Nanophotonics最新文献

{"title":"Super-Resolution Imaging With Fluorotellurite Glass Microspheres.","authors":"Haonan Zhuo,Shengchuang Bai,Zhouyi Yu,Zhenmin Wang,Zejie Zheng,Yu Zhuang,Yina Jiang,Tianyao Zhang,Hao Li,Lixiang An,Duanduan Wu,Xunsi Wang,Hui Yang,Guoqiang Gu","doi":"10.1002/nap2.70041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/nap2.70041","url":null,"abstract":"Microsphere-lens-assisted optical nanoscopy has emerged as a powerful approach for surpassing the diffraction limit of conventional optical microscopy. Here, we present a comprehensive investigation of high-refractive-index fluorotellurite (TeO2-BaF2-Y2O3, TBY) glass microspheres fabricated by a high-temperature floating-zone melting technique. The microspheres exhibit excellent sphericity, ultra-smooth surfaces, diameters from 10 to 200 μm, a refractive index of ∼1.9, and up to 85% visible transmittance. Ray-tracing and full-wave electromagnetic simulations qualitatively and quantitatively characterize their near-field focusing and efficient evanescent-to-propagating wave conversion. When fully embedded in a PDMS matrix, TBY microspheres enabled super-resolution imaging of anodic aluminum oxide and other nanoscale samples, resolving features down to 50 nm and attaining a maximum magnification of ∼4.34× on 100 nm grating structures. We show that image-plane selection and precise axial alignment critically influence image clarity, contrast, and magnification, and we systematically investigate these trade-offs across sphere diameters. An ultramicroscopic objective (UO) module integrating a plano-convex lens with an embedded microsphere was developed to provide micrometer-precise positioning, reusability, and straightforward compatibility with commercial microscopes. The high near-infrared transmittance, low dispersion, and thermal stability of fluorotellurite glass indicate promising applications in deep-tissue near-infrared super-resolution, multi-band spectroscopic nanoscopy, and laser micro-machining.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"58 1","pages":"e70041"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147374137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Active Switching of Orbital Angular Momentum of Light Using Metasurfaces Incorporating Vanadium Dioxide.","authors":"Qinghong Lyu,Qiuchen Yan,Yulan Fu,Xiaoyong Hu,Qihuang Gong","doi":"10.1002/nap2.70040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/nap2.70040","url":null,"abstract":"The growing demand for orbital angular momentum (OAM) in optical communications calls for compact efficient beam-control platforms. Metasurfaces have emerged as a powerful tool for generating OAM beams, yet most designs remain static. Vanadium dioxide (VO2), a phase-change material, with its reversible insulator-to-metal transition offers a promising path to dynamic control. However, in existing VO2 integrated metasurfaces, its potential is underexploited. It is often used as a thin film that fails to exploit the full refractive index variance. Although recent attempts have incorporated VO2 into nanostructures, they remain limited to binary-phase modulation or involve fabrication-complex structures that are unsuitable for applications in the telecommunication waveband. Here, we propose a reflective active metasurface at 1500 nm that integrates VO2 into metal-insulator-metal meta-atoms. Our design strategy selects the geometry of each meta-atom based on the phase difference across VO2 transition, and its orientation is governed by the proposed equations. Our design enables efficient OAM switching with large topological charge leaps. We numerically demonstrate three metasurfaces that switch OAM states between ℓ = (-1, -3), l = (-2, -3), and (4, -1). Our work establishes a versatile and fabrication-friendly platform for active OAM manipulation, promising advanced applications in high-capacity optical communications.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"15 1","pages":"e70040"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147374138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Helically Magnetized Plasma: From Photonic Fermi-Arc Metal to Chirality-Free Uniaxial Medium.","authors":"Wanxia Huang,Jinyu Hou,Maosheng Wang,Lei Zhou,Shaojie Ma","doi":"10.1002/nap2.70035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/nap2.70035","url":null,"abstract":"Fermi-arc metals, unconventional semi-metals featuring cylindrical Fermi surfaces formed by Fermi arcs, have recently attracted extensive attention for realizing a novel metallic phase that retains chiral anomaly responses yet suppresses quantum oscillations. Although it was proposed that spatially twisting a superlattice of thin Weyl metals can form a Fermi-arc metal, previous local-approximation analyses are valid only for slowly varying systems and cannot capture all rich physics in such systems. Here, we report an optical realization of such a phase in a natural magnetized plasma subjected to a helically modulated magnetic field. Unlike previous studies on artificial heterostructure platforms, we admit a fully analytical, nonperturbative treatment that tracks a complete evolution of Weyl node. In the slowly varying regime, our platform faithfully realizes and manipulates the Fermi-arc metal state in a real system. As the modulation rate increases, Fermi-arcs inheriting opposite chiralities start to hybridize. Remarkably, in the deep nonperturbative limit, chirality vanishes, not through the conventional Weyl point annihilations, but via Fermi arc recombination, resulting in a chirality-free uniaxial optical medium. These findings unveil global topological transitions in nonuniform Weyl systems and open routes toward photonic devices based on engineered Fermi-arc dynamics.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"17 1","pages":"e70035"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147374140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sensitivity Evaluation for Global Perturbations in Non-Hermitian Skin-Effect Sensors.","authors":"Letian Yu,Cesare Soci,Y D Chong,Baile Zhang","doi":"10.1002/nap2.70039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/nap2.70039","url":null,"abstract":"Non-Hermiticity has introduced new physical mechanisms into sensing, with approaches based on exceptional points and non-Hermitian skin effects demonstrating potential sensitivity enhancements over conventional sensing technologies. By monitoring the frequency shifts of specific eigenmodes, previous studies on non-Hermitian sensors have revealed extraordinary sensitivity to local perturbations. In contrast, the influence of global perturbations such as noise and disorder, which generally involve complex spectra and may even suppress these eigenmodes, seems largely incompatible with the current non-Hermitian sensing framework and has received far less attention. Here, motivated by recent theoretical advances on pseudospectra theory, we investigate the possibility of employing maximum transient growth to probe the level of global perturbations in non-Hermitian skin-effect sensors. Using discrete-time light walks in synthetic photonic lattices, we experimentally evaluate the performance of a non-Hermitian photonic lattice under static global phase noise. Remarkably, we demonstrate that the sensitivity grows exponentially with lattice size, manifesting in the maximum transient growth rather than the spectral shifts of previous non-Hermitian skin-effect sensors. Furthermore, numerical simulations reveal that this exponential sensitivity is preserved under dynamical perturbations. Our results highlight the limits as well as the potential of non-Hermitian systems to tackle a wide range of sensing requirements for next-generation ultrasensitive sensors.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"40 1","pages":"e70039"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147374141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Generalized non-Hermitian Hamiltonian for guided resonances in photonic crystal slabs","authors":"Viet Anh Nguyen, Hung Son Nguyen, Zhiyi Yuan, Dung Xuan Nguyen, Cuong Dang, Son Tung Ha, Xavier Letartre, Quynh Le-Van, Hai Son Nguyen","doi":"10.1515/nanoph-2025-0393","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2025-0393","url":null,"abstract":"We develop a generalized non-Hermitian Hamiltonian formalism for guided resonances in photonic crystal slabs, derived directly from Maxwell’s equations through a systematic guided-mode expansion. By expanding the electromagnetic fields over the complete mode basis of an unpatterned slab and systematically integrating out radiative Fabry–Pérot channels, we obtain the analytical operator structure of the Hamiltonian, which treats guided-mode coupling and radiation losses on equal footing. The resulting Hamiltonian provides explicit expressions for both dispersive and radiative coupling terms in terms of modal overlap integrals and Fourier components of the permittivity modulation. For specific geometries, the Hamiltonian coefficients can be extracted from full-wave simulations, enabling accurate modeling without phenomenological assumptions. As a case study, we investigate hexagonal lattices with both preserved and broken <jats:italic>C</jats:italic> <jats:sub>6</jats:sub> symmetry, demonstrating predictive agreement for complex band structures, near-field distributions, and far-field polarization patterns. In particular, the formalism reproduces symmetry-protected bound states in the continuum (BICs) at the Γ point, accidental off-Γ BICs near the Γ point, and the emergence of chiral exceptional points (EPs). It also captures the tunable behavior of eigenmodes near the <jats:italic>K</jats:italic> point, including Dirac-point shifts and the emergence of quasi-BICs or bandgap openings, depending on the nature of <jats:italic>C</jats:italic> <jats:sub>6</jats:sub> symmetry breaking. We further demonstrate in the Appendix that the same formalism extends naturally to other symmetry classes, including <jats:italic>C</jats:italic> <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> (1D grating) and <jats:italic>C</jats:italic> <jats:sub>4</jats:sub> (square lattice) photonic crystal slabs. This approach enables predictive and efficient modeling of complex photonic resonances, revealing their topological and symmetry-protected characteristics in non-Hermitian systems.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"66 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145760063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Light-driven micro/nanobots","authors":"Rigvendra Kumar Vardhan, Manish Kumar, Jolly Xavier","doi":"10.1515/nanoph-2025-0152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2025-0152","url":null,"abstract":"Modern technological evolution witnesses a fast-paced progress in the design, science, and technology of light-driven micro/nanomachines in the recent past. These micromachines have found enormous applications as micro/nanoscale manipulators, micromachined space exploration components, nano-sized cell positioning and control, and micro/nanorobots for drug delivery to name a few. This is not only due to their smaller size but also due to an ever-demanding necessity of micro/nanoscale functionalities with touch-free optimum control incorporating features such as propulsion, self-powered and controlled activation, energy efficiency, intelligence, navigation, and tracking. It also motivates one for biomimicking the functionalities of several living organisms to mold the ideas into micro/nanorobots to understand their properties and the underlying physics. Incorporating the magical functionalities enabled by nano/micro photonics answer many a challenge while they also open a wide range of possibilities ahead. Here, we present light-driven micro/nanorobots (µn-Bots) whose robotic features and functionalities are envisaged to have potential applications in medicine, industry, rescue, and strategic deterrence, pertaining to all walks of life and spectrums. After giving a comparative as well as the state of art outline on advances on the diverse technological innovations of µn-Bots in general, we comprehensively go through the light-driven micro/nanorobot designs and explore their functionalities, materials, and micro/nanofabrication techniques concerning their recent advances and multifaceted applications. On the other hand, we also give an analysis on the performance matrix of the reported light-driven micro/nanorobots explicitly studied in the recent past and give an outlook on the future roadmap and trends.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145759829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Demonstration of multiple-wavelength-band photonic integrated circuits using a silicon and silicon nitride 2.5D integration method","authors":"Meicheng Fu, Huaqing Qiu, Hongyu Zhang, Xin Chen, Junli Qi, Yi Zhang, Yao Xu, Siyu Liu, Nan Gu, Hongtao Yu, Wenjun Yi, Xiujian Li, Xiaowei Guan","doi":"10.1515/nanoph-2025-0234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2025-0234","url":null,"abstract":"Conventional photonic integrated circuits (PICs) are fundamentally limited by single-wavelength-band operation. To transcend this barrier, we introduce a multiple-wavelength-band platform using a 2.5D integration scheme that monolithically combines silicon and silicon nitride waveguides side-by-side on a single chip. This architecture natively supports simultaneous 850 nm and 1,550 nm transmission while eliminating key limitations of 3D integration such as chemical-mechanical polishing and fixed coupling gaps. As a critical demonstration, we realize an all-optical modulator where 850 nm pump light controls a 1,550 nm signal in a silicon microring resonator, achieving a record-high modulation efficiency of −0.023 nm/mW and 93 % depth – surpassing existing schemes. This work establishes a scalable pathway beyond single-band PICs, opening new frontiers in programmable photonics and on-chip signal processing, etc.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"188 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145753086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diffusion model-based inverse design of photonic crystals for customized refraction","authors":"Ruotian Lin, Cheng Zhang, Wangqi Mao, Jiahao Ge, Hongxing Dong, Long Zhang","doi":"10.1515/nanoph-2025-0499","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2025-0499","url":null,"abstract":"Photonic crystals (PhCs) have demonstrated great potential for use in integrated photonic systems. However, traditional design methods often struggle with low efficiency and limited flexibility. While deep learning approaches offer innovative solutions for the inverse design, existing generative models like generative adversarial network and variational autoencoders still face challenges such as training instability or excessive noise. Here, a novel generative design framework based on the diffusion model is presented to achieve the inverse design of high-precision and customized refraction structures. A comprehensive dataset consisting of operating frequency, refracted angles and corresponding structure patterns is constructed by calculating the equifrequency contours of various PhCs at a resolution of 64 × 64. Based on this dataset, customized PhC structures are successfully generated by using a diffusion model combined with the U-Net model. This design can predict cell patterns with allowable incident and refraction angles ranging from 0°∼80° and −80°∼80°, respectively. And if the types of structures in the dataset are increased, the solution space can be further expanded. A normalized design approach ensures adaptability to multi-scale scenarios. Finite-difference time-domain simulations and numerical analysis indicate that 85 % of the 1000 tested refracted angle errors measured by L2-norm are below 0.1. Such strong correlation between targets and simulated results demonstrates the high stability and precision of our diffusion model-based approach, which may provide a promising avenue for the automated inverse design of photonic devices.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145759834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Scaling-dependent tunability of spin-driven photocurrents in magnetic metamaterials","authors":"Gabriele Cavanna, Hidehisa Taketani, Hikaru Watanabe, Da Pan, Anna Honda, Daiki Oshima, Takeshi Kato, Masakazu Matsubara","doi":"10.1515/nanoph-2025-0514","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2025-0514","url":null,"abstract":"Spin currents – flows of spin angular momentum without net charge – are central to next-generation spintronic technologies but remain difficult to generate and control efficiently. Magnetic metamaterials provide a powerful platform, as engineered structures allow symmetry design and tailored light–matter interactions. Here, we demonstrate that lateral scaling of triangular-hole Co/Pt magnetic metamaterials exerts a strong, nonlinear influence on spin-current generation via the photogalvanic and magneto-photogalvanic effects. By systematically varying the pattern size, we observe unexpected behaviors: sign reversals, and even complete suppression of photocurrents at specific wavelengths. These phenomena reveal an intimate link between optical resonance conditions and spin current generation. Our findings establish metamaterial geometry as a new degree of freedom for engineering spin currents, offering dynamic tunability of magnitude, and sign – an essential step toward tunable, optically controlled spintronic devices.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145730935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Foundry-enabled wafer-scale characterization and modeling of silicon photonic DWDM links","authors":"Robert Parsons, Alexander Oh, James Robinson, Songli Wang, Michael Cullen, Kaylx Jang, Aneek James, Yuyang Wang, Keren Bergman","doi":"10.1515/nanoph-2025-0439","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2025-0439","url":null,"abstract":"AI/ML compute clusters are driving unprecedented bandwidth demands at the package boundary, motivating co-packaged integrated photonics closely co-located with the compute unit. We present a scalable silicon-photonics transceiver platform and a measurement-driven design methodology that together enable dense, energy-efficient DWDM links suitable for in-socket integration. Automated wafer-scale probing on 300 mm active photonic wafers extracts waveguide and resonator statistics using index fitting and comprehensive device characterization. The resulting wafer-scale measurements highlight design points such as wider robust waveguides, whispering gallery mode resonators, and thermally efficient undercut devices, that reduce required thermal tuning power and tighten insertion loss distributions. We propagate the measured distributions through a system model via large-scale Monte Carlo simulations to derive realistic link margins and source power targets. Together, the scalable architecture and wafer-scale measurement-informed design process offer a practical path to high-bandwidth, low energy consumption DWDM links with robust yield.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"151 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145730936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}