NeuroImage最新文献

{"title":"Aging amplifies sex differences in low alpha and low beta EEG oscillations","authors":"Chuanliang Han ,&nbsp;Vincent C.K. Cheung ,&nbsp;Rosa H.M. Chan","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121231","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121231","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biological sex profoundly shapes brain function, yet its precise influence on neural oscillations was poorly understood. Despite decades of research, studies investigating sex-based variations in electroencephalographic (EEG) signals have yielded inconsistent findings that obstructs what may be a potentially crucial source of inter-individual variability in brain function. To address this, we analyzed five publicly available resting-state datasets, comprising EEG data (<em>n</em> = 445) and iEEG data (<em>n</em> = 103). Three age ranges were defined, young adult (YA, 18–30 years), middle-aged adult (MA, 30–55 years) and older adult (OA, 55–80 years). Our results revealed striking age-dependent sex differences: OA group exhibited robust sex differences, with males showing heightened low alpha (8–9 Hz) activity in temporal regions and attenuated low beta (16–20 Hz) oscillations in parietal-occipital areas compared to females. Intriguingly, these sex-specific patterns were absent in YA group, suggesting a complex interplay between sex and aging in shaping brain dynamics. The MA groups fall in between YA and OA group. The increase of low beta band activity in older female adults is strongly associated with hip size and BMI. Furthermore, we identified consistent sex-related activity in the precentral gyrus with the results of scalp EEG, potentially driving the observed scalp EEG differences. This multi-level analysis allowed us to bridge the gap between cortical and scalp-level observations, providing a more comprehensive picture of sex-related neural dynamics. The distinct associations between sex-specific oscillatory patterns and several lifestyle factors demonstrates the complex interplay between sex, age, and neural oscillations, revealing the variability in brain dynamics. Our findings highlight the importance of careful demographic consideration in EEG research design to ensure fairness in capturing the full spectrum of neurophysiological diversity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19299,"journal":{"name":"NeuroImage","volume":"312 ","pages":"Article 121231"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143868205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Brain-hemispheric differences in the premotor area for motor planning: An approach based on corticomuscular connectivity during motor decision-making","authors":"Leonardo A. Cano ,&nbsp;Ana L. Albarracín ,&nbsp;Fernando D. Farfán ,&nbsp;Eduardo Fernández","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121230","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121230","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the role of the premotor area (PMA) in motor planning during decision-making, focusing on differences between brain hemispheres. A cross-sectional assessment was conducted involving seventeen right-handed participants who performed tasks requiring responses with either hand to visual stimuli. Motion capture, EEG and EMG signals were collected to analyze corticomuscular coherence (CMC) in the beta and gamma bands across four motor-related cortical areas. Findings revealed significant beta-band CMC between anterior deltoids and contralateral PMA before stimulus onset in simple reaction tasks. Moreover, significant beta-band CMC was observed between the left anterior deltoid and the right PMA during the motor planning phase, prior to the onset of muscle contraction, corresponding with shorter planning times. This connectivity pattern was consistent across both simple and complex reaction tasks, indicating that the PMA plays a crucial role during decision-making. Notably, motor planning for the right hand did not exhibit the same connectivity pattern, suggesting more complex cognitive processes. These results emphasize the distinct functional roles of the left and right hemispheres in motor planning and underscore the importance of CMC in understanding the neural mechanisms underlying motor control. This study contributes to the theoretical framework of motor decision-making and offers insights for future research on motor planning and rehabilitation strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19299,"journal":{"name":"NeuroImage","volume":"312 ","pages":"Article 121230"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143855719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatiotemporal processing of real faces is modified by visual sensing","authors":"Megan Kelley ,&nbsp;Mark Tiede ,&nbsp;Xian Zhang ,&nbsp;J․Adam Noah ,&nbsp;Joy Hirsch","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121219","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121219","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Live human faces, when engaged as visual stimuli, recruit unique and extensive patterns of neural activity. However, the underlying neural mechanisms that underly these live face-to-face processes are not known. We hypothesized that the neural correlates for live face processes are modulated by both spatial and temporal features of the live faces as well as visual sensing parameters. Hemodynamic signals detected by functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) were acquired concurrently with co-activated electroencephalographic (EEG) and eye-tracking signals during interactive gaze at a live human face or gaze at a human-like robot face. Regression of the fNIRS signals with two eye-gaze variables, fixation duration and dwell time, revealed separate regions of neural correlates, right supramarginal gyrus (lateral visual stream) and right inferior parietal sulcus (dorsal visual stream), respectively. These two areas served as the regions of interest for the EEG analysis. Standardized low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA) was applied to determine theta (4 – 7 Hz) and alpha (8–13 Hz) oscillatory activity in these regions. Variations in oscillatory patterns corresponding to the neural correlates of the visual sensing parameters suggest an increase in spatial binding for the dorsal relative to the lateral regions of interest during live face-to-face visual stimulation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19299,"journal":{"name":"NeuroImage","volume":"312 ","pages":"Article 121219"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143863384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gray matter morphology and pain-related disability in young adults with low back pain","authors":"Jo Armour Smith ,&nbsp;Rongwen Tain ,&nbsp;Isaac Chrisman ,&nbsp;Kelli G. Sharp ,&nbsp;Laura M Glynn ,&nbsp;Linda R. Van Dillen ,&nbsp;Jesse V. Jacobs ,&nbsp;Steven C. Cramer","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121227","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121227","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Structural neuroplasticity in the brain may contribute to the persistence of low back pain (LBP) symptoms and the disability associated with them. It is not known if structural adaptations are evident early in the lifespan in young adults with LBP. This study compared gray matter in cortical sensorimotor regions in young adults with and without persistent LBP and identified gray matter and clinical predictors of pain-related disability. Eighty-two individuals with and without a history of LBP participated. Peak and average gray matter density in cortical sensorimotor regions of interest was quantified using voxel-based morphometry. Pain-related disability, pain intensity, pain duration, and pain-related fear were also assessed. Multiple linear regression was used to determine independent predictors of pain-related disability. We document significantly greater peak gray matter density in individuals with LBP in the primary somatosensory cortex, angular gyrus, and the midcingulate cortex. Pain-related disability positively correlated with average gray matter density in the posterior cingulate cortex. The most robust predictors of disability were average gray matter in the posterior cingulate, pain intensity, and pain-related fear. We demonstrate that in young adults, persistent LBP, and pain-related disability, are linked with structural differences in regions forming part of the brain network termed the pain matrix. In contrast with studies of LBP in older adults, our findings of increased rather than decreased gray matter in young adults with LBP suggest that gray matter may increase initially in response to nociceptive pain.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19299,"journal":{"name":"NeuroImage","volume":"312 ","pages":"Article 121227"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143851937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The causal role of beta band desynchronization: Individualized high-definition transcranial alternating current stimulation improves bimanual motor control","authors":"Sybren Van Hoornweder ,&nbsp;Diego Andres Blanco Mora ,&nbsp;Marten Nuyts ,&nbsp;Koen Cuypers ,&nbsp;Stefanie Verstraelen ,&nbsp;Raf Meesen","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121222","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121222","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To unveil if 3 mA peak-to-peak high-definition β transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) applied over C4 –the area overlaying the right sensorimotor cortex–enhances bimanual motor control and affects movement-related β desynchronization (MRβD), thereby providing causal evidence for the polymorphic role of MRβD in motor control.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>In this sham-controlled, crossover study, 36 participants underwent 20 min of fixed 20 Hz tACS; tACS individualized to peak β activity during motor planning at baseline; and sham tACS randomized over three consecutive days. Each participant underwent all three conditions for a total of 108 sessions, ensuring within-subject comparisons. Before, during, and after tACS, participants performed a bimanual tracking task (BTT) and 64-channel electroencephalography (EEG) data was measured. Spatiotemporal and temporal clustering statistics with underlying linear mixed effect models were used to test our hypotheses.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Individualized tACS significantly improved bimanual motor control, both online and offline, and increased online MRβD during motor planning compared to fixed tACS. No offline effects of fixed and individualized tACS on MRβD were found compared to sham, although tACS effects did trend towards the hypothesized MRβD increase. Throughout the course of the study, MRβD and bimanual motor performance increased. Exclusively during motor planning, MRβD was positively associated to bimanual motor performance improvements, emphasizing the functionally polymorphic role of MRβD. tACS was well tolerated and no side-effects occurred.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Individualized β-tACS improves bimanual motor control and enhances motor planning MRβD online. These findings provide causal evidence for the importance of MRβD when planning complex motor behavior.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19299,"journal":{"name":"NeuroImage","volume":"312 ","pages":"Article 121222"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143844029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simultaneous monitoring of the human brain, spinal cord, and cauda equina activity for movement control: An fNIRS approach","authors":"Hojeong Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121216","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121216","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Brain‒spinal cord‒cauda equina interactions are essential for controlling lower body movement. However, current monitoring approaches for spinal and caudal activity are limited to use without body movement and to processing via batches of data. Here, we present a novel optical method based on functional near-infrared spectroscopy that enables simultaneous tracking of human brain-spinal cord-cauda equina hemodynamics during body movement. We first developed a support frame for positioning optical emitters and receivers along the spinal canal to maximize spatial resolution and identify the optimal distance between them. We tested the methodology at this optimal emitter-detector distance by assessing the spatiotemporal activation of the motor clusters associated with human ankle extension-flexion movement in the brain, spinal cord, and cauda equina. These brain and spinal clusters are shown to be functionally connected and comparable to those identified by invasive methods during surgical operations. These findings suggest that hemodynamic responses reflect synchronous neural activity in the human brain-spinal cord-cauda equina system for hindlimb movement control.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19299,"journal":{"name":"NeuroImage","volume":"312 ","pages":"Article 121216"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143859718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The brain’s internal echo: Longer timescales, stronger recurrent connections and higher neural excitation in self regions","authors":"Kaan Keskin ,&nbsp;Yasir Catal ,&nbsp;Angelika Wolman ,&nbsp;Mehmet Cagdas Eker ,&nbsp;Ali Saffet Gonul ,&nbsp;Georg Northoff","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121221","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121221","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Understanding the brain's intrinsic architecture has long been a central focus of neuroscience, with recent advances shedding light on its topographic organization along uni and transmodal regions. How the brain’s global uni-transmodal topography relates to psychological features like our sense of self remains yet unclear, though.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>We here combine fMRI brain imaging with computational modeling (Wilson Cowan model) to better understand the temporal, spatial and physiological features underlying the distinction of self and non-self regions within the brain’s global topography.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>fMRI resting state shows lower myelin content, longer timescales (measured by the autocorrelation window/ACW), and lower global functional connectivity/synchronization (measured by global signal correlation/GSCORR) in self regions (based on the three-layer self topography; Qin et al. 2020) compared to non-self regions. Next, we fit the fMRI data with a neural mass model, the Wilson-Cowan model, which is enriched by structural and functional connectivity data from human MRI/fMRI. We first replicate the empirical data with longer ACW and lower GSCORR in self regions. Next, we demonstrate that self and non-self regions can, based on the same measures in the model, not only be distinguished within the brain’s global topography but also within the unimodal and transmodal regions themselves, respectively. Finally, the neural mass model shows that such topographic differentiation relates to two physiological features: self regions exhibit higher intra-regional excitatory recurrent connection and higher levels in their basal neural excitation than non-self regions.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Our findings demonstrate the intrinsic nature of the distinction of self and non-self regions within the brain’s global uni-transmodal topography as well as their underlying physiological differences with higher levels in both recurrent connections and neural excitation in self regions. The increased recurrent connections in self regions, together with their higher levels of neural excitation and the longer autocorrelation window, may be ideally suited to mediate their self-referential processing: this can thus be seen as a form of ‘psychological recurrence’ where one and the same input/stimulus is processed in a prolonged echo-chamber like way, that is, an internal echo within the self regions themselves.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19299,"journal":{"name":"NeuroImage","volume":"312 ","pages":"Article 121221"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143851936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interbrain synchrony attenuation during a peer cooperative task in young children with autistic traits –an EEG hyperscanning study","authors":"I-Chun Chen ,&nbsp;Hao-Che Hsu ,&nbsp;Chia-Ling Chen ,&nbsp;Meng-Han Chang ,&nbsp;Chun-Shu Wei ,&nbsp;Chun-Hsiang Chuang","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121217","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121217","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Young children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) traits frequently encounter difficulties in peer interaction. Assessing peer interaction performance is crucial but challenging within the clinical diagnostic paradigm of ASD. Hyperscanning, which simultaneously monitors brain activity in multiple individuals, has become a popular tool for assessing social interaction's neural features. The present study aims to investigate the brain-to-brain connectivity between child-dyads engaged in a game-like collaborative peer interaction task via the hyperscanning electroencephalogram (EEG) approach. The final sample comprised 66 young children: 18 child dyads with typical development (TD), TD-TD, and 15 with ASD traits matched to TD, TD-ASD. The study indicated a depressed level of connectivity in the dyad group with ASD as the responder, with a notable decrease observed in the beta oscillation over the right parietal to left temporal coupling between subjects. A pattern that differed from that observed in the TD-TD group was identified with regard to full-band connectivity over the right-to-right temporal region. It was observed that the TD-TD group exhibited enhanced connectivity following the completion of the task, which was not the case for the TD-ASD group. Significant correlations were observed between scores on the ASD symptom rating scale and the selected significant interbrain connectivity index. The application of a hyperscanning EEG paradigm demonstrated that the participating children with autistic traits exhibited an attenuated and apparently distinct alteration pattern of interbrain connectivity in comparison to a control group. These findings highlight the value of physiologically based measures in informing etiological and interventional studies in neuropsychiatry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19299,"journal":{"name":"NeuroImage","volume":"312 ","pages":"Article 121217"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143838813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neural connectivity and balance control in aging: Insights from directed cortical networks during sensory conflict","authors":"Guozheng Wang ,&nbsp;Yi Yang ,&nbsp;Xiaoxia Liu ,&nbsp;Anke Hua ,&nbsp;Xin Luo ,&nbsp;Yiming Cai ,&nbsp;Yanhua Song ,&nbsp;Jian Wang ,&nbsp;Jun Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121218","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121218","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Balance control is crucial for stability during daily activities, relying on the integration of sensory inputs from the visual, vestibular, and somatosensory systems. Aging impairs the efficiency of these systems, leading to an increased risk of falls; however, the neural mechanisms underlying this decline, particularly under sensory conflict, are not fully understood. This study investigated the effects of aging on neural connectivity and sensory integration during balance tasks. Ninety-six participants (47 older adults and 49 young adults) were subjected to balance perturbation tasks under sensory-congruent and sensory-conflict conditions using a virtual reality headset and rotating platform. Behavioral measures, including postural sway and perceptual accuracy, were recorded. Electroencephalography (EEG) data were analyzed using generalized partial directed coherence (GPDC) to assess the directed functional connectivity and network efficiency. Older adults exhibited significantly greater postural sway, reduced perceptual accuracy, and a diminished ability to detect sensory conflicts than young adults, particularly under conflict conditions. As demonstrated by connectivity analysis, young adults showed adaptive shifts in connectivity from the visual to somatosensory regions during sensory conflict. In contrast, older adults demonstrated a less adaptable mode of connectivity. At the same time, global efficiency and clustering coefficients of young adults were higher, suggesting more effective and modular brain networks. Correlation analyses in older adults revealed that higher visual cortex efficiency was linked to lower postural sway specifically during sensory conflict, whereas higher motor cortex efficiency was associated with greater sway only under sensory-congruent conditions. In short, neural adaptability is vital in sensory integration and balance control. Due to decreased neural flexibility and network efficiency in older adults, their sensory reweighting was undermined and instability increased during the sensory conflict. These findings establish a foundation for development of targeted interventions to strengthen balance and lower the risks of falls in older adults.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19299,"journal":{"name":"NeuroImage","volume":"312 ","pages":"Article 121218"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143844042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Increasing target engagement via customized electrode positioning for personalized transcranial electrical stimulation: A biophysical modeling study","authors":"Griffin Rodgers ,&nbsp;Mahyar Joodaki ,&nbsp;Alois Hopf ,&nbsp;Emiliano Santarnecchi ,&nbsp;Raphael Guzman ,&nbsp;Bert Müller ,&nbsp;Bekim Osmani","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121206","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121206","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Transcranial electric stimulation (TES) is a non-invasive neuromodulation technique with therapeutic potential for diverse neurological disorders including Alzheimer's disease. Conventional TES montages with stimulation electrodes in standardized positions suffer from highly varying electric fields across subjects due to variable anatomy. Biophysical modelling using individual's brain imaging has thus become popular for montage planning but may be limited by fixed scalp electrode locations.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Here, we explore the potential benefits of flexible electrode positioning with 3D-printed neurostimulator caps.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We modeled 10 healthy subjects and simulated montages targeting the left angular gyrus, which is relevant for restoring memory functions impaired by Alzheimer's disease. Using quantitative metrics and visual inspection, we benchmark montages with flexible electrode placement against well-established montage selection approaches.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Personalized montages optimized with flexible electrode positioning provided tunable intensity and control over the focality-intensity trade-off, outperforming conventional montages across the range of achievable target intensities. Compared to montages optimized on a reference model, personalized optimization significantly reduced variance of the stimulation intensity in the target. Finally, increasing available electrode positions from 32 to around 86 significantly increased target engagement across a range of target intensities and current limits.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>In summary, we provide an <em>in silico</em> proof-of-concept that digitally designed and 3D-printed TES caps with flexible electrode positioning can increase target engagement with precise and tunable control of applied dose to a cortical target. This is of interest for stimulation of brain networks such as the default mode network with spatially proximate correlated and anti-correlated cortical nodes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19299,"journal":{"name":"NeuroImage","volume":"311 ","pages":"Article 121206"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143830108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}