Nanophotonics最新文献

{"title":"Cascaded metasurface for polarization-dependent varifocal vortex beam manipulation","authors":"Wenhui Xu, Chenhui Zhao, Hui Li, Jie Li, Qi Tan, Yufei Liu, Hang Xu, Yun Shen, Jianquan Yao","doi":"10.1515/nanoph-2025-0153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2025-0153","url":null,"abstract":"Vortex beams, characterized by orbital angular momentum (OAM), hold significant potential in optical communications, quantum information processing, and optical manipulation. However, existing metasurface designs are largely confined to single-degree-of-freedom control, such as static OAM generation or fixed focal points, which limiting their ability to integrate polarization multiplexing with dynamic focal tuning. To address this challenge, we propose a tunable multifunctional cascaded metasurface that synergizes polarization-sensitive phase engineering with interlayer rotational coupling, overcoming conventional device limitations. The designed metasurface independently generates distinct OAM states in orthogonal circular polarization channels under right-handed circularly polarized (RCP) incidence, that is, a vortex beam with topological charge ℓ = −1 in the left-handed circularly polarized (LCP) channel and a superimposed vortex state (ℓ = +1, −1) in the RCP channel. Continuous focal tuning is achieved via interlayer rotation in the axis-direction, with experimental validation at target frequency. Experimental results demonstrate the focal length modulation range from 25.9λ to 9.5λ as the interlayer rotation angle varies between 90° and 240°. This multi-degree-of-freedom control strategy establishes a new method for high-capacity optical communications, dynamic holography, and quantum state manipulation, while advancing the development of intelligent metasurfaces for 6G networks and integrated photonic systems.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144593842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-wavelength diffractive optical neural network integrated with 2D photonic crystals for joint optical classification","authors":"Yuanyuan Zhang, Kuo Zhang, Pei Hu, Daxing Li, Shuai Feng","doi":"10.1515/nanoph-2025-0168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2025-0168","url":null,"abstract":"Optical neural networks (ONNs) have demonstrated unique advantages in overcoming the limitations of traditional electronic computing through their inherent physical properties, including high parallelism, ultra-wide bandwidth, and low power consumption. As a crucial implementation of ONNs, on-chip diffractive optical neural network (DONN) offers an effective solution for achieving highly integrated and energy-efficient machine learning tasks. Notably, wavelength, as a fundamental degree of freedom in optical field manipulation, exhibits multidimensional multiplexing capabilities that can significantly enhance computational parallelism. However, existing DONNs predominantly operate under single-wavelength mechanisms, limiting the computational throughput. Here, we propose a multi-wavelength visual classification architecture termed PhC-DONN, which integrates two-dimensional photonic crystal (PhC) components with diffractive computing units. The architecture comprises three functional modules: (1) a PhC convolutional layer that enables multi-wavelength feature extraction; (2) a three-stage diffraction layer performing parallel modulation of optical fields; and (3) a PhC nonlinear activation layer implementing wavelength nonlinear computation. The results demonstrate that the PhC-DONN achieves classification accuracies of 99.09 % on the MNIST dataset, 66.41 % on the CIFAR-10 dataset, and 92.25 % on KTH human action recognition. By introducing a wavelength-parallel classification mechanism, the architecture accomplishes multi-channel inference during a single light propagation pass, resulting in a 32-fold enhancement in computational throughput compared to conventional DONNs while improving classification accuracy. This work not only establishes a novel optical classification paradigm for multi-wavelength optical neural network, but also provides a viable pathway towards constructing large-scale photonic intelligence parallel processors.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144578393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neural network connectivity by optical broadcasting between III-V nanowires","authors":"Kristians Draguns, Vidar Flodgren, David Winge, Alfredo Serafini, Aigars Atvars, Janis Alnis, Anders Mikkelsen","doi":"10.1515/nanoph-2025-0035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2025-0035","url":null,"abstract":"Biological neural network functionality depends on the vast number of connections between nodes, which can be challenging to implement artificially. One radical solution is to replace physical wiring with broadcasting of signals between the artificial neurons. We explore an implementation of this concept by light emitting/receiving III-V semiconductor nanowire neurons in a quasi-2D waveguide. They broadcast light in anisotropic patterns and specific regions in the nanowires are sensitised to exciting and inhibiting light signals. Weights of connections between nodes can then be tailored using the geometric light absorption/emission patterns. Through detailed simulations, we determine the connection strength based on rotation and separation between the nanowires. Our findings reveal that complex weight distributions are possible, indicating that specific neuron geometric patterns can achieve highly variable connectivity as needed for neural networks. An important design parameter is matching the wavelength to the specific physical dimensions of the network. To demonstrate applicability, we simulate a reservoir neural network using a hexagonal pattern of nanowires with random angular orientations, displaying its ability to perform chaotic time series prediction. The design is compatible with integration on Si substrates and can be extended to other nanophotonic components.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144565653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High performance mode (de)multiplexer assisted with a microring resonator on the lithium niobate-on-insulator platform","authors":"Wenbing Jiang, Jiang Qu, Yu Guo, Boyu Zhang, Jia Du, Xiongping Bao, Xiao Chen, Weibiao Chen, Libing Zhou","doi":"10.1515/nanoph-2025-0146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2025-0146","url":null,"abstract":"The high extinction ratio mode (de)multiplexer is a pivotal component in high capacity mode-division multiplexing data communication and nascent on-chip intermodal acousto-optic modulators. Up to now, high performance on-chip mode (de)multiplexers are still lacking for integrated AOMs on the lithium niobate-on-insulator platform. In this paper, we propose and demonstrate an innovative scheme to achieve high extinction ratio signal routing for acousto-optic modulation, by leveraging a two-mode (de)multiplexer in conjunction with a high-<jats:italic>Q</jats:italic> racetrack microring resonator. The integrated devices are fabricated with one-step electron beam lithography and dry etching processes. The demonstrated two-mode (de)multiplexer boasts the excellent intermodal crosstalk below −20 dB and the on-chip insertion loss of less than 1.92 dB within the wavelength range of 1,514–1,580 nm. With the reinforcement of the microring resonator filter, the carrier signal can be suppressed thoroughly and the measured extinction ratio attains over 30 dB. Our proof-of-principle investigations have provided a feasible and compact solution to implement practical intermodal AOMs in LNOI for photonic and quantum information process, microwave photonics, and LiDAR.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144565654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Real-time tuning of plasmonic nanogap cavity resonances through solvent environments","authors":"Eunso Shin, Rachel E. Bangle, Maiken H. Mikkelsen","doi":"10.1515/nanoph-2024-0749","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2024-0749","url":null,"abstract":"Nanogap cavity metasurfaces – an array of metallic nanoparticles separated from a metal plane by a nanometer-scale dielectric material – can manipulate electromagnetic waves across a wide wavelength range. Through this, they can profoundly modify the optical processes of molecules and materials relevant to quantum communications, photocatalysis, and optoelectronics. Interactions between nanocavities and light, however, require overlap between the cavity resonance and the energy of the incident photon or optical transition, demanding labor-intensive fabrication of bespoke metasurfaces for each desired application. Here, we dynamically tune the resonance wavelength of nanogap cavity metasurfaces by modulating the refractive index of the surrounding medium using solvents. We achieve precise, reversible, and broadband resonance control for narrow nanogap cavity resonances (full width half max &lt;500 nm) over a range of 1–5 µm, while maintaining high absorption efficiency (60–98 %). Resonance tuning up to 300 nm for a single metasurface was achieved by changing the dielectric environment from air to solvents with controlled refractive indexes <jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 1.3–1.7 without any discernable metasurface degradation. This opens new possibilities for applications in optical sensing with significantly increased nanofabrication tolerances, such as tunable photonic devices and adaptive optical systems, where precise control over light–matter interactions is critical.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144565652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Machine-learning-assisted photonic device development: a multiscale approach from theory to characterization","authors":"Yuheng Chen, Alexander Montes McNeil, Taehyuk Park, Blake A. Wilson, Vaishnavi Iyer, Michael Bezick, Jae-Ik Choi, Rohan Ojha, Pravin Mahendran, Daksh Kumar Singh, Geetika Chitturi, Peigang Chen, Trang Do, Alexander V. Kildishev, Vladimir M. Shalaev, Michael Moebius, Wenshan Cai, Yongmin Liu, Alexandra Boltasseva","doi":"10.1515/nanoph-2025-0049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2025-0049","url":null,"abstract":"Photonic device development (PDD) has achieved remarkable success in designing and implementing new devices for controlling light across various wavelengths, scales, and applications, including telecommunications, imaging, sensing, and quantum information processing. PDD is an iterative, five-step process that consists of: (i) deriving device behavior from design parameters, (ii) simulating device performance, (iii) finding the optimal candidate designs from simulations, (iv) fabricating the optimal device, and (v) measuring device performance. Classically, all these steps involve Bayesian optimization, material science, control theory, and direct physics-driven numerical methods. However, many of these techniques are computationally intractable, monetarily costly, or difficult to implement at scale. In addition, PDD suffers from large optimization landscapes, uncertainties in structural or optical characterization, and difficulties in implementing robust fabrication processes. However, the advent of machine learning over the past decade has provided novel, data-driven strategies for tackling these challenges, including surrogate estimators for speeding up computations, generative modeling for noisy measurement modeling and data augmentation, reinforcement learning for fabrication, and active learning for experimental physical discovery. In this review, we present a comprehensive perspective on these methods to enable machine-learning-assisted PDD (ML-PDD) for efficient design optimization with powerful generative models, fast simulation and characterization modeling under noisy measurements, and reinforcement learning for fabrication. This review will provide researchers from diverse backgrounds with valuable insights into this emerging topic, fostering interdisciplinary efforts to accelerate the development of complex photonic devices and systems.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144565659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modulation of the type and excitation region of plasmonic topological quasiparticles in a metasurface by tailoring the excitation light","authors":"Xinru An, Peng Lang, Xuefeng Shi, Boyu Ji, Feng Lin, Yihe Lin, Yang Xu, Xiaowei Song, Jingquan Lin","doi":"10.1515/nanoph-2025-0200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2025-0200","url":null,"abstract":"We propose and demonstrate to manipulate the generation of plasmonic skyrmion and meron as well as their field spatial distribution with a metasurface composed of T-shaped nanoslit arrays by tuning the wavelength and spin of the excitation light. Simulation results show that plasmonic skyrmion and meron can be constructed and their field distribution can be manipulated within the proposed metasurface. Controllable unidirectional propagation of surface plasmon polaritons, which depends on the wavelength and spin of the incident circularly polarized light via the geometric phase introduced by the T-shaped nanoslit array, supports the formation of plasmonic topological quasiparticles. Scanning near-field optical microscope (SNOM) is employed to image the field profile of the plasmonic topological quasiparticles under the different excitation conditions, and it is found out that the field profile obtained by SNOM is in good agreement with the simulation result.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144565660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An atlas of photonic and plasmonic materials for cathodoluminescence microscopy","authors":"Sven Ebel, Yonas Lebsir, Torgom Yezekyan, N. Asger Mortensen, Sergii Morozov","doi":"10.1515/nanoph-2025-0135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2025-0135","url":null,"abstract":"Cathodoluminescence (CL) microscopy has emerged as a powerful tool for investigating the optical properties of materials at the nanoscale, offering unique insights into the behavior of photonic and plasmonic materials under electron excitation. We introduce an atlas of bulk CL spectra and intensity for a broad range of materials used in photonics and plasmonics. Through a combination of experimental CL microscopy and Monte Carlo simulations, we characterize spectra and intensity of coherent and incoherent CL, electron penetration depth and energy deposition, offering a foundational reference for interpreting CL signals and understanding material behavior under electron excitation. Our atlas captures CL signals across a wide range of materials, offering valuable insight into intrinsic emission properties for informed material selection and device design in photonics and plasmonics.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144547281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design strategies, manufacturing, and applications of radiative cooling technologies","authors":"Joonho Kang, Changkyun Lee, Haejun Chung, Peter Bermel","doi":"10.1515/nanoph-2025-0159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2025-0159","url":null,"abstract":"Radiative cooling is a passive cooling strategy that leverages thermal radiation to dissipate heat into a cooler environment, offering an energy-efficient and environmentally friendly alternative to conventional cooling technologies. Recent advancements in material science and nanophotonics have led to the development of engineered radiative cooling materials with tailored optical and thermal properties. Photonic structures, multilayer films, metamaterials, and polymer-based composites have demonstrated enhanced cooling performance by maximizing solar reflectance and infrared emissivity. These innovations have facilitated scalable, lightweight, and durable cooling solutions suitable for diverse applications, including building envelopes, electronic devices, and urban infrastructure. Nonetheless, several challenges must be solved to achieve widespread commercialization. These include further research into robust and long-lasting materials to address material degradation, innovations in fabrication techniques to reduce cost, design approaches to make more effective use of these materials and processes, and adaptability to hot and humid climates. Ongoing research continues to refine material and structural design, improve manufacturing methods, and expand the range of practical applications. By overcoming these challenges, radiative cooling has the potential to significantly reduce energy consumption and enhance climate resilience, positioning itself as a crucial component of future sustainable cooling technologies.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144533266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On-chip deterministic arbitrary-phase-controlling","authors":"Rui Ma, Chu Li, Qiuchen Yan, Xinyi Wang, Ruiqi Wang, Yufei Wang, Yumeng Chen, Yan Li, Cuicui Lu, Jianwei Wang, Xiaoyong Hu, Che Ting Chan, Qihuang Gong","doi":"10.1515/nanoph-2025-0132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2025-0132","url":null,"abstract":"The stable on-chip deterministic arbitrary-phase-controlling of signal light in micro/nanometer spatial scale is an extremely important basis for large-scale and high-density integrated photonic information processing chips. Conventional phase-controlling methods face with serious limitation of unavoidable crosstalk, length distortion, and fabrication error. To date, it is still a great challenge to achieve deterministic and wide-range on-chip arbitrary-phase-controlling. Here, we report an effective strategy of three-waveguide coupled configuration to realize on-chip deterministic arbitrary-phase-controlling (ranging from 0 to 2<jats:italic>π</jats:italic>) by combing the dynamic phase and the geometric phase. Based on this strategy, quantum gate operations in an optical permutation-group circuit are successfully realized in femtosecond-laser direct writing sample. To extend the feasibility of this method, on-chip silicon-based deterministic arbitrary-phase-controlling in the optical communication range is also experimentally verified. Our work not only paves the way for fundamental research in chip-scale novel optical devices but also promotes the study of topological quantum computing.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144533268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}