Neurology International最新文献

{"title":"The Pathogenesis and Medical Treatment of Depression: Opportunity and Challenge.","authors":"Mengjiao Xu, Zhiyu Zhang, Zhoudong Zhang, Dong Liu, Yanguo Shang, Chenglun Tang, Weipeng Wang, Huanqiu Li, Bengang You, Hanjie Ying, Tao Shen","doi":"10.3390/neurolint17080120","DOIUrl":"10.3390/neurolint17080120","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Depression is a common mental disorder with high economic burden, characterized by high disability and mortality rates. The etiology of depression remains unclear to date, and there are various hypotheses regarding the pathogenesis of depression in clinical practice, including the monoamine neurotransmitter hypothesis, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysregulation hypothesis, the inflammatory cytokine hypothesis, and the neurotrophic factor hypothesis. These theories offer specific directional aid in the clinical management of individuals suffering from depression. Medicinal intervention stands as a critical approach within the spectrum of depression treatments, and this article reviews the specific mechanisms of different hypotheses on the pathogenesis of depression in recent years, as well as the research progress on related therapeutic drugs.</p>","PeriodicalId":19130,"journal":{"name":"Neurology International","volume":"17 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12388545/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144962599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Web-Deployed, Explainable AI System for Comprehensive Brain Tumor Diagnosis.","authors":"Serra Aksoy, Pinar Demircioglu, Ismail Bogrekci","doi":"10.3390/neurolint17080121","DOIUrl":"10.3390/neurolint17080121","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/objectives: </strong>Accurate diagnosis of brain tumors is one of the most important challenges in neuro-oncology since tumor classification and volumetric segmentation inform treatment planning. Two-dimensional classification and three-dimensional segmentation deep learning models can augment radiological workflows, particularly if paired with explainable AI techniques to improve model interpretability. The objective of this research was to develop a web-based brain tumor segmentation and classification diagnosis platform.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A diagnosis system was developed combining 2D tumor classification and 3D volumetric segmentation. Classification employed a fine-tuned MobileNetV2 model trained on a glioma, meningioma, pituitary tumor, and normal control dataset. Segmentation employed a SegResNet model trained on BraTS multi-channel MRI with synthetic no-tumor data. A meta-classifier MLP was used for binary tumor detection from volumetric features. Explainability was offered using XRAI maps for 2D predictions and Gaussian overlays for 3D visualizations. The platform was incorporated into a web interface for clinical use.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>MobileNetV2 2D model recorded 98.09% classification accuracy for tumor classification. 3D SegResNet obtained Dice coefficients around 68-70% for tumor segmentations. The MLP-based tumor detection module recorded 100% detection accuracy. Explainability modules could identify the area of the tumor, and saliency and overlay maps were consistent with real pathological features in both 2D and 3D.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Deep learning diagnosis system possesses improved brain tumor classification and segmentation with interpretable outcomes by utilizing XAI techniques. Deployment as a web tool and a user-friendly interface made it suitable for clinical usage in radiology workflows.</p>","PeriodicalId":19130,"journal":{"name":"Neurology International","volume":"17 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12388561/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144962568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of QuantiFERON-TB-Plus Results in Patients with Tuberculosis Infection and Multiple Sclerosis.","authors":"Elisa Petruccioli, Luca Prosperini, Serena Ruggieri, Valentina Vanini, Andrea Salmi, Gilda Cuzzi, Simonetta Galgani, Shalom Haggiag, Carla Tortorella, Gabriella Parisi, Alfio D'Agostino, Gina Gualano, Fabrizio Palmieri, Claudio Gasperini, Delia Goletti","doi":"10.3390/neurolint17080119","DOIUrl":"10.3390/neurolint17080119","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Disease-modifying drugs (DMDs) for multiple sclerosis (MS) slightly increase the risk of tuberculosis (TB) disease. The QuantiFERON-TB-Plus (QFT-Plus) test is approved for TB infection (TBI) screening. Currently, there are no data available regarding the characterization of QFT-Plus response in patients with MS.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study aimed to compare the magnitude of QFT-Plus responses between patients with MS and TBI (MS-TBI) and TBI subjects without MS (NON-MS-TBI). Additionally, discordant responses to TB1/TB2 stimulation were documented. Results were evaluated considering demographic and clinical data, particularly the impact of DMDs and the type of TB exposure.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Patients with MS (N = 810) were screened for TBI (2018-2023). Thirty (3.7%) had an MS-TBI diagnosis, and 20 were recruited for the study. As a control group, we enrolled 106 NON-MS-TBI.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>MS-TBI showed significantly lower IFN-γ production in response to TB1 (<i>p</i> = 0.01) and TB2 stimulation (<i>p</i> = 0.02) compared to NON-MS-TBI. The 30% of TB2 results of MS-TBI fell into the QFT-Plus grey zone (0.2-0.7 IU/mL). Only 7% of NON-MS-TBI showed this profile (<i>p</i> = 0.002).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>MS-TBI had a lower QFT-Plus response and more borderline results compared to NON-MS-TBI. Future studies should clarify the significance of the borderline results in this vulnerable population to improve QFT-Plus accuracy regarding sensitivity, specificity, and TB prediction.</p>","PeriodicalId":19130,"journal":{"name":"Neurology International","volume":"17 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12389123/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144962591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measuring Myotonia: Normative Values and Comparison with Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1.","authors":"Andrea Sipos, Milán Árvai, Dávid Varga, Brigitta Ruszin-Perecz, József Janszky, Nándor Hajdú, Endre Pál","doi":"10.3390/neurolint17080118","DOIUrl":"10.3390/neurolint17080118","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Myotonia is a rare neuromuscular condition characterized by impaired muscle relaxation. In this study, we provide normative values for clinical tests related to myotonia in the Hungarian population and compare them to patients with myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Relaxation tests (10 eye openings, tongue extension, and palm openings), handgrip strength, and the nine-hole peg test were conducted on 139 healthy individuals and 31 patients with DM1.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We observed non-significant declines in handgrip strength and relaxation tests with age (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Significant differences were found between controls (n:139) and patients with DM1 (n = 31) in all tests (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Sex differences were noted in the healthy population: men (n:68/139) had stronger handgrip (mean of men 42.45 ± 1.15 vs. women 24.3 ± 0.9) and slower relaxation tests (mean of eye openings in men 3.6 ± 0.2 vs. in women 4.2 ± 0.2, tongue extensions in men 3.7 ± 0.2 vs. in women 4.2 ± 0.2, palm openings in men 4 ± 0.2 vs. in women 4.9 ± 0.2 However, these differences were not present among patients with DM1.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Normal values for relaxation tests across different age groups were established. These results might be useful for further clinical investigations. Our study supports the usage of averages of healthy population instead of age groups of relaxation tests and their clinical relevance in the evaluation of patients with myotonia.</p>","PeriodicalId":19130,"journal":{"name":"Neurology International","volume":"17 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12389102/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144962543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Systematic Review of Parkinsonism in Cerebrotendinous Xanthomatosis.","authors":"Jennifer Hanson, Penelope E Bonnen","doi":"10.3390/neurolint17080117","DOIUrl":"10.3390/neurolint17080117","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cerebrotendinous Xanthomatosis (CTX) is a rare, inherited metabolic disease caused by pathogenic variants in <i>CYP27A1</i>. The clinical presentation of this progressive disease includes cognitive deficits, ataxia, peripheral neuropathy, and pyramidal signs, as well as bilateral cataracts and tendon xanthomas. In some cases, CTX also includes parkinsonism. The goals of this study are to develop a data source that provides improved characterization and awareness of parkinsonism in CTX.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a systematic review of the literature according to PRISMA guidelines to identify all published individuals diagnosed with CTX and parkinsonism. Clinical signs, imaging findings and treatment response to both chenodeoxycholic acid and dopaminergic medications were examined for 72 subjects.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The average age of onset of parkinsonism in these CTX patients was 42 years, illustrating the early onset nature of parkinsonism in CTX. Functional dopaminergic imaging revealed the loss of presynaptic dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra which points to neurodegeneration of the dopaminergic system as the underlying pathophysiology for parkinsonism in CTX. Brain MRI showed abnormalities in the basal ganglia in 38% of subjects. MRI also showed abnormalities in the cerebellum in 88% of subjects which is typical for CTX and can be utilized to distinguish subjects with CTX and parkinsonism from individuals with other forms of atypical parkinsonism. Dopaminergic medication mitigated parkinsonism signs in most individuals with CTX.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>CTX is a neurometabolic disease that can result in levodopa-responsive parkinsonism that should be included in the differential for atypical parkinsonism.</p>","PeriodicalId":19130,"journal":{"name":"Neurology International","volume":"17 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12389545/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144962549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reliability and Validity of the Lowenstein Communication Scale.","authors":"Anna Oksamitni, Hiela Lehrer, Ilana Gelernter, Michal Scharf, Lilach Front, Olga Bendit-Goldenberg, Amiram Catz, Elena Aidinoff","doi":"10.3390/neurolint17080116","DOIUrl":"10.3390/neurolint17080116","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/objectives: </strong>The Lowenstein Communication Scale (LCS) is a tool for the evaluation of communicative performance in patients with disorders of consciousness (DOC). This study investigated the reliability and validity of the LCS.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We evaluated 23 inpatients with unresponsive wakefulness syndrome (UWS) and 18 in a minimally conscious state (MCS), at admission to a Consciousness Rehabilitation Department and one month later. The evaluations included assessments of LCS by two raters, and of the Coma Recovery Scale-Revised (CRS-R) by one rater.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Total inter-rater agreement in LCS task scoring was found in 58-100% of the patients. Cohen's kappa values were >0.6 for most tasks. High correlations were found between the two raters on total scores and most subscales (r = 0.599-1.000, <i>p</i> < 0.001), and the differences between them were small. LCS subscales and total score intraclass correlations (ICC) were high. Internal consistency was acceptable (Cronbach's α > 0.7) for most LCS subscales and total scores. Moderate to strong correlations were found between LCS and CRS-R scores (r = 0.554-0.949, <i>p</i> < 0.05), and the difference in responsiveness between LCS and CRS-R was non-significant.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The findings indicate that the LCS is reliable and valid, making it a valuable clinical and research assessment tool for patients with DOC.</p>","PeriodicalId":19130,"journal":{"name":"Neurology International","volume":"17 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12388834/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144962603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Endovascular Treatment of Stroke and Anesthesia Technique: What Is the Best Approach, According to the Literature?","authors":"Federica Arturi, Gabriele Melegari, Fabio Gazzotti, Elisabetta Bertellini, Alberto Barbieri","doi":"10.3390/neurolint17080115","DOIUrl":"10.3390/neurolint17080115","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/objectives: </strong>Endovascular thrombectomy has become a mainstay in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke caused by large vessel occlusion. Among the multiple factors that influence outcomes, the choice of anesthetic technique-general anesthesia (GA), conscious sedation (CS), or local anesthesia (LA)-remains controversial. This narrative review aims to critically examine and synthesize current evidence comparing the efficacy and safety of different anesthetic strategies in endovascular stroke treatment.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A structured search of the PubMed^® database was conducted using the terms \"stroke treatment\", \"endovascular stroke treatment\", \"anesthesia\", \"general anesthesia\", \"conscious sedation\", and \"local anesthesia\". The search focused on clinical trials involving human subjects published in English. Studies were included if they compared at least two anesthetic techniques during thrombectomy and reported outcomes such as neurological recovery, mortality, or complication rates. Reviews, case reports, and animal studies were excluded.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Several randomized controlled trials and observational studies show comparable functional outcomes between GA and CS, though CS may confer advantages in early neurological recovery and reduced complications. Local anesthesia, though less studied, may offer favorable outcomes in selected patients. General anesthesia appears to be associated with greater hemodynamic variability and a higher risk of post-procedural infections, particularly in unsuccessful interventions. Maintaining stable blood pressure and minimizing ventilation duration are crucial to improving patient prognosis.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>While both GA and CS are viable options during thrombectomy, CS and LA may provide a safer profile in selected patients by preserving hemodynamic stability and reducing infectious risk. Personalized anesthetic strategies and further high-quality trials are warranted.</p>","PeriodicalId":19130,"journal":{"name":"Neurology International","volume":"17 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12389025/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144962519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Elevated Urinary Titin in Adult Spinal Muscular Atrophy: A Multicenter, Cross-Sectional Observational Study.","authors":"Andrea Sipos, Emese Rebeka Ripszám, Judit Mária Molnár, Zoltán Grosz, Judit Boczán, Melinda Borbála Altorjay, Livia Dézsi, Anett Csáti, Kristóf Babarczy, Norbert Kovács, Nándor Hajdú, Endre Pál","doi":"10.3390/neurolint17080114","DOIUrl":"10.3390/neurolint17080114","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a treatable motor neuron disease. Biomarkers for skeletal muscle atrophy are extremely important for measuring the effects of treatment and monitoring the natural course of the disease. The urinary titin N fragment (UNT) has recently been proven to be related to muscle damage. <b>Methods:</b> The UNT was measured in 41 patients with SMA and 41 healthy controls. Clinical data, functional tests, and laboratory findings were also recorded. <b>Results:</b> We found significantly higher UNT levels in the patient samples than in the healthy subjects. The UNT was not related to disease type, functional test results, or serum creatine kinase levels. <b>Conclusions:</b> This cross-sectional study highlights the importance of the UNT as a potential noninvasive biomarker for spinal muscular atrophy. Its role can potentially be verified through longitudinal studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":19130,"journal":{"name":"Neurology International","volume":"17 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12388725/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144962548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Overview About Figure-of-Eight Walk Test in Neurological Disorders: A Scoping Review.","authors":"Gabriele Triolo, Roberta Lombardo, Daniela Ivaldi, Angelo Quartarone, Viviana Lo Buono","doi":"10.3390/neurolint17070112","DOIUrl":"10.3390/neurolint17070112","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The figure-of-eight walk test (F8WT) assesses gait on a curved path, reflecting everyday walking complexity. Despite recognized validity among elderly individuals, its application in neurological disorders remains inadequately explored. This scoping review summarizes evidence regarding F8WT use, validity, and clinical applicability among individuals with neurological disorders.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A systematic literature search was conducted in the PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science databases. After reading the full text of the selected studies and applying predefined inclusion criteria, seven studies, involving participants with multiple sclerosis (n = 3 studies), Parkinson's disease (n = 2 studies), and stroke (n = 2 studies), were included based on pertinence and relevance to the topic.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>F8WT demonstrated strong reliability and validity across various neurological populations and correlated significantly with established measures of gait, balance, and disease severity. Preliminary evidence supports its ability to discriminate individuals at increased fall risk and detect subtle motor performance changes.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The F8WT emerges as a valuable tool, capturing multifaceted gait impairments often missed by linear walking assessments. Sensitive to subtle functional changes, it is suitable for tracking disease progression and intervention efficacy.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>F8WT is reliable and clinically relevant, effectively identifying subtle, complex walking impairments in neurological disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":19130,"journal":{"name":"Neurology International","volume":"17 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12300731/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144708234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Central Variant of Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Bahadar S Srichawla, Maria A Garcia-Dominguez, Brian Silver","doi":"10.3390/neurolint17070113","DOIUrl":"10.3390/neurolint17070113","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The central variant of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (cvPRES) is an atypical subtype of PRES. Although no unifying definitions exists, it is most often characterized by vasogenic edema involving \"central\" structures, such as the brainstem, subcortical nuclei, and spinal cord, with relative sparing of the parieto-occipital lobes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This systematic review and meta-analysis followed the PRISMA guidelines and was pre-registered on PROSPERO [CRD42023483806]. Both the Joanna Briggs Institute and New-Castle Ottawa scale were used for case reports and cohort studies, respectively. The meta-analysis was completed using R-Studio and its associated \"metafor\" package.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A comprehensive search in four databases yielded 70 case reports/series (<i>n</i> = 100) and 12 cohort studies. The meta-analysis revealed a pooled incidence rate of 13% (95% CI: 9-18%) for cvPRES amongst included cohort studies on PRES. Significant heterogeneity was observed (I² = 71% and a <i>τ</i>² = 0.2046). The average age of affected individuals was 40.9 years, with a slightly higher prevalence in males (54%). The most common etiological factor was hypertension (72%). Fifty percent had an SBP >200 mmHg at presentation and a mean arterial pressure (MAP) of 217.6 ± 40.82. Imaging revealed an increased T₂ signal involving the brain stem (88%), most often in the pons (62/88; 70.45%), and 18/100 (18%) cases of PRES with spinal cord involvement (PRES-SCI). Management primarily involved blood pressure reduction, with adjunctive therapies for underlying causes such as anti-seizure medications or hemodialysis. The MAP between isolated PRES-SCI and cvPRES without spinal cord involvement did not show significant differences (<i>p</i> = 0.5205). Favorable outcomes were observed in most cases, with a mortality rate of only 2%.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>cvPRES is most often associated with higher blood pressure compared to prior studies with typical PRES. The pons is most often involved. Despite the severity of blood pressure and critical brain stem involvement, those with cvPRES have favorable functional outcomes and a lower mortality rate than typical PRES, likely attributable to reversible vasogenic edema without significant neuronal dysfunction.</p>","PeriodicalId":19130,"journal":{"name":"Neurology International","volume":"17 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12298113/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144708329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}