wu ,&nbsp;Xusheng Zheng ,&nbsp;Chaoyang Li ,&nbsp;Zhengkun Liu ,&nbsp;Xuewei Du ,&nbsp;Qiuping Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170953","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170953","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The new model of synchrotron radiation characterization, based on multi-spectral combination and in-situ/operating conditions, provides key support for multi-disciplinary frontier research. However, it also poses challenges to the energy resolving power and stability of the beamline. We upgraded the photoemission spectroscopy (BL10B) beamline at Hefei Light Source-II (HLS-II) and demonstrated a feasible path for developing an advanced soft X-ray characterization platform. The upgraded beamline utilizes a variable-included-angle plane grating monochromator to cover the soft X-ray photon energy range from 100 eV to 1000 eV. It achieves a spectral resolving power of 4800 at 244.4 eV and better than 1000 across the entire working energy range. The photon flux is 5 × <span><math><mrow><mn>1</mn><msup><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> photons/s at 244.4 eV and can reach up to 1.3 × <span><math><mrow><mn>1</mn><msup><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>11</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> photons/s at 140 eV. The energy repeatability is better than 2 meV. After the upgrade, the performance of the beamline has been significantly improved.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1082 ","pages":"Article 170953"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144889846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Demonstration and characterisation of a novel dual-scattering system for very high energy electrons","authors":"C. Robertson ,&nbsp;R. Corsini ,&nbsp;W. Farabolini ,&nbsp;A. Gerbershagen ,&nbsp;P. Korysko ,&nbsp;A. Latina ,&nbsp;A. Malyzhenkov ,&nbsp;M. Dosanjh","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170943","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170943","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This article describes the design and implementation of the first known prototype of a dual-scattering system for the delivery of a uniform VHEE beam with transverse dimensions suitable for pre-clinical and potential future clinical use. The results presented in this article are the first experimental characterisation of beam flattening with dual-scattering foils in the VHEE regime, confirmed with both profile measurements with a YAG screen and radiochromic EBT3 films. Polylactic acid and aluminium dual-scattering systems were designed using TOPAS Monte-Carlo simulations and multi-objective minimisation methods. Studies to test the success of the scattering systems in providing beam magnification and uniformity were carried out at the 200 MeV CERN Linear Electron Accelerator for Research (CLEAR) facility. A generalised super-Gaussian function was used to model the final beam, and comparisons were made with the simulations used for the design. Transverse profiles with uniform components were measured with each of the scattering systems and quantified with super-Gaussian fitting. The uniformity of the in-air profiles suggested that the superficial dose contributions from X-rays were low. This study demonstrated that magnified VHEE beam profiles with uniform components could be generated and measured at CLEAR. The results from this study were used as a basis for the design of future experiments. Similar systems and design methods could be employed by future clinical VHEE facilities to provide conformal treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1082 ","pages":"Article 170943"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144896328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}