Neurology International最新文献

{"title":"Neurofilament Light Chain and Multiple Sclerosis: Building a Neurofoundational Model of Biomarkers and Diagnosis.","authors":"Rany Aburashed, Ansam Eghzawi, Daniel Long, Robert Pace, Ali Madha, Jeanie Cote","doi":"10.3390/neurolint17040056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/neurolint17040056","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Neurofilament light chain (NfL), an abundant cytoskeletal protein in neurons, has emerged as a promising serum biomarker that indicates non-specific neuronal damage secondary to various neurologic diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). Emerging evidence suggests that serum NfL levels correlate with future disability, brain atrophy, predict new disease activity, and decrease in response to various disease-modifying therapies. As research continues to validate NfL's potential role in clinical practice, the need for a practical model to conceptualize and visualize its relevance to MS pathology becomes evident-not only for healthcare providers but also for patients. To address this, we propose the Neurofoundational Model (NFM), which likens a neuron to a home, with various parts of the home representing distinct regions of the central nervous system (CNS). In this model, the home (neuron) experiences scenarios such as a fire, an earthquake, and a slow flood, representing distinct MS disease states. A fire illustrates an MS relapse with good recovery, where serum NfL levels rise during the relapse and subsequently return near baseline. An earthquake represents an MS relapse with poor recovery, where NfL levels increase and remain elevated above baseline. Finally, a slow flood depicts MS in progressive stages, characterized by sustained and gradually increasing serum NfL levels without abrupt clinical changes. This approach offers a clear and relatable visualization for clinicians and patients alike, illustrating the dynamics of serum NfL levels during CNS damage caused by demyelination. By integrating this model into clinical practice, we aim to enhance understanding and communication regarding the role of NfL in MS pathology and its potential utility as a biomarker.</p>","PeriodicalId":19130,"journal":{"name":"Neurology International","volume":"17 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12029522/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144036668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Relationship Between Clinical Features of Ischemic Stroke and miRNA Expression in Stroke Patients: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Katarzyna Prus, Konrad Rejdak, Federico Bilotta","doi":"10.3390/neurolint17040055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/neurolint17040055","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives:</b> Ischemic stroke remains a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Despite significant progress in reperfusion therapy, the optimal ischemic stroke management strategy has not been developed. Recent studies demonstrate that microRNA may play an essential role in the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke and its possible potential to be a treatment target point. The proposed systematic review aimed to report the relationship between IS's clinical severity and miRNA expression. Secondary outcomes included infarct volume, systemic inflammatory markers, and prognosis, as well as additional features such as stroke subtype, comorbidity, and risk of subsequent stroke in correlation to miRNA expression. <b>Methods</b>: We have performed a systematic search of database resources according to PRISMA statement guidelines. Twenty-seven studies on a total number of 3906 patients were assessed as suitable for the present SR. Included studies analyzed the expression of 30 different miRNA fragments. <b>Results</b>: After investigating available data, we have identified a set of possible miRNA fragment candidates that may be used in stroke diagnostics and have the potential to be a base for the development of future treatment protocols. <b>Conclusions</b>: Studies included in the presented SR indicate that miRNA expression may be significantly associated with clinical severity, infarct volume, and inflammation in ischemic stroke. More prospective, properly designed protocols with consistent methods of miRNA testing and optimized clinical assessment are needed to confirm the role of miRNA expression in the course of a stroke.</p>","PeriodicalId":19130,"journal":{"name":"Neurology International","volume":"17 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12029955/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143991187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combined MR Volumetry and T2* Relaxometry Reveals the Olfactory System as an Iron-Dependent Structure Affected by Radiation.","authors":"Njenga R Kamau, Michelle R Tamplin, Chu-Yu Lee, Eric D Axelson, Isabella M Grumbach, Michael S Petronek","doi":"10.3390/neurolint17040053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/neurolint17040053","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives:</b> Radiation therapy can often lead to structural and functional changes in the brain resulting in radiation-induced brain injury. This study investigates the MRI-detectable effects of whole-brain irradiation across all neuroanatomical structures in adult mice, with a specific focus on T2* MRI measurements, to evaluate regions that may be particularly sensitive to iron accumulation. <b>Methods:</b> One year following irradiation or sham treatment, mice were imaged with a 7T MRI to evaluate changes in regional volume and T2* relaxation times across more than 652 neuroanatomical using the DSURQE mouse brain atlas. <b>Results:</b> Statistical analysis identified 301 altered regions with respect to regional volume and 85 regions with respect to T2* relaxation showing significant differences relative to the control group (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Further data refinement, including the consolidation of redundant, bi-lateral structures revealed 18 subregions with significant changes in both volume and T2*. The data refinement revealed that the most represented system was the olfactory system (8/18 regions, 44%). The olfactory regions also showed the most pronounced changes and greatest correlation between the two metrics. <b>Conclusions:</b> These findings are suggestive that ionizing radiation may cause a pronounced disruption in the olfactory system that coincides with potential iron accumulation.</p>","PeriodicalId":19130,"journal":{"name":"Neurology International","volume":"17 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12029731/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143995506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bridging the Gap Between Research and Clinical Practice in Treatment Strategies and Mechanisms of Acute Ischemic Stroke.","authors":"Sonu M M Bhaskar","doi":"10.3390/neurolint17040054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/neurolint17040054","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) remains a formidable global health challenge, with approximately 11 [...].</p>","PeriodicalId":19130,"journal":{"name":"Neurology International","volume":"17 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12029360/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144002691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Linking Memory Impairment to Structural Connectivity in Extrahippocampal Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Surgery.","authors":"Niels Alexander Foit, Karin Gau, Alexander Rau, Horst Urbach, Jürgen Beck, Andreas Schulze-Bonhage","doi":"10.3390/neurolint17040052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/neurolint17040052","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) constitutes the most common drug-refractory epilepsy syndrome. Tailored approaches are required, as TLE originates from extrahippocampal lesions in about one-quarter of surgical candidates. Despite high success rates in seizure control, concern persists regarding postoperative memory decline after lesionectomy. We investigated the associations between structural connectivity and postoperative memory performance in extrahippocampal TLE surgery.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In total, 55 patients (25 females, 30 males; mean age 29.8 ± 14.5 years; epilepsy duration 7.9 ± 10.5 years, 31 left, 24 right TLE) with extrahippocampal TLE undergoing hippocampal-sparing surgery were evaluated with standardized pre- and postoperative neuropsychological testing. Lesion volumes intersected with Human Connectome Project-derived tractography data were employed to assess the structural connectivity integrity via voxel-based and connectome-informed lesion-symptom mapping to identify cortical and white matter structures associated with cognitive outcomes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Post-surgery, the widespread structural disconnection of several major white matter pathways was found, correlating with verbal memory and delayed recall. Additionally, the structural disconnection of the ipsilateral temporal lobe white matter was further associated with hippocampal atrophy.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our study highlights the role of structural connectivity alterations in postoperative memory decline in extrahippocampal TLE surgery. These findings expand the traditional understanding of hippocampal integrity in memory function towards the importance of broader structural networks. Individualized, connectome-informed surgical approaches might protect neurocognitive function.</p>","PeriodicalId":19130,"journal":{"name":"Neurology International","volume":"17 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12029327/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144021197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Demographic and Clinical Characteristics in Different Motor Subtypes of Parkinson's Disease: How Well Do the Findings Fit Within the Framework of Existing Hypotheses?","authors":"Timotej Petrijan, Marija Menih","doi":"10.3390/neurolint17040051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/neurolint17040051","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and purpose: </strong>This study aimed to investigate risk factors, prodromal signs, and non-motor symptoms (NMSs) across various motor subtypes of Parkinson's disease (PD) and to interpret the findings within the context of existing hypotheses on PD subtypes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A search of the database yielded 300 individuals who satisfied the study's inclusion and exclusion criteria. Among them, 168 patients diagnosed with idiopathic PD underwent a comprehensive evaluation of both motor and non-motor symptoms. The classification of motor subtypes was conducted according to the methodology proposed by Stebbins.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study population consisted of 59.9% males, with an average age of disease onset at 65.45 years. Among them, 87 (51.8%) were classified as having the tremor-dominant (TD) subtype, 61 (36.3%) had the postural instability and gait disorder (PIGD) subtype, and 20 (11.9%) fell into the intermediate (I) subtype. Significant differences between motor subtypes were observed in age at assessment (<i>p</i> = 0.03), age at onset (<i>p</i> = 0.02), education level (<i>p</i> = 0.015), handedness (<i>p</i> = 0.013), proportion of non-smokers (<i>p</i> = 0.021), cognitive impairment (<i>p</i> = 0.003), and apathy (<i>p</i> = 0.003). Additionally, statistically significant variations were found across different rating scales and questionnaires, including MoCA (<i>p</i> = 0.009), HAM-A (<i>p</i> = 0.008), HAM-D (<i>p</i> = 0.007), H&Y (<i>p</i> = 0.004), SAS (<i>p</i> = 0.004), NMSS Domain 3 (mood/apathy) (<i>p</i> = 0.003), and NMSS Domain 5 (attention/memory) (<i>p</i> = 0.003).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The study revealed substantial differences between motor subtypes, underscoring the complexity of PD. These findings highlight the importance of comprehensive evaluations of both MS and NMSs to optimize patient care, improve quality of life, and fit well within the framework of the existing hypotheses of PD subtypes.</p>","PeriodicalId":19130,"journal":{"name":"Neurology International","volume":"17 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12029960/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144012443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Brain Structural Abnormalities in Patients with Post-COVID-19 Headache.","authors":"Klaudia Széphelyi, Szilvia Kóra, Gergely Orsi, József Tollár","doi":"10.3390/neurolint17040050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/neurolint17040050","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/objectives: </strong>Headache is one of the most common neurological symptoms associated with COVID-19, affecting approximately 25% of patients. While most headaches resolve within weeks, some persist for months, suggesting underlying structural brain changes. This study aimed to identify brain MRI abnormalities associated with chronic headaches in patients with a history of COVID-19 infection.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective study included 30 patients with post-COVID-19 headaches and 30 control patients with no history of COVID-19. Demographic characteristics were analyzed using <i>t</i>-tests and chi-square tests. MRI findings were categorized into six types: cortical atrophy, white matter lesions, vascular lesions, lacunar lesions, vascular encephalopathy, and sinusitis. Differences in MRI findings between the two groups were evaluated using chi-square tests. Secondary outcomes included the analysis of symptoms accompanying headaches, diagnoses following MRI, and treatments applied.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>White matter lesions were significantly more frequent in the post-COVID-19 group (50%) compared to controls (20%) (<i>p</i> = 0.015). Conversely, sinusitis was more prevalent in the control group (36.7%) than in the post-COVID-19 group (6.7%) (<i>p</i> = 0.005). Other MRI abnormalities showed no significant differences. Cognitive dysfunction (30%) and dizziness (33.3%) were the most common associated symptoms. The most frequent diagnoses after MRI in the post-COVID-19 group were headaches/migraines (23.3%), post-COVID-19 headache (20%), and vestibular syndrome (13.3%).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Persistent post-COVID-19 headaches may be linked to structural white matter changes observed in MRI. Further research, ideally including pre-infection imaging data, is needed to determine the causal relationship between these lesions and chronic headache symptoms.</p><p><strong>Trial registration: </strong>This study was registered in ClinicalTrials with the trial registration number NCT06825741 on 13 February 2025.</p>","PeriodicalId":19130,"journal":{"name":"Neurology International","volume":"17 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12029816/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144002944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Continuous Measurement in Neurocritical Care of Cerebral Blood Flow (CBF) Calculated from ICP and Central Venous Pressure.","authors":"Erik Ryding","doi":"10.3390/neurolint17040049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/neurolint17040049","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives:</b> In neurocritical care, usually, the only continuous measurement of brain pathophysiology is intracranial pressure (ICP). The objective of this study was to find the relationship between cerebral blood flow (CBF) and parameters usually measured in neurocritical care, mainly central venous pressure and ICP. <b>Methods:</b> If the venous outflow of the CBF is considered, the CBF is controlled only by two parameters, the <i>rICP</i> (the ICP minus the venous blood pressure in the venous sinus at its outflow) and the <i>Rv</i> (the flow resistance of the soft-walled veins). For the <i>rICP</i>, the sinus blood pressure can be calculated from the central venous pressure (measured at the same horizontal level as the ICP) and the cervical venous flow resistance. For the <i>Rv</i>, the systolic ICP increase indicates the systolic arterial inflow volume, which then flows out before the diastole. The mean ICP increase divided by the mean outflow of the increased blood volume gives the <i>Rv</i>. This method of calculating the CBF by dividing the <i>rICP</i> by the <i>Rv</i> was named <b>CBF(1)</b>. For validation of <b>CBF(1)</b>, data from nine subjects in an open study were used. The data were ICP and MR blood flow measurements of arterial inflow and jugular vein outflow. Since the <i>rICP, Rv</i>, and CBF were unknown, an iterative method was needed to calculate these parameters. <b>Results:</b> The observed <i>Rv</i> and <i>rICP</i> values showed a close correlation, which indicated that CBF was dependant on the <i>rICP</i> only. Consequently, the comparison between the data in the study of the nine subjects, and the calculated values from <b>CBF(1)</b>, boiled down to a comparison between the supine ICP values and the calculated rICP. The comparison showed that the rICP and supine ICP had highly significant similarity, and that the <b>CBF(1)</b> method was validated. <b>Conclusions:</b> A method for CBF measurement from ICP data in neurocritical care was found.</p>","PeriodicalId":19130,"journal":{"name":"Neurology International","volume":"17 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12029251/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143973450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Point-of-Care Electroencephalography in Acute Neurological Care: A Narrative Review.","authors":"Roberto Fratangelo, Francesco Lolli, Maenia Scarpino, Antonello Grippo","doi":"10.3390/neurolint17040048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/neurolint17040048","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Point-of-care electroencephalography (POC-EEG) systems are rapid-access, reduced-montage devices designed to address the limitations of conventional EEG (conv-EEG), enabling faster neurophysiological assessment in acute settings. This review evaluates their clinical impact, diagnostic performance, and feasibility in non-convulsive status epilepticus (NCSE), traumatic brain injury (TBI), stroke, and delirium. A comprehensive search of Medline, Scopus, and Embase identified 69 studies assessing 15 devices. In suspected NCSE, POC-EEG facilitates rapid seizure detection and prompt diagnosis, making it particularly effective in time-sensitive and resource-limited settings. Its after-hours availability and telemedicine integration ensure continuous coverage. AI-assisted tools enhance interpretability and accessibility, enabling use by non-experts. Despite variability in accuracy, it supports triaging, improving management, treatment decisions and outcomes while reducing hospital stays, transfers, and costs. In TBI, POC-EEG-derived quantitative EEG (qEEG) indices reliably detect structural lesions, support triage, and minimize unnecessary CT scans. They also help assess concussion severity and predict recovery. For strokes, POC-EEG aids triage by detecting large vessel occlusions (LVOs) with high feasibility in hospital and prehospital settings. In delirium, spectral analysis and AI-assisted models enhance diagnostic accuracy, broadening its clinical applications. Although POC-EEG is a promising screening tool, challenges remain in diagnostic variability, technical limitations, and AI optimization, requiring further research.</p>","PeriodicalId":19130,"journal":{"name":"Neurology International","volume":"17 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12029912/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144028855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preventive Role of Cocoa-Enriched Extract Against Neuroinflammation in Mice.","authors":"Ivan Carrera, Lola Corzo, Olaia Martínez-Iglesias, Vinogran Naidoo, Ramón Cacabelos","doi":"10.3390/neurolint17040047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/neurolint17040047","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Chronic aberrant inflammation is a crucial step in mediating cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative pathologies, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Due to their exceptional antioxidant properties and ability to alter imbalance metabolism and reactive inflammation response, cocoa-derived flavanols are being investigated as potential bioactive substances to modulate and reverse these inflammation-associated disorders.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The present study will focus on the possible beneficial effects of cocoa-derived extract, enhanced with other bioactive phytochemicals such as spirulina and pineapple, on selected biomarkers of the inflammatory, metabolic, and neurodegenerative processes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A mice model of inflammation was treated with cocoa-derived extract cocktail, and biomolecular data was obtained by performing immunohistochemical and biochemical analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results show that the cocoa-derived extract mitigates the neuroinflammatory processes triggered (decreased expression of macrophage CD11b) and prevents the escalade of subsequent neurodegeneration pathologies.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The results based on hypo-vitaminosis, neuroinflammation, and inmunoreactive analysis suggest that cocoa-derived extract is a powerful bioproduct for ameliorating neuroinflammatory processes that mediate metabolic and cerebrovascular diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":19130,"journal":{"name":"Neurology International","volume":"17 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12029631/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144012445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}