NeuroImage最新文献

{"title":"Increasing target engagement via customized electrode positioning for personalized transcranial electrical stimulation: A biophysical modeling study","authors":"Griffin Rodgers ,&nbsp;Mahyar Joodaki ,&nbsp;Alois Hopf ,&nbsp;Emiliano Santarnecchi ,&nbsp;Raphael Guzman ,&nbsp;Bert Müller ,&nbsp;Bekim Osmani","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121206","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121206","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Transcranial electric stimulation (TES) is a non-invasive neuromodulation technique with therapeutic potential for diverse neurological disorders including Alzheimer's disease. Conventional TES montages with stimulation electrodes in standardized positions suffer from highly varying electric fields across subjects due to variable anatomy. Biophysical modelling using individual's brain imaging has thus become popular for montage planning but may be limited by fixed scalp electrode locations.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Here, we explore the potential benefits of flexible electrode positioning with 3D-printed neurostimulator caps.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We modeled 10 healthy subjects and simulated montages targeting the left angular gyrus, which is relevant for restoring memory functions impaired by Alzheimer's disease. Using quantitative metrics and visual inspection, we benchmark montages with flexible electrode placement against well-established montage selection approaches.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Personalized montages optimized with flexible electrode positioning provided tunable intensity and control over the focality-intensity trade-off, outperforming conventional montages across the range of achievable target intensities. Compared to montages optimized on a reference model, personalized optimization significantly reduced variance of the stimulation intensity in the target. Finally, increasing available electrode positions from 32 to around 86 significantly increased target engagement across a range of target intensities and current limits.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>In summary, we provide an <em>in silico</em> proof-of-concept that digitally designed and 3D-printed TES caps with flexible electrode positioning can increase target engagement with precise and tunable control of applied dose to a cortical target. This is of interest for stimulation of brain networks such as the default mode network with spatially proximate correlated and anti-correlated cortical nodes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19299,"journal":{"name":"NeuroImage","volume":"311 ","pages":"Article 121206"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143830108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adults on the autism spectrum differ from neurotypical peers when self-generating but not passively-experiencing somatosensation: a high-density electrophysiological (EEG) mapping and virtual reality study","authors":"Emily L. Isenstein ,&nbsp;Edward G. Freedman ,&nbsp;Grace A. Rico ,&nbsp;Zakilya Brown ,&nbsp;Duje Tadin ,&nbsp;John J. Foxe","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121215","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121215","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Little is known about how different features of tactile inputs affect somatosensory perception in autism. In this study we combined high-density electroencephalography (EEG) and virtual reality (VR) to assess how the volition and pattern consistency of somatosensory stimulation influenced the electrophysiological responses in neurotypical (<em>n</em> = 30) and autistic (<em>n</em> = 30) adults. Specifically, we compared N1 and P300 amplitudes when vibrotactile stimulation were actively triggered by self-motion (Active) versus passively triggered by target-motion (Passive). We also measured the mismatch negativity (MMN) to assess how deviations in the pattern of stimulus duration affected the electrophysiological responses. We observed comparable responses regardless of pattern deviation in the MMN time window between groups, but different patterns of amplitude in this time frame based on whether the stimulation was Active or Passive. In the autism group we observed smaller N1 amplitudes in response to Passive, but not Active, vibrations as compared to the control group. Conversely, there were overall larger magnitude P300 amplitudes in the autism group, but comparable levels of Passive-to-Active attenuation between groups. Overall, the autism cohort demonstrated variation from the neurotypical cohort with respect to the volition of the stimuli, but there were comparable results between groups in response to pattern deviation. These findings suggest that there are subtle differences in how adults with and without autism handle self-generated and externally-generated somatosensory sensations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19299,"journal":{"name":"NeuroImage","volume":"311 ","pages":"Article 121215"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143829994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bayesian deconvolution for computational cognitive modeling of fMRI data","authors":"Jonathon R. Howlett ,&nbsp;Katia M. Harlé ,&nbsp;Alan N. Simmons ,&nbsp;Charles T. Taylor","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121213","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121213","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A central goal of cognitive neuroscience is to make inferences about underlying cognitive processes from observable data. However, current fMRI analysis tools cannot directly estimate latent parameters in computational cognitive models from blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signal. Here, we present a novel Bayesian deconvolution technique for full hierarchical generative cognitive modeling of fMRI timeseries data. We validated this approach by applying Bayesian deconvolution to the monetary incentive delay (MID) task to identify processes underlying incentive anticipation in a sample of 54 individuals who underwent 2 scan sessions as part of a clinical trial for anxiety and depression. Based on a series of Bayesian models, we found evidence that striatal reward region activity reflects incentive prediction error rather than raw incentive value during anticipation of monetary loss or gain. Test-retest analyses found that individual parameters estimated using a generative Bayesian learning model (including a persistent prior parameter and a <em>β</em> parameter representing a scaling term between prediction error and BOLD signal) were estimated more reliably than an index derived from traditional fMRI analysis (beta value for contrast between gain and no gain during anticipation). Our method holds potential for broad application to diverse neural processes and individual differences in health and disease.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19299,"journal":{"name":"NeuroImage","volume":"312 ","pages":"Article 121213"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143855721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of structural connectomes for modeling deep brain stimulation pathway activation","authors":"Ketan Mehta ,&nbsp;Angela M. Noecker ,&nbsp;Cameron C. McIntyre","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121211","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121211","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Structural connectivity models of the brain are commonly employed to identify pathways that are directly activated during deep brain stimulation (DBS). However, various connectomes differ in the technical parameters, parcellation schemes, and methodological approaches used in their construction.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>The goal of this study was to compare and quantify variability in DBS pathway activation predictions when using different structural connectomes, while using identical electrode placements and stimulation volumes in the brain.</div></div><div><h3>Approach</h3><div>We analyzed four example structural connectomes: 1) Horn normative connectome (whole brain), 2) Yeh population-averaged tract-to-region pathway atlas (whole brain), 3) Petersen histology-based pathway atlas (subthalamic focused), and 4) Majtanik histology-based pathway atlas (anterior thalamus focused). DBS simulations were performed with each connectome, at four generalized locations for DBS electrode placement: 1) subthalamic nucleus, 2) anterior nucleus of thalamus, 3) ventral capsule, and 4) ventral intermediate nucleus of thalamus.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The choice of connectome used in the simulations resulted in notably distinct pathway activation predictions, and quantitative analysis indicated little congruence in the predicted patterns of brain network connectivity. The Horn and Yeh tractography-based connectomes provided estimates of DBS connectivity for any stimulation location in the brain, but have limitations in their anatomical validity. The Petersen and Majtanik histology-based connectomes are more anatomically realistic, but are only applicable to specific DBS targets because of their limited representation of pathways.</div></div><div><h3>Significance</h3><div>The widely varying and inconsistent inferences of DBS network connectivity raises substantial concern regarding the general reliability of connectomic DBS studies, especially those that lack anatomical and/or electrophysiological validation in their analyses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19299,"journal":{"name":"NeuroImage","volume":"312 ","pages":"Article 121211"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143844041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From neural activity to behavioral engagement: temporal dynamics as their “common currency” during music","authors":"Noah Chuipka ,&nbsp;Tom Smy ,&nbsp;Georg Northoff","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121209","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121209","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The human cortex is highly dynamic as manifest in its vast ongoing temporal repertoire. Similarly, human behavior is also variable over time with, for instance, fluctuating response times. How the brain's ongoing dynamics relates to the fluctuating dynamics of behavior such as emotions remains yet unclear, though. We measure median frequency (MF) in a dynamic way (D-MF) to investigate the dynamics in both electroencephalography (EEG) neural activity and the subjects’ continuous behavioral assessment of their perceived emotional engagement changes during five different music pieces. Our main findings are: (i) significant differences in the frequency dynamics, e.g., D-MF, of the subjects’ behavioral engagement ratings between the five music pieces, (ii) significant differences in the, e.g., D-MF, of the music pieces’ EEG-based neural activity, and (iii) there is a unidirectional relationship from neural to behavioral during the five music pieces as measured through correlation and Granger causality between their respective D-MF's. Together, we demonstrate that neural dynamics relates to behavioral dynamics through the shared fluctuations in their dynamics. This highlights the key role of dynamics in connecting neural and behavioral activity as their “common currency.”</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19299,"journal":{"name":"NeuroImage","volume":"312 ","pages":"Article 121209"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143868082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simplified methods for SERT occupancy estimation measured with [11C]DASB PET bolus plus infusion","authors":"Magdalena Ponce de León ,&nbsp;Matej Murgaš ,&nbsp;Leo R Silberbauer ,&nbsp;Marcus Hacker ,&nbsp;Gregor Gryglewski ,&nbsp;Andreas Hahn ,&nbsp;Rupert Lanzenberger","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121208","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121208","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Assessment of an antidepressant's occupancy at the serotonin transporter (SERT) in vivo using PET scans represents a demanding procedure. We evaluated novel approaches for SERT quantification to simplify the occupancy calculation. [¹¹C]DASB PET/MRI scans with bolus plus constant infusion were performed twice in 47 healthy controls and 31 patients with major depressive disorder with intravenous application of 8 mg citalopram or saline solution (randomized, cross-over, double-blind). Binding potentials (BP_P and BP_ND) were estimated over time and within two radioligand equilibrium periods (before and after drug challenge). Reference occupancy was calculated as the relative decrease in post-drug BP_P between the placebo and citalopram scans. We introduced three methods for estimating SERT occupancy. Method 1 replaced the arterial blood sampling (BP_P) by reference region modeling during equilibrium timeframes (BP_ND). Method 2 replaced the post-dose placebo equilibrium period with the pre-dose citalopram equilibrium period. Method 3 integrated aspects of both Methods 1 and 2, utilizing BP_ND and the pre-dose citalopram equilibrium phase. The results showed equivalent occupancy values (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05) for the majority of VOIs and high agreement (max R² = 0.89) between the reference (utilizing arterial blood sampling, along with the placebo and citalopram scan) and the proposed methods, indicating that they are a promising solution for simplifying occupancy estimation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19299,"journal":{"name":"NeuroImage","volume":"311 ","pages":"Article 121208"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143829637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IT: An interpretable transformer model for Alzheimer's disease prediction based on PET/MR images","authors":"Zhaomin Yao ,&nbsp;Weiming Xie ,&nbsp;Jiaming Chen ,&nbsp;Ying Zhan ,&nbsp;Xiaodan Wu ,&nbsp;Yingxin Dai ,&nbsp;Yusong Pei ,&nbsp;Zhiguo Wang ,&nbsp;Guoxu Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121210","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121210","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Alzheimer's disease (AD) represents a significant challenge due to its progressive neurodegenerative impact, particularly within an aging global demographic. This underscores the critical need for developing sophisticated diagnostic tools for its early detection and precise monitoring. Within this realm, PET/MR imaging stands out as a potent dual-modality approach that transforms sensor data into detailed perceptual mappings, thereby enriching our grasp of brain pathophysiology. To capitalize on the strengths of PET/MR imaging in diagnosing AD, we have introduced a novel deep learning framework named \"IT\", which is inspired by the Transformer architecture. This innovative model adeptly captures both local and global characteristics within the imaging data, refining these features through advanced feature engineering techniques to achieve a synergistic integration. The efficiency of our model is underscored by robust experimental validation, wherein it delivers superior performance on a host of evaluative benchmarks, all while maintaining low demands on computational resources. Furthermore, the features we extracted resonate with established medical theories regarding feature distribution and usage efficiency, enhancing the clinical relevance of our findings. These insights significantly bolster the arsenal of tools available for AD diagnostics and contribute to the broader narrative of deciphering brain functionality through state-of-the-art imaging modalities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19299,"journal":{"name":"NeuroImage","volume":"311 ","pages":"Article 121210"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143830109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-Frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation enhances white matter integrity in a rat model of ischemic stroke: A diffusion tensor imaging study using tract-based spatial statistics","authors":"Jiemei Chen ,&nbsp;Chao Li ,&nbsp;Jiena Hong ,&nbsp;Fei Zhao ,&nbsp;Jiantao Zhang ,&nbsp;Man Yang ,&nbsp;Shengxiang Liang ,&nbsp;Hongmei Wen","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121204","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121204","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ischemic stroke leads to white matter damage and neurological deficits. Previous studies have revealed that high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (HF-rTMS) has beneficial effects on white matter reorganization and neurological recovery after stroke. However, the characteristics of poststroke white matter repair after treatment with HF-rTMS remain unclear. Therefore, this study used diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to investigate the impact of HF-rTMS on white matter integrity following middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in a rat model. The modified neurological severity score (mNSS) and T2-weighted imaging data were used to assess neurological function and infarct size. We used a tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) approach to analyze changes in fractional anisotropy (FA) across various white matter tracts. Furthermore, we performed Luxol fast blue (LFB) staining and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to detect white matter and myelin damage. The results revealed that compared with the tMCAO group, the tMCAO+rTMS group presented a significant decrease in infarct size and the mNSS, as well as significantly greater FA values, mostly in the left external capsule, left internal capsule, left optic tract, left deep cerebral white matter, left stria terminalis and right external capsule. The LFB staining and electron microscopy results are consistent with the DTI results. These findings suggest that HF-rTMS contributes to the recovery of white matter integrity and neurological function. This study underscores the importance of HF-rTMS as a noninvasive intervention for enhancing poststroke neurological recovery by improving white matter integrity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19299,"journal":{"name":"NeuroImage","volume":"311 ","pages":"Article 121204"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143830116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Blending into naturalistic scenes: Cortical regions serving visual search are more strongly activated in congruent contexts","authors":"Ilenia Salsano ,&nbsp;Nathan M. Petro ,&nbsp;Giorgia Picci ,&nbsp;Aubrie J. Petts ,&nbsp;Ryan J. Glesinger ,&nbsp;Lucy K. Horne ,&nbsp;Anna T. Coutant ,&nbsp;Grace C. Ende ,&nbsp;Jason A. John ,&nbsp;Danielle L. Rice ,&nbsp;Grant M. Garrison ,&nbsp;Kennedy A. Kress ,&nbsp;Valerio Santangelo ,&nbsp;Moreno I. Coco ,&nbsp;Tony W. Wilson","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121214","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121214","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Visual attention allows us to navigate complex environments by selecting behaviorally relevant stimuli while suppressing distractors, through a dynamic balance between top-down and bottom-up mechanisms. Extensive attention research has examined the object-context relationship. Some studies have shown that incongruent object-context associations are processed faster, likely due to semantic mismatch-related attentional capture, while others have suggested that schema-driven facilitation may enhance object recognition when the object and context are congruent. Beyond the conflicting findings, translation of this work to real world contexts has been difficult due to the use of non-ecological scenes and stimuli when investigating the object-context congruency relationship. To address this, we employed a goal-directed visual search task and naturalistic indoor scenes during functional MRI (fMRI). Seventy-one healthy adults searched for a target object, either congruent or incongruent within the scene context, following a word cue. We collected accuracy and response time behavioral data, and all fMRI data were processed following standard pipelines, with statistical maps thresholded at <em>p</em> &lt; .05 following multiple comparisons correction. Our results indicated faster response times for incongruent relative to congruent trials, likely reflecting the so-called pop-out effect of schema violations in the incongruent condition. Our neural results indicated that congruent elicited greater activation than incongruent trials in the dorsal frontoparietal attention network and the precuneus, likely reflecting sustained top-down attentional control to locate the targets that blend more seamlessly into the context. These findings highlight the flexible interplay between top-down and bottom-up mechanisms in real-world visual search, emphasizing the dominance of schema-guided top-down processes in congruent contexts and rapid attention capture in incongruent contexts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19299,"journal":{"name":"NeuroImage","volume":"311 ","pages":"Article 121214"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143830111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"NaDyNet: A toolbox for dynamic network analysis of naturalistic stimuli","authors":"Junjie Yang ,&nbsp;Zhe Hu ,&nbsp;Junjing Li ,&nbsp;Xiaolin Guo ,&nbsp;Xiaowei Gao ,&nbsp;Jiaxuan Liu ,&nbsp;Yaling Wang ,&nbsp;Zhiheng Qu ,&nbsp;Wanchun Li ,&nbsp;Zhongqi Li ,&nbsp;Wanjing Li ,&nbsp;Yien Huang ,&nbsp;Jiali Chen ,&nbsp;Hao Wen ,&nbsp;Binke Yuan","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121203","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121203","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Experiments with naturalistic stimuli (e.g., listening to stories or watching movies) are emerging paradigms in brain function research. The content of naturalistic stimuli is rich and continuous. The fMRI signals of naturalistic stimuli are complex and include different components. A major challenge is isolate the stimuli-induced signals while simultaneously tracking the brain's responses to these stimuli in real-time. To this end, we have developed a user-friendly graphical interface toolbox called NaDyNet (Naturalistic Dynamic Network Toolbox), which integrates existing dynamic brain network analysis methods and their improved versions. The main features of NaDyNet are: 1) extracting signals of interest from naturalistic fMRI signals; 2) incorporating six commonly used dynamic analysis methods and three static analysis methods; 3) improved versions of these dynamic methods by adopting inter-subject analysis to eliminate the effects of non-interest signals; 4) performing K-means clustering analysis to identify temporally reoccurring states along with their temporal and spatial attributes; 5) Visualization of spatiotemporal results. We then introduced the rationale for incorporating inter-subject analysis to improve existing dynamic brain network analysis methods and presented examples by analyzing naturalistic fMRI data. We hope that this toolbox will promote the development of naturalistic neuroscience. The toolbox is available at <span><span>https://github.com/yuanbinke/Naturalistic-Dynamic-Network-Toolbox</span><svg><path></path></svg></span>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19299,"journal":{"name":"NeuroImage","volume":"311 ","pages":"Article 121203"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143830112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}