NeuroImage最新文献

{"title":"Efficient Whole-Brain Quantitative Magnetization Transfer Imaging at 3T Using Segmented EPI Readout with Variable Power Magnetization Transfer Pulses (EP-vpMT)","authors":"Se-Hong Oh ,&nbsp;Ken E. Sakaie ,&nbsp;Gawon Lee ,&nbsp;Katherine A. Koenig ,&nbsp;Devon S Conway ,&nbsp;Sarah M Planchon ,&nbsp;Daniel Ontaneda ,&nbsp;Stephen E. Jones ,&nbsp;Mark J. Lowe","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121630","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121630","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Quantitative magnetization transfer (qMT) imaging is sensitive to myelin-related macromolecular content and brain microstructure but is limited by long scan times. We present a fast, SAR-efficient qMT technique using a segmented echo-planar imaging readout with variable power MT preparation (EP-vpMT).</div><div>EP-vpMT was implemented at 3T (1.5×1.5×4.0 mm³ voxels; 9 µL) using a 3D segmented EPI readout with modulated MT RF pulses to reduce SAR while preserving contrast. Pseudo bound pool fraction (pseudo-BPF) maps were obtained from healthy participants. Consistency with pseudo-BPF derived from conventional GRE-MT and repeatability was subject to Bland-Altman analysis. Multiple sclerosis (MS) patients were examined at 3T and at 7T (2.0 mm isotropic voxels; 8 µL) to explore feasibility for assessing tissue integrity and for application at ultra-high field.</div><div>EP-vpMT achieved whole-brain qMT in 6 min 25 sec, reducing scan time by 76% compared to GRE-based qMT (26 min 20 sec) while maintaining similar SAR levels. Strong agreement was observed between methods, and test-retest reliability showed minimal bias with 95% limits of agreement within a clinically negligible range. In MS patients, EP-vpMT delineated lesions at 3T and at 7T.</div><div>EP-vpMT enables fast qMT imaging at 3T with strong agreement with conventional methods. Its ability to detect MS lesions and to translate to ultra-high field MRI supports future use for assessing myelin-related macromolecular content.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19299,"journal":{"name":"NeuroImage","volume":"328 ","pages":"Article 121630"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145687741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating AI-aided approaches for 18F-FDG PET quantification: Indirect synthetic MR-based versus direct partial volume correction","authors":"Yu Jin Seol ,&nbsp;Hye Bin Yoo ,&nbsp;Eun Jin Yoon ,&nbsp;Yu Kyeong Kim ,&nbsp;Seongho Seo ,&nbsp;Jae Sung Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2026.121756","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2026.121756","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Compatible deployment of AI-aided methods for PET quantification is an important prerequisite to maximizing their benefits. We focus on partial volume correction (PVC), which can substantially improve the precision of radiotracer uptake quantification in brain PET for intricate and atrophic regions. Conventional post-reconstruction PVC requires anatomical MR images that are often unavailable or of inadequate quality. We address this limitation by systematically evaluating two AI-aided strategies: (1) indirect PVC, which uses synthesized MR images for anatomical guidance, and (2) direct PVC, which predicts corrected PET images without anatomical processing. Multiple AI architectures were assessed under both strategies, using paired ¹⁸F-FDG PET + CT + MR datasets from multiple scanner sites. Indirect PVC consistently outperformed direct approaches across all tested architectures with the Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Model yielding the best overall performance while preserving compatibility with standard PET processing pipelines. Both AI-aided approaches increased the utility of standalone ¹⁸F-FDG PET in clinical and research applications without requiring anatomical MR images. Indirect PVC showed advantages in transparency and performance for quantification in smaller anatomical regions, whereas direct PVC may be more suitable for rapid assessment in larger brain regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19299,"journal":{"name":"NeuroImage","volume":"328 ","pages":"Article 121756"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146100347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of cardiac phases on cortico-spinal excitability: Insights from input-output curves","authors":"Paolo Di Luzio ,&nbsp;Mauro Gianni Perrucci ,&nbsp;Francesca Ferri ,&nbsp;Marcello Costantini","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2026.121789","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2026.121789","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Visceral signals, such as cardiac oscillations, are considered a significant source influencing ongoing cortical activity. Research has shown that perceptual and cognitive functions fluctuate with the heart cycle. Seminal studies proposed that upstream signals tied to cardiac contraction (i.e., systole) inhibit brain activity. However, a clear relationship between cardiac phases and cortical excitability, measured by motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) via transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), is not yet established.</div><div>To examine the link between cardiac signals and corticospinal excitability (CSE), we combined electrophysiological measures with TMS targeting the left motor cortex (lM1) in healthy individuals. Input-output (I/O) curves of MEPs were modelled relative to cardiac phases, assessing CSE variations between systole and diastole. We also investigated how different cardiac output affect MEP amplitudes on a trial-by-trial basis. Overall, I/O curves highlighted a greater inhibition of CSE during systoles, characterized by decreased MEP amplitudes at maximal stimulation intensities and a diminished corticomotor gain. Trial-by-trial assessment also indicated that MEPs amplitude may be negatively affected by the strength of cardiac output, indexed by the length of interbeat-intervals (IBIs).</div><div>These findings suggest that cardiac signals actively modulate brain excitability, which holds significant implications. Accounting for the cardiac cycle can reduce variability in TMS and electrophysiological studies, improving reproducibility. Clinically, aligning non-invasive brain stimulation or neurorehabilitation protocols with phases of higher excitability (e.g., diastole) may enhance treatment efficacy and motor recovery. More broadly, the results contribute to models of brain–body interaction and may provide a physiological marker of altered heart–brain coupling in clinical populations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19299,"journal":{"name":"NeuroImage","volume":"328 ","pages":"Article 121789"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146143043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Common multimodal neuroimaging mechanism of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and sleep initiation difficulty in the developing brain","authors":"Yujuan Zu ,&nbsp;Tao Pang ,&nbsp;Lingxue Luo ,&nbsp;Chao Liufu ,&nbsp;Zixuan Xu ,&nbsp;Wenqiang Li ,&nbsp;Ying Qian ,&nbsp;Luxian Lv ,&nbsp;Suhua Chang","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2026.121795","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2026.121795","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder. Studies indicate that 20–55 % of individuals with ADHD experience comorbid sleep disturbances, among which, sleep initiation difficulty (SID) is highly correlated with hyperactivity behaviors. However, the underlying neuroimaging mechanisms common to ADHD and sleep initiation difficulty remain poorly understood.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This study used multimodal neuroimaging data and ADHD, SID phenotype data from the ABCD Study (<em>n</em> = 11,868; 52.1 % male) to identify neuroimaging markers common to both conditions using linear regression. Then, these common neuroimaging features were analyzed across different ADHD trajectory groups, which were determined by latent class growth analysis (LCGA). Random-intercepts cross-lagged panel model (RI-CLPM) were further used to examine their longitudinal relationships.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Inter-network connectivity between the dorsal attention network and default mode network (DMN-DAN) from rest-fMRI, specific cortico-striatal-thalamic circuits involving the right orbitofrontal cortex volume from brain structural imaging and several major white matter tracts were significantly associated with both ADHD symptoms and SID. These neuroimaging markers collectively mediated the relationship between ADHD and SID. Furthermore, three distinct ADHD trajectories were identified and showed different association pattern with neuroimaging features and lagged effects between ADHD and SID.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Through multimodal neuroimaging analyses of ADHD and SID, we identified common neural substrates, which mediated the effect of ADHD symptoms on SID, and exhibited distinct patterns across different ADHD trajectory subgroups. The results suggest that common neural architecture and its dynamic expression may underlie the neurobiological link between ADHD and SID.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19299,"journal":{"name":"NeuroImage","volume":"328 ","pages":"Article 121795"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146150313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Standardizing EEG preprocessing for cross-site integration - the CLEAN pipeline","authors":"Adriana Böttcher ,&nbsp;Paul Wendiggensen ,&nbsp;Moritz Mückschel ,&nbsp;Sven Hoffmann ,&nbsp;Claudia Buss ,&nbsp;Michael Kölch ,&nbsp;Inga Körte ,&nbsp;Shu-Chen Li ,&nbsp;Volker Mall ,&nbsp;Peter Marschik ,&nbsp;Maximilian Pilhatsch ,&nbsp;Veit Roessner ,&nbsp;Saskia Rusche ,&nbsp;Christian Beste","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2026.121812","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2026.121812","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Electroencephalography (EEG) is a powerful tool for investigating neural processes underlying cognition and neuropsychiatric disorders. Yet, variability in EEG preprocessing strategies restricts reproducibility and data integration across study sites and laboratories, particularly in larger research consortia. This paper introduces the CLEAN-EEG preprocessing pipeline, designed to standardize data processing and documentation across multiple sites. The CLEAN pipeline is implemented in MATLAB using EEGLAB. It comprises three modular, script-based stages: main preprocessing (including down-sampling, filtering, line noise removal, and channel interpolation), independent component analysis preparation and decomposition with flexible options for artifact rejection or neural component extraction, and component exclusion with support for automated classification and dipole fitting. Emphasis is placed on transparency through comprehensive logging and quality-control plotting, as well as on minimizing rank reduction to preserve data suitability for advanced analyses such as source localization and connectivity modeling. By providing clear, adaptable recommendations while ensuring detailed documentation of every step, the CLEAN pipeline aims to harmonize EEG preprocessing in large-scale, multi-center studies. This open and reproducible approach facilitates high throughput analyses, supports the training of researchers, and enables the rigorous integration of neurophysiological data across study sites, study designs, and populations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19299,"journal":{"name":"NeuroImage","volume":"328 ","pages":"Article 121812"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146201934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alpha-band temporal variability in the Fronto-parietal network facilitates active recovery from mental fatigue","authors":"Maoqin Peng ,&nbsp;Wei Zhao ,&nbsp;Pengrui Li ,&nbsp;Haokai Zhang ,&nbsp;Liu Deng ,&nbsp;Yun Qin ,&nbsp;Tiejun Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2026.121770","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2026.121770","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mental fatigue from prolonged cognitive tasks impairs performance, yet this decline is often non-linear. This suggests the brain engages active self-regulatory mechanisms to recover, though the neural basis of this recovery process remains unclear. We investigated this phenomenon using electroencephalography (EEG) during a continuous 120-minute boundary avoidance task. Behaviorally, we confirmed a non-linear performance curve that featured a significant recovery stage following an initial decline. The decline stage showed classic neural fatigue signatures, including increased delta and alpha power alongside reduced brain network efficiency. However, the recovery stage did not simply reverse these patterns. Instead, it involved a distinct increase in the temporal variability of alpha-band functional connectivity within the fronto-parietal network (FPN). We found that this heightened FPN variability, interacting with alpha power, directly predicted behavioral recovery. These findings expand our view of cognitive resilience. We propose that resilience is not merely passive resistance to fatigue but an active process of compensatory control driven by dynamic network flexibility. Thus, increased FPN variability likely serves as an intrinsic neural response that facilitates behavioral recovery.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19299,"journal":{"name":"NeuroImage","volume":"328 ","pages":"Article 121770"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146113929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biphasic adaptation of gBOLD-CSF coupling during sleep deprivation reflects compensatory enhancement and temporal disruption in glymphatic function","authors":"Dai Zhang ,&nbsp;Rong Wang ,&nbsp;Liqin Zhou ,&nbsp;Ke Zhou ,&nbsp;Zhentao Zuo ,&nbsp;Guochen Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2026.121769","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2026.121769","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sleep deprivation (SD) significantly impacts brain function, particularly through disruption of the glymphatic system, an essential mechanism for cerebral metabolic waste clearance dependent on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics. Recent advances link CSF flow to global brain activity, measurable via global blood-oxygenation-level-dependent (gBOLD) signals. However, how gBOLD-CSF coupling changes during prolonged wakefulness remains unclear. Using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI), we investigated how 36-hour sleep deprivation affects gBOLD-CSF coupling in healthy participants. We observed a significant transient increase in gBOLD-CSF coupling strength as sleep deprivation progressed, peaking after approximately 30 h of wakefulness. Importantly, changes in coupling strength correlated quantitatively with heightened subjective sleep pressure but not with vigilance performance. Furthermore, SD induced a temporary phase shift in CSF signal timing relative to gBOLD, indicating disrupted temporal coordination. These results suggest that SD triggers both a transient enhancement and a temporal instability in neuro-fluid coupling, reflecting a biphasic modulation of brain–CSF coupling linked to glymphatic-related dynamics. Our findings reveal novel compensatory adjustments within the glymphatic system during prolonged wakefulness, advancing our understanding of the physiological underpinnings linking sleep loss, metabolic clearance, and brain function, with potential implications for cognitive health and neurodegenerative disease risk.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19299,"journal":{"name":"NeuroImage","volume":"328 ","pages":"Article 121769"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146116656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphological and microstructural brain changes induced by cognitive training among non-demented participants: a systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"Eszter Radics ,&nbsp;Tímea Lázár ,&nbsp;Marah Qussous ,&nbsp;Szilvia Kiss-Dala ,&nbsp;Marie Anne Engh ,&nbsp;Péter Hegyi ,&nbsp;Szabolcs Kéri ,&nbsp;András Attila Horváth","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2026.121767","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2026.121767","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Cognitive training is a widely recommended technique for cognitive decline and has been shown to improve cognitive functioning. However, the findings on its effect on objective biomarkers of cognitive impairment are highly ambiguous. This study therefore aims to clarify how cognitive training alters brain structure and physiology.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A systematic search was conducted in three databases (MEDLINE, Embase, and CENTRAL) for eligible articles in November 2023. The search identified 6.134 articles from which 501 remained after title and abstract selection. Eight articles were identified that assessed the efficacy of cognitive training on objective parameters in non-demented adults. Mean differences (MD) and standardized mean differences (SMD of changes between pre- and post-training data were calculated using random-effects models.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>4767 records remained after the removal of duplicates. The selection process ended with 40 eligible articles for qualitative and 8 for quantitative analysis. We did not identify enough articles for the analysis of PET, functional MRI and fluid-based parameters. No significant differences were found in fractional anisotropy (MD=0.01, 95 % Confidence interval (CI): -0.01; 0.04) or in hippocampal volume (SMD=0.03, 95 % CI: -0.01; 0.06). Heterogeneity was high in all analyses.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Training groups showed no significant morphological or microstructural modifications compared to control conditions. The current results of objective markers are not powerful enough to recommend cognitive training as a preventive method. Future research should focus on proper randomization, elimination of baseline differences and use standardized techniques. The review was pre-registered with PROSPERO (ID: CRD42023485440).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19299,"journal":{"name":"NeuroImage","volume":"328 ","pages":"Article 121767"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146097281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hierarchical neurobehavioral model reveals that shared flexibility, not individual stability, supports rhythmic coordination","authors":"Ruoyu Niu ,&nbsp;Yanan Li ,&nbsp;Lei Liu ,&nbsp;Yafeng Pan ,&nbsp;Ying Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2026.121773","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2026.121773","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Interpersonal coordination requires balancing individual control with interaction-derived synergy, yet it remains unclear when neural coupling contributes beyond behavior. Using an fNIRS hyperscanning paradigm, we examined dyadic rhythmic coordination and jointly modeled behavioral stability, dispositional structure, and interbrain synchrony within a hierarchical neurobehavioral framework. Across models, mean individual stability was negatively associated with dyadic performance, whereas interaction-derived shared flexibility (i.e., dyad-level behavioral stability synergy) was the most robust positive predictor. Incorporating dispositional structure showed that larger within-dyad differences in figure-embedding performance impaired coordination, whereas higher dyad-level self-esteem facilitated coordination. The neural coupling index showed no reliable main effect after accounting for behavioral and trait factors, but moderation analyses indicated a conditional contribution: interbrain synchrony compensated when shared flexibility was low, with diminishing benefit as synergy increased. Together, these findings support a hierarchical neurobehavioral architecture in which shared flexibility provides the primary foundation of coordination, dispositional structure shapes the conditions for synergy, and interbrain synchrony contributes in a context-dependent manner.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19299,"journal":{"name":"NeuroImage","volume":"328 ","pages":"Article 121773"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146119533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Baicalin reactivates ocular dominance plasticity to restore vision from amblyopia in adult mice","authors":"Fei Yin,&nbsp;Wei Meng,&nbsp;Chenchen Ma,&nbsp;Yupeng Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2026.121776","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2026.121776","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Amblyopia is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by reduced visual acuity due to abnormal visual experience during critical periods. In adulthood, the diminished plasticity of the primary visual cortex (V1) presents a major barrier to effective treatment. Here, we investigate whether baicalin, a flavonoid derived from Scutellaria baicalensis, can restore ocular dominance plasticity (ODP) and promote functional recovery in a mouse model of adult amblyopia. Using intrinsic signal optical imaging and electrophysiological recording, we demonstrate that 10 mg/kg baicalin treatment reactivates ODP in adult mice, whereas 5mg/kg or Scutellaria water extract fails to do so. Furthermore, baicalin combined with reverse suturing in adult amblyopic mice restored both ocular dominance distribution and visual acuity to normal levels. Baicalin treatment reduced the expression of two major GABA synthetic enzymes (glutamate decarboxylase, GAD65/67) and perineuronal nets in V1, while administration of the GABA_A receptor agonist muscimol during the baicalin treatment blocked the rescued ODP. These findings suggested that a reduction in cortical inhibition might underlie the restoration of visual plasticity in adults. Our results suggest that baicalin may serve as a potential therapy for adult amblyopia.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19299,"journal":{"name":"NeuroImage","volume":"328 ","pages":"Article 121776"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146132739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}