Nutrition Research最新文献

{"title":"High salt diet causally increases metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease risk: A bidirectional mendelian randomization study","authors":"Qi Liu ,&nbsp;Yuyang Liu ,&nbsp;Hui Feng ,&nbsp;Ning Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhanyu Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.nutres.2025.03.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nutres.2025.03.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is a prevalent liver disorder associated with metabolic and lifestyle factors, affecting approximately 25% of the global population. Although high salt intake has been implicated as a potential dietary risk factor, its causal relationship with MASLD remains uncertain. We hypothesized that genetic liability to higher salt intake causally increases the risk of MASLD. To address this, bidirectional Mendelian Randomization (MR) analysis was performed to evaluate the causal relationship between “salt added to food” and MASLD. Genetic variants were used as instrumental variables across large-scale genome-wide association study datasets from the UK Biobank and multiple MASLD cohorts. The inverse variance weighting method served as the primary analytical approach, with sensitivity analyses, including MR-Egger and MR-PRESSO, to evaluate pleiotropy and heterogeneity. Forward MR analysis demonstrated a significant association between “salt added to food” and increased MASLD risk across three MASLD datasets: odds ratio (OR) = 1.538, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.145-2.067, <em>P</em> = .004; OR = 1.787, 95% CI: 1.247-2.561, <em>P</em> = .002; and OR = 2.094, 95% CI: 1.274-3.442, <em>P</em> = .004. Sensitivity analyses indicated low heterogeneity and no evidence of pleiotropy. Reverse MR analysis did not demonstrate a causal effect of MASLD on “salt added to food”. These findings provide robust genetic evidence that “salt added to food” is a causal risk factor for MASLD, emphasizing the importance of dietary salt reduction in MASLD prevention strategies. This study supports public health recommendations advocating reduced salt intake to promote liver health and prevent MASLD.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19245,"journal":{"name":"Nutrition Research","volume":"136 ","pages":"Pages 94-104"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143767719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic variants in vitamin D metabolism-related genes are associated with vitamin D status and adiposity markers","authors":"Adriana Becerra‑Cervera ,&nbsp;Rogelio F. Jiménez-Ortega ,&nbsp;Diana I. Aparicio-Bautista ,&nbsp;Tania V. López-Pérez ,&nbsp;Nelly Patiño ,&nbsp;Manuel Castillejos-López ,&nbsp;Alberto Hidalgo‑Bravo ,&nbsp;Edgar Denova‑Gutiérrez ,&nbsp;Jorge Salmerón ,&nbsp;Berenice Rivera‑Paredez ,&nbsp;Rafael Velázquez‑Cruz","doi":"10.1016/j.nutres.2025.02.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nutres.2025.02.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Single nucleotide variants (SNVs) in vitamin D (VD) metabolism genes have been shown to be associated with serum 25(OH)D concentrations. Although these associations have been reported in other populations, they are less studied in Mexico, a country with high vitamin D deficiency (VDD) despite ample sun exposure. Therefore, we investigate the association between VD-metabolism related SNVs, serum 25(OH)D concentrations, and their impact on VDD and adiposity indicators. We hypothesized that SNVs are associated with serum 25(OH)D concentrations in the Mexican population. We included 1977 individuals (597 males and 1380 females) from the Health Worker Cohort Study. Nine genetic variants: rs10741657 (<em>CYP2R1</em>), rs6013897 (<em>CYP24A1</em>), rs10877012 (<em>CYP27B1</em>), rs10783219 and rs4516035 (<em>VDR</em>), rs4588 and rs7041 (<em>GC</em>), rs4944957 and rs3794060 (<em>NADSYN1</em>), in VD metabolism-related genes were genotyped. Linear and logistic regression models were used to assess the association of interest. In our study, 7 genetic variants were associated with serum 25(OH)D concentrations and VDD. A genetic risk score was created using variants rs6013897 (<em>CYP24A1</em>), rs4516035 (<em>VDR</em>), and rs4588 (<em>GC</em>), which were associated with lower serum 25(OH)D concentrations, higher VDD prevalence, and increased odds of VDD. A second GRS using all 9 variants showed weaker associations. Gene-gene interactions between rs3794060-rs4944957 (<em>NADSYN1</em>), and rs10877012(<em>CYP27B1</em>)-rs7041(<em>GC</em>), were associated with serum 25(OH)D concentrations and VDD, respectively. Additionally, SNV interactions with body mass index, waist circumference, and body fat distribution were identified. These findings suggest that SNVs influence serum 25(OH)D concentrations and adiposity indicators, with potential clinical implications for obesity management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19245,"journal":{"name":"Nutrition Research","volume":"136 ","pages":"Pages 105-119"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143767718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial office and Board Members","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/S0271-5317(25)00055-7","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0271-5317(25)00055-7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19245,"journal":{"name":"Nutrition Research","volume":"136 ","pages":"Pages i-ii"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143808395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"David Kritchevsky Graduate Student Award for Nutrition Research","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/S0271-5317(25)00056-9","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0271-5317(25)00056-9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19245,"journal":{"name":"Nutrition Research","volume":"136 ","pages":"Page iii"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143808396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Probiotic supplementation contributes to glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and network meta-analysis","authors":"Dengrong Ma ,&nbsp;Pingping Zhao ,&nbsp;Jie Gao ,&nbsp;Hui Suo ,&nbsp;Xinyuan Guo ,&nbsp;Mei Han ,&nbsp;Xiaohui Zan ,&nbsp;Chongyang Chen ,&nbsp;Xiaoyu Lyu ,&nbsp;Hui Wang ,&nbsp;Jingfang Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.nutres.2025.03.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nutres.2025.03.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic medical condition prevalent worldwide. Currently, probiotic therapy has demonstrated favorable outcomes in T2DM management, albeit with a lingering controversy. In this network meta-analysis (NMA), we aimed to assess and rank the glycemic control efficacy of various probiotic strains or combinations in T2DM patients. A systematic literature review was conducted across 4 major databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library) including data published up to November 8, 2023, to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on probiotic therapy in T2DM patients. The quality of the included RCTs was evaluated using the risk-of-bias tool version 2, while Bayesian NMA was used for analysis. The efficacy of different probiotics and their combinations was ranked based on the surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) for various outcome indicators. This study included 1861 T2DM patients from 30 RCTs. The combination of LAC (<em>Lactobacillus</em>) + BIF (<em>Bifidobacterium</em>) + PRO (<em>Propionibacterium</em>) + STR (<em>Streptococcus</em>) exhibited the most favorable effect in reducing the fasting plasma glucose concentration and improving the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (SUCRA: 88.8% and 77.3%). For reducing the concentration of glycated hemoglobin A1c, BIF (SUCRA: 93.1%) was the most effective; for improving insulin secretion, LAC + BIF (SUCRA: 84.7%) exhibited the most favorable outcome for improving insulin secretion. Cluster analysis of the 4 outcome indicators showed that the LAC + BIF + STR combination may have superior therapeutic effects. Multistrain probiotic combinations demonstrated greater glycemic control effects than single-strain probiotics. Thus, LAC + BIF + STR may be a promising probiotic combination for the treatment of T2DM. Nevertheless, owing to the inherent limitations of existing studies, further research is warranted to ascertain the long-term efficacy of probiotics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19245,"journal":{"name":"Nutrition Research","volume":"136 ","pages":"Pages 133-152"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143776965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intervention design and adherence to Mediterranean diet in the Cardiovascular Risk Prevention with a Mediterranean Dietary Pattern Reduced in Saturated Fat (CADIMED) randomized trial","authors":"Lourdes Chávez-Alfaro ,&nbsp;Carmen Tenorio Jiménez ,&nbsp;Víctor Silveira-Sanguino ,&nbsp;María José Noguera Gómez ,&nbsp;Concepción Fernández-Moreno ,&nbsp;Ana María Rodríguez Cuesta ,&nbsp;Antonio F. Lebrón Arana ,&nbsp;Óscar Segura Calvo ,&nbsp;Ignacio Merino De Haro ,&nbsp;Concepción M. Aguilera ,&nbsp;Carolina Gómez-Llorente ,&nbsp;Óscar Daniel Rangel-Huerta ,&nbsp;Nerys Astbury ,&nbsp;Aurora Pérez-Cornago ,&nbsp;Marta Guasch-Ferre ,&nbsp;Carmen Piernas","doi":"10.1016/j.nutres.2025.03.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nutres.2025.03.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Effective interventions targeting modifiable cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, such as diet, are urgently needed. The Cardiovascular Risk Prevention with a Mediterranean Dietary Pattern Reduced in Saturated Fat study hypothesizes that eliminating red and processed meat in the context of a Mediterranean diet (MD) will significantly modify circulating low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration and the fatty acid profile compared to general CVD prevention advice. Here we describe the intervention design and summarize baseline dietary intakes (mean ± standard deviation) related to MD adherence and red/processed meat intakes in a sample of 81 participants. The Cardiovascular Risk Prevention with a Mediterranean Dietary Pattern Reduced in Saturated Fat study is a two-arm, 8-week parallel randomized controlled intervention trial involving a final sample of 156 adults (≥18 years) with dyslipidemia (not undergoing pharmacological treatment) recruited from healthcare and community settings in Granada (Spain). The primary outcome will assess changes in circulating low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and the fatty acid profile, whilst secondary outcomes will measure changes in CVD-related metabolites/biomarkers, gut microbiome, diet/lifestyle, and intervention feasibility/acceptability. Preliminary findings indicate low MD adherence (Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener score 7.6 ± 1.9), and high consumption of red and processed meat (1.04 ± 0.90) servings/d). These results underscore the need for targeted dietary interventions to address the growing burden of dyslipidemia and CVD. If successful, this intervention holds potential for scalability and significant impact on public health, dietary guidelines, and advancements in nutrition science by improving MD adherence and reducing CVD risk factors in adults with dyslipidemia.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19245,"journal":{"name":"Nutrition Research","volume":"136 ","pages":"Pages 120-132"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143767954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adherence to the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet was associated with the risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","authors":"Sadra Momeni ,&nbsp;Fatemeh Hajizadeh-Sharafabad ,&nbsp;Mohammad Reza Pashaei","doi":"10.1016/j.nutres.2025.03.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nutres.2025.03.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet has long been recommended for the management of hypertension, while it may provide other metabolic benefits. This study aimed to analyze the association between the DASH diet and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) risk through a systematic review and meta-analysis. We hypothesized that the adherence to DASH diet is inversely associated with NAFLD risk. PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched to find relevant publications up to September 2024. We included observational studies evaluating the association between the DASH diet score and the risk of NAFLD. Pooling effect sizes was conducted using a random effects model to determine the odd ratio (OR) of incident NAFLD associated with the DASH diet. Eight studies with a total of 120937 participants were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled OR for NAFLD in the highest score of the DASH diet vs. lowest score was 0.78 (95% CI: 0.70-0.86, <em>P</em> &lt; .001), indicating a significant inverse association between the DASH diet and NAFLD risk. The result was stable to sensitivity analysis. A significant heterogeneity was observed between studies (I²=62.7%, <em>P</em> = .009). Overall, this meta-analysis showed that individuals with the highest score of the DASH diet were 22% less likely to have NAFLD in comparison to those with the lowest score of the DASH diet, independent of body mass index. Further high-quality prospective studies are needed to confirm the protective effect of the DASH diet on NAFLD.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19245,"journal":{"name":"Nutrition Research","volume":"137 ","pages":"Pages 14-21"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143783820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of prebiotics on growth metrics in infants: A GRADE approach systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials","authors":"Seyedeh-Tarlan Mirzohreh ,&nbsp;Asma Sohrabnavi ,&nbsp;Padideh Panahi ,&nbsp;Zeinab Nikniaz ,&nbsp;Mahdieh Abbasalizad Farhangi ,&nbsp;Sevana Daneghian ,&nbsp;Leila Nikniaz","doi":"10.1016/j.nutres.2025.03.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nutres.2025.03.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Breastfeeding is often not feasible for all mothers, making infant formula a critical alternative for ensuring infant safety and nutrition. We hypothesized that the inclusion of prebiotics in infant formula significantly affects growth metrics in infants compared to standard formula. This study aims to fill a knowledge gap regarding the effects of prebiotics in infant formula on infant growth and development, particularly given the varying compositions and durations of prebiotic supplementation. A systematic review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines, analyzing 24 studies sourced from databases such as PubMed and Cochrane, with risk of bias assessed using RoB-2 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The findings revealed no significant differences in weight gain (WG), height gain (HG), or head circumference gain (HCG) between prebiotic-fed infants and control groups overall. However, infants receiving prebiotics for 3 or more months exhibited a significant decrease in WG compared to controls (SMD -0.479, <em>P</em> &lt; .05). Notably, those fed formulas containing fructo-oligosaccharides/galacto-oligosaccharides and a combination of polydextrose/galacto-oligosaccharides/lactulose demonstrated improved WG (SMDs of 0.214 and 0.184, <em>P</em> &lt; .05 respectively). Conversely, infants on formulas with inulin-enriched oligo-fructose (IOF) experienced reduced WG and HG. In conclusion, while prebiotics did not consistently enhance growth metrics, specific combinations showed potential benefits, emphasizing the need for tailored approaches in infant formula design to optimize growth without compromising health.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19245,"journal":{"name":"Nutrition Research","volume":"137 ","pages":"Pages 22-46"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143821385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Apparently healthy young black adults report lower total fluid intake and exhibit higher plasma copeptin than young White adults","authors":"Nina L. Stute ,&nbsp;Braxton A. Linder ,&nbsp;Sofia O. Sanchez ,&nbsp;Joseph D. Vondrasek ,&nbsp;Brett Cross ,&nbsp;McKenna A. Tharpe ,&nbsp;Zach J. Hutchison ,&nbsp;Melissa Pangelinan ,&nbsp;Colleen X. Muñoz ,&nbsp;Gregory J. Grosicki ,&nbsp;Thomas Fuller-Rowell ,&nbsp;Austin T. Robinson","doi":"10.1016/j.nutres.2025.02.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nutres.2025.02.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Underhydration is associated with higher plasma copeptin concentration ([copeptin]), an arginine vasopressin surrogate associated with multiple chronic diseases. Middle-aged and older Black individuals are more likely to be underhydrated and exhibit higher [copeptin] than White individuals. However, limited data exists on racial differences in [copeptin] in young adults. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that apparently healthy young Black adults would report lower fluid intake and exhibit higher plasma [copeptin] than young White adults. Participants (n = 86; sex: 40F/46M; race: White n = 48, Black n = 38; age: 21<span><math><mrow><mspace></mspace><mo>±</mo><mspace></mspace></mrow></math></span>2 years, BMI: 25<span><math><mo>±</mo></math></span>4 kg/m²) completed 3-day food and fluid diaries. We operationalized beverages into 8 categories (water, sugar-sweetened beverages, milk/non-dairy alternatives, juice, nonaloric beverages (eg, diet drinks), coffee or tea (noncaloric), coffee or tea (caloric), and alcohol) and measured plasma [copeptin]. We assessed racial differences in fluid intake and [copeptin] and also examined relations between race, fluid intake, and [copeptin] via regression and correlation analyses. Compared with White adults, Black adults consumed less total fluid (64.0[31.3] vs. 89.7[53.6] oz), water, alcohol, and coffee/tea (noncaloric and caloric) but more juice (<em>p</em>s &lt; .05). Black participants exhibited higher plasma [copeptin] (6.38[4.83] vs. 4.45[2.92] pmol/L, <em>P</em> = .021). In the whole cohort, plasma [copeptin] was negatively correlated with water intake (<span><math><mrow><mi>ρ</mi><mspace></mspace></mrow></math></span>= -0.249, <em>P</em> = .021). However, racial differences in [copeptin] were attenuated by 27% when accounting for total fluid intake. Black young adults reported lower fluid intake and exhibited higher plasma [copeptin] than White young adults. Interventions are needed to address racial disparities in hydration practices, potentially attenuating racial differences in [copeptin] and related health disparities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19245,"journal":{"name":"Nutrition Research","volume":"136 ","pages":"Pages 81-93"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143724170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The combined indicator of vitamin B12 status calculated using 3-parameters (3cB12) is negatively associated with mortality among US adults: NHANES 1999 to 2004","authors":"Yanmei Li,&nbsp;Huifen Wang,&nbsp;Shuo Chen,&nbsp;Qilu Wei,&nbsp;Yini Liu,&nbsp;Zhenmei Song,&nbsp;Shiyu Du","doi":"10.1016/j.nutres.2025.02.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nutres.2025.02.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The association between vitamin B₁₂ status and the risk of mortality is controversial. The combined indicator calculated using 3 traditional parameters (3cB₁₂) can be used to indicate vitamin B₁₂ status. We hypothesize that vitamin B₁₂ deficiency indicated by 3cB₁₂ may be related to high mortality risks. To evaluate the association between 3cB₁₂ and all-cause, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer-related mortality, we used Cox proportional hazard models, cumulative Kaplan–Meier curves, and smooth curve fitting to assess data from NHANES 1999 to 2004. A total of 12,103 adults (20 years and older) were included in the analyses and 3595 participants were determined as deceased. The median follow-up duration was 202 months. In the fully adjusted model, all three mortality rates decreased along with the increase in 3cB₁₂ scores, with hazard ratio (HR) [95% confidence interval (CI)]: 0.81 (0.75, 0.87) for all-cause mortality, HR (95% CI): 0.83 (0.72, 0.95) for CVD mortality, and HR (95% CI): 0.79 (0.66, 0.96) for cancer-related mortality. When 3cB₁₂ was divided into two groups, individuals in the lower 3cB₁₂ group (3cB₁₂ &lt; −0.5) showed increased risks of all-cause mortality [HR (95% CI): 1.73 (1.48, 2.02)] and CVD mortality [HR (95% CI): 1.84 (1.31, 2.59)], as compared to the higher 3cB₁₂ group (3cB₁₂ ≥ −0.5). The smooth fitting curves represented a negative linear relationship between 3cB₁₂ and all three types of mortality (<em>P</em> for nonlinearity &gt;.05). In conclusion, the extrapolation of 3cB₁₂ from conventional metrics affords a novel perspective for evaluating B₁₂ nutritional status and mortality risk.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19245,"journal":{"name":"Nutrition Research","volume":"136 ","pages":"Pages 53-63"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143714857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}