Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment最新文献

{"title":"New RPC gas mixtures for sustainable operation in the CMS experiment","authors":"D. Ramos ,&nbsp;M. Tytgat ,&nbsp;K. Mota Amarilo ,&nbsp;A. Samalan ,&nbsp;K. Skovpen ,&nbsp;G.A. Alves ,&nbsp;E. Alves Coelho ,&nbsp;F. Marujo da Silva ,&nbsp;M. Barroso Ferreira Filho ,&nbsp;E.M. Da Costa ,&nbsp;D. De Jesus Damiao ,&nbsp;B.C. Ferreira ,&nbsp;S. Fonseca De Souza ,&nbsp;L. Mundim ,&nbsp;H. Nogima ,&nbsp;J.P. Pinheiro ,&nbsp;A. Santoro ,&nbsp;M. Thiel ,&nbsp;R. Gomes De Souza ,&nbsp;A. Aleksandrov ,&nbsp;J. Eysermans","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170969","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170969","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The current operation of the Resistive Plate Chamber (RPC) system within the CMS experiment involves approximately 95% tetrafluoroethane (C<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>H<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>F<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>4</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>, TFE). However, in response to climate change concerns, the European Union has instituted a ban on TFE owing to its elevated Global Warming Potential, resulting in an associated increase in market prices. In this framework, shared endeavors within the RPC EcoGas@GIF++ Collaboration, have been dedicated to investigating novel ecological gaseous mixtures based on tetrafluoropropene (C<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>H<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>F<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>4</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>, HFO-1234ze) to ensure the sustainable functionality of RPCs. This contribution will delve into the performance outcomes derived from improved RPC gas gaps operating on HFO/CO<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>-based mixtures as ecologically viable alternatives, particularly in anticipation of the High Luminosity LHC phase (HL-LHC).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1082 ","pages":"Article 170969"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145105516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Organic semiconductor detectors for alpha and neutron detection","authors":"Aled Horner ,&nbsp;Choudhry Z. Amjad ,&nbsp;Chris Allwork ,&nbsp;Filip Aniés ,&nbsp;Adrian J. Bevan","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170981","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170981","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Organic semiconductor (OSC) technologies are of active scientific interest due to their tunable, scalable, and cost-effective nature. We will present radiation sensors based on OSC technology, particularly applications related to detection of hadronic radiation consisting of <span><math><mi>α</mi></math></span> radiation and thermal and fast neutrons. Neutron detection is useful in various fields, from fundamental particle and atomic physics research to the medical field and nuclear security portal monitors. These organic sensors focus on NDI-type organic polymers including a novel material with carborane, a polyhedral cluster of carbon, boron, and hydrogen, directly incorporated in the molecular backbone (<em>o</em>CbT₂-NDI), sensitising to thermal neutrons via the boron neutron capture (BNC) process. A comparison is made with a similar polymer (PNDI(2OD)2T) with homogeneously dispersed boron carbide (B₄C) microparticles, and a control sensor without any boron which is sensitive to more energetic fast neutrons.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1082 ","pages":"Article 170981"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144988409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of thin high-pressure-laminate RPC electrodes for future high-energy experiments","authors":"Kyong Sei Lee ,&nbsp;Giuseppe Iaselli ,&nbsp;Youngmin Jo ,&nbsp;Minho Kang ,&nbsp;Tae Jeong Kim ,&nbsp;Dayron Ramos Lopez ,&nbsp;Gabriella Pugliese","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170983","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170983","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this R&amp;D, an innovative method for producing thin high-pressure laminate (HPL) electrodes for resistive plate chambers (RPC) for future high-energy experiments is introduced. Instead of 2-mm thick phenolic HPL, which has been used for conventional RPC triggers, the RPC electrodes in the present study are constructed by bonding thin HPL to a graphite-coated polycarbonate plate. A double-gap RPC prototype with a single-gap thickness of 1.0 mm to demonstrate the present technology has been constructed and tested for cosmic muons. Furthermore, the uniform detector characteristics shown in the test result allows us to explore the present technology in future high-energy experiments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1082 ","pages":"Article 170983"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145010131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultrafast cavity beam arrival monitor for high-repetition-rate XFELs: Design and commissioning at SHINE","authors":"Yimei Zhou ,&nbsp;Shanshan Cao ,&nbsp;Yongbin Leng ,&nbsp;Longwei Lai ,&nbsp;Xiaoqing Liu ,&nbsp;Jian Chen ,&nbsp;Renxian Yuan","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170942","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170942","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development and validation of a cavity beam arrival monitor (CBAM) system for the Shanghai HIgh repetitioN rate XFEL and Extreme light facility (SHINE) achieves sub-20<!--> <!-->fs timing resolution at 100<!--> <!-->pC across a 10<!--> <!-->pC–300<!--> <!-->pC dynamic range. Based on a 3.520<!--> <!-->GHz TM010-mode cavity probe, the system incorporates a down-conversion scheme with low-noise amplification and high-dynamic-range conditioning. A beam diagnostic processor utilizes a 14-bit ADC at 866.7<!--> <!-->MSPS (derived from a 1.3<!--> <!-->GHz reference via phase-locked loop (PLL)) to sample the 54.2<!--> <!-->MHz intermediate frequency (IF) signal. Real-time signal processing employs an optimized fixed-point Goertzel Discrete Fourier Transform (Goertzel-DFT) algorithm with windowing for precise phase extraction. Beam tests at SHINE demonstrated 4.9<!--> <!-->fs (RMS) phase resolution and 4.3 <span><math><mo>×</mo></math></span> 10^-4 <!-->amplitude accuracy at 100<!--> <!-->pC, while SXFEL validation confirmed 13<!--> <!-->fs resolution at 8<!--> <!-->pC. The key innovations of this work include a novel bunch-to-bunch overlap correction algorithm for 1<!--> <!-->MHz operation, reducing systematic phase errors from 260<!--> <!-->fs to below 0.3<!--> <!-->fs. Additionally, an active temperature control system for coaxial cables demonstrates exceptional long-term stability, improving phase drift by 30.6<!--> <!-->fs over 7-hour continuous operation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1082 ","pages":"Article 170942"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144925470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Automatic cavity tuning system design for IMP HIRFL-SSC","authors":"Xiaodong Han ,&nbsp;Yan Cong ,&nbsp;Zhe Xu ,&nbsp;Ruifeng Zhang ,&nbsp;Shilong Li ,&nbsp;Xin Fu ,&nbsp;Xianwu Wang ,&nbsp;Yong Feng ,&nbsp;Ruihuai Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170978","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170978","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Separated Sector Cyclotron(SSC) frequency stabilization subsystem is an important component of the SSC radio frequency(RF) stabilization system at the Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou(HIRFL) of the Institute of Modern Physics(IMP), which is used to ensure that the self-resonant frequency of the RF cavity is aligned with the working frequency during the accelerator working period. The problem of resonant cavity detuning due to thermal deformation, mechanical vibration, and other factors was addressed by adjusting the coupling and matching parameters between the resonant cavity and the transmitter, thereby maximizing power transfer efficiency and ensuring full utilization of the transmitter’s output capability. The SSC RF system has the characteristics of wide bandwidth, high-quality factor(<span><math><mi>Q</mi></math></span>), anisotropic structural cavity, and a non-constant temperature cavity water-cooling system. In this study, the cavity structure was modeled and simulated using CST Studio Suite(CST). An automatic coarse-tuning scheme based on the relative amplitude of the cavity sampling signal and the reference signal, as well as an automatic coarse-fine tuning linkage scheme based on the phase difference were proposed to accomplish cavity tuning. According to the proposed scheme, hardware and software algorithms based on a Field Programmable Gate Array(FPGA) and the servo motion system were designed and realized. After online testing, this scheme was shown to greatly reduce the workload of manual intervention during the power coupling process and accelerate the cavity startup, compared with the traditional scheme, which only uses the phase difference based on coarse tuning. Additionally, the introduced coarse-fine tuning linkage tuning demonstrated higher tuning accuracy, system stability, and safety than the original tuning system. After long-term online operation, the system ran stably and reliably, with a lower frequency stability less than that of <span><math><mrow><mo>±</mo><mn>7</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>5</mn><mo>×</mo><mn>1</mn><msup><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>7</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1082 ","pages":"Article 170978"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144917026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Highly charged ion approach to measure nuclear charge radii of Fr, Ra, and Rn isotopes for precision measurements","authors":"R. Silwal ,&nbsp;E. Takacs ,&nbsp;Y. Wang ,&nbsp;A.A. Kwiatkowski ,&nbsp;S.A. Blundell ,&nbsp;H. Staiger ,&nbsp;Dipti ,&nbsp;A. Lapierre ,&nbsp;J.D. Cardona ,&nbsp;F. Maldonado Millán ,&nbsp;G. O’Neil ,&nbsp;A. Hosier ,&nbsp;J.D. Gillaspy ,&nbsp;Yu. Ralchenko ,&nbsp;G. Gwinner","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170947","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170947","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Conventional electron scattering and muonic atom spectroscopy techniques are challenging to apply to heavy ions unless the element has at least one stable or extremely long-lived isotope. To overcome this limitation, a recently introduced method for determining nuclear charge radii relies on extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) spectroscopy of the <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>D</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> line in highly charged Na-like ions. In this work, we present an experimental approach to measure the nuclear charge radii of isotopes of radioactive elements such as Fr, Ra, and Rn using this method at TRIUMF’s Ion Trap for Atomic and Nuclear Science (TITAN) instrument, located at the ISAC radioactive beam facility. We also explore the potential of using Na-like <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>D</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> lines in the soft x-ray region for future measurements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1082 ","pages":"Article 170947"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144917024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A virtual Frisch-grid geometry-based CZT gamma detector for in-field radioisotope identification","authors":"P. Maj ,&nbsp;G. Pinaroli,&nbsp;A. Bolotnikov,&nbsp;G.A. Carini,&nbsp;G.W. Deptuch,&nbsp;D.S. Gorni,&nbsp;S. Herrmann,&nbsp;D. Pinelli,&nbsp;J. Pinz,&nbsp;A. Verderosa","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170976","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170976","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We present a Virtual Frisch-Grid geometry-based CZT gamma detector developed for identifying different radioisotopes over an energy range from a few<!--> <!-->keV up to 2<!--> <!-->MeV, and useful for efficient characterization of CZT crystals. The detector is built with a 3 <span><math><mo>×</mo></math></span> 3 matrix of CZT crystals, each measuring approximately 6<!--> <!-->mm <span><math><mo>×</mo></math></span> 6<!--> <!-->mm <span><math><mo>×</mo></math></span> 15 mm. The charge generated within the sensor’s active volume is read out via an anode connected directly to the AVG3_Dev integrated circuit. A current signal induced by charge drift is collected on side pads of the crystals, enabling reconstruction of a 3D interaction position. This paper discusses the design, development, and performance of the standalone, mobile detector system, which integrates the AVG3_Dev readout IC developed at Brookhaven National Laboratory, a high-speed FPGA-based with per-channel digital signal processing, and embedded system capabilities. The device is compact, battery-powered, and supports wireless data streaming, making it suitable for field operations for radioisotope identification.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1082 ","pages":"Article 170976"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144913211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of hybrid gaseous detectors","authors":"Ecem Artan ,&nbsp;Burak Bilki ,&nbsp;Mehmet Tosun ,&nbsp;Aybala Baykala","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170962","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170962","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In order to address the issue of future implementation of gaseous detectors due to large global warming potentials of some common detector gases, our team has developed the concept of “hybrid gaseous detectors” where part of the electron multiplication is transferred from the gas layer to a solid-state layer applied directly on the in-chamber anode surface. The concept was tested with the RPCs and was validated to relax the operating conditions considerably enabling the consideration of alternative gases and flow schemes. For the developed hybrid RPCs, Al<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>O<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> and TiO<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> were used as high secondary electron emission yield surface coatings on the anode. Afterwards, we adapted the hybrid concept to drift tubes. First tests have shown promising results. Recently, we developed hybrid RPCs with optical readout which is obtained with SiPMs directly coupled to the gas layer. Here, we report on the development of hybrid gaseous detectors and discuss future directions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1082 ","pages":"Article 170962"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144921739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design of IMPix-S3, a pixel readout sensor for future gaseous detectors at HIAF","authors":"Hong Yuan ,&nbsp;Xiaoyang Niu ,&nbsp;Weijia Han ,&nbsp;Yongsheng Wang ,&nbsp;Haibo Yang ,&nbsp;Honglin Zhang ,&nbsp;Chaojie Zou ,&nbsp;Qilin Wang ,&nbsp;Chengxin Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170966","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170966","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As the High-Intensity Heavy-ion Accelerator Facility (HIAF) advances towards higher brightness, the demand for high count rates in physics experiments becomes increasingly critical. To address the requirement of high count rates in gaseous detectors, we proposed a pixel readout sensor, IMPix-S3, which can measure energy, time and position. The IMPix-S3, fabricated in 130 nm CMOS technology, consists of a pixel array of 2 × 128 pixels, two TDC arrays of 1 × 128 TDCs, and a digital control and readout circuit. The chip features an energy measurement range from 1 ke<span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo></mrow></msup></math></span> to 20 ke<span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo></mrow></msup></math></span>, an Integral Non-Linearity (INL) of only 0.176%, and an Equivalent Noise Charge (ENC) of no more than 41e<span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo></mrow></msup></math></span>. It employs a coarse-fine TDC and optimizes the front-end circuit design to achieve a timing accuracy of 7 ns. This paper will discuss the design and performance of this IMPix-S3 sensor.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1082 ","pages":"Article 170966"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144988408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IO information-based component relevance estimation in a mixed-signal ASIC analog circuit","authors":"Julian Weick ,&nbsp;A.M. Zoubir ,&nbsp;P. Riedler ,&nbsp;D.V. Berlea ,&nbsp;I. Asensi Tortajada ,&nbsp;D. Dobrijevic ,&nbsp;Tomislav Suligoj ,&nbsp;L. Fasselt ,&nbsp;H. Pernegger ,&nbsp;W. Snoeys ,&nbsp;C.A. Solans Sanchez ,&nbsp;M. van Rijnbach ,&nbsp;M. Gazi ,&nbsp;M. Vazquez Nunez ,&nbsp;A. Sharma ,&nbsp;C.A. Schroth ,&nbsp;L. Flores Sanz de Acedo ,&nbsp;A. Vijay ,&nbsp;F. Dachs ,&nbsp;V. Dao ,&nbsp;S. Haberl","doi":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170968","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nima.2025.170968","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With increasing demand for active sensor surface and compact modularization, monolithic active pixel sensors are gaining track in high-energy physics experiments. The analog circuits in these mixed-signal ASICs are often black boxes where the components’ function and the circuitry’s behavior can only be evaluated through simulation or educated guesses. Further, parameters acting on these components are often present, allowing the tuning of the behavior towards optimal performance of the circuitry while in operation. These parameters span a multidimensional feature space that is highly intertwined, making precise predictions of their influence on the sensor performance challenging. An approach to evaluate the interplay and importance of these parameters based on Shapley values is presented, which can provide information about the implemented circuit on the ASIC. We show how input–output information can be used, to assess the importance and influence of the components in the analog circuit on the performance of an exemplary pixel sensor. The resulting increase in information can help to evaluate the best tuning parameters of the circuit respective to the present requirements of the users as well as generate valuable feedback for designers guaranteeing the optimal performance of the sensor.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19359,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment","volume":"1082 ","pages":"Article 170968"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145004119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}