Nanophotonics最新文献

{"title":"Frequency modulated continuous wave LiDAR with expanded field-of-view based on polarization-splitting metasurface","authors":"Kelan Chen, Jitao Ji, Xueyun Li, Zhiyuan Lin, Zhizhang Wang, Jiacheng Sun, Jian Li, Chunyu Huang, Pan Dai, Jitao Cao, Xiangfei Chen, Shining Zhu, Tao Li","doi":"10.1515/nanoph-2025-0183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2025-0183","url":null,"abstract":"Frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) light detection and ranging (LiDAR) has recently become a research hotspot in the fields of autonomous driving and intelligent perception due to its high-precision ranging and velocity measurement capabilities. However, the existing LiDAR systems are usually challenged in expanding the field-of-view (FOV), which often comes at the expense of beam quality and degrades the detection accuracy and signal-to-noise ratio. On the other hand, the complexity of data processing algorithms may introduce significant measurement inaccuracies, potentially leading to substantial deviations in the final results. These two constraints limit the performance of LiDAR in complex scenarios. To address these issues, this paper proposes a new architecture for FMCW LiDAR that employs a geometric metasurface as a polarization splitter for expanded FOV of beam steering. With the combination of mechanical scanning mirror and metasurface, the scanning FOV has been successfully enlarged from 64° × 20° to 64° × 40°. Simultaneously, millimeter-level precision was achieved in distance measurement, along with an average relative error of 9 mm/s in velocity measurement, which confirms stable and precise system performance. This approach not only broadens the scanning range but also preserves the measurement accuracy of FMCW technology. This paper innovatively combines polarization beam-splitting metasurface with FMCW technology to achieve high-precision measurement over a wide field of view, providing a promising new technical pathway for the technological evolution of future LiDAR systems.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144715721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental analysis of the thermal management and internal quantum efficiency of terahertz quantum cascade laser harmonic frequency combs","authors":"M. Alejandro Justo Guerrero, Elisa Riccardi, Lianhe Li, Mark Rosamond, A. Giles Davies, Edmund H. Linfield, Miriam S. Vitiello","doi":"10.1515/nanoph-2025-0207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2025-0207","url":null,"abstract":"Quantum cascade laser (QCL) harmonic state frequency combs (HFCs) have recently attracted considerable interest for applications ranging from the generation of tones of high spectral purity, high data rate wireless communication networks, radiofrequency arbitrary waveform synthesis, and for fundamental light-matter investigations in quantum physics. However, a detailed knowledge of the nature of the electronic and thermal energy distribution in these devices is of paramount importance for the refinement of their thermal management and quantum efficiency, which are key to the widespread adoption of QCL HFC technology in a new generation of integrated optical quantum platforms. Here, we perform a comparative study of the thermal and electronic properties of Fabry–Perot and micro-ring HFC QCLs, operating in the terahertz frequency range, using micro-probe band-to-band photoluminescence. By monitoring the lattice temperature and the electron cooling above the threshold for stimulated emission, we extract the device thermal resistances and the internal quantum efficiencies, highlighting the key role of the resonator architecture.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"63 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144715717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anchor-controlled generative adversarial network for high-fidelity electromagnetic and structurally diverse metasurface design","authors":"Yunhui Zeng, Hongkun Cao, Xin Jin","doi":"10.1515/nanoph-2025-0210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2025-0210","url":null,"abstract":"Metasurfaces, capable of manipulating light at subwavelength scales, hold great potential for advancing optoelectronic applications. Generative models, particularly Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs), offer a promising approach for metasurface inverse design by efficiently navigating complex design spaces and capturing underlying data patterns. However, existing generative models struggle to achieve high electromagnetic fidelity and structural diversity. These challenges arise from the lack of explicit electromagnetic constraints during training, which hinders accurate structure-to-electromagnetic mapping, and the absence of mechanisms to handle one-to-many mappings dilemma, resulting in insufficient structural diversity. To address these issues, we propose the Anchor-controlled Generative Adversarial Network (AcGAN), a novel framework that improves both electromagnetic fidelity and structural diversity. To achieve high electromagnetic fidelity, AcGAN proposes the Spectral Overlap Coefficient (SOC) for precise spectral fidelity assessment and develops AnchorNet, which provides real-time physics-guided feedback on electromagnetic performance to refine the structure-to-electromagnetic mapping. To enhance structural diversity, AcGAN incorporates a cluster-guided controller that refines input processing and ensures multilevel spectral integration, guiding the generation process to explore multiple configurations. Empirical analysis shows that AcGAN reduces the Mean Squared Error (MSE) by 73 % compared to current state-of-the-art and significantly expands the design space to generate diverse metasurface architectures that meet precise spectral demands.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"109 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144622223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polarization spatial diversity and multiplexing MIMO surface enabled by graphene for terahertz communications","authors":"Jianzhou Huang, Xudong Wu, Chenjie Xiong, Jia Zhang, Bin Hu","doi":"10.1515/nanoph-2025-0204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2025-0204","url":null,"abstract":"The terahertz (THz) frequency band has abundant spectrum resources, which is suitable for constructing communication systems with ultra-high data rates and extremely low latency. Multiple input multiple output (MIMO) devices are crucial for realizing THz communication, and the synchronous transmission and noncorrelation of different channels are the keys to MIMO technology. This paper proposes a graphene-based polarization spatial diversity and multiplexing MIMO surface (PDM-MIMOS) with 2 × 2 metasurface arrays. Dual-polarized channels can be modulated synchronously by the same metasurface modulator and received by the receiver (RX) without crosstalk. Experimental results demonstrate that the modulation cut-off frequency can reach up to 30 kHz. By constructing a continuous THz wave communication system, it is demonstrated that PDM-MIMOS can achieve spatial diversity and multiplexing, thereby improving communication quality and data rate. Furthermore, we compare the signal quality of THz communication and visible light communication under villainous weather conditions. The experiment proves that the communication reliability of THz communication is 19.4 times that of visible light communication. This work offers potential for compact, dual-polarized modulators that can be applied in THz communication, detection, and imaging.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144622220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cascaded metasurface for polarization-dependent varifocal vortex beam manipulation","authors":"Wenhui Xu, Chenhui Zhao, Hui Li, Jie Li, Qi Tan, Yufei Liu, Hang Xu, Yun Shen, Jianquan Yao","doi":"10.1515/nanoph-2025-0153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2025-0153","url":null,"abstract":"Vortex beams, characterized by orbital angular momentum (OAM), hold significant potential in optical communications, quantum information processing, and optical manipulation. However, existing metasurface designs are largely confined to single-degree-of-freedom control, such as static OAM generation or fixed focal points, which limiting their ability to integrate polarization multiplexing with dynamic focal tuning. To address this challenge, we propose a tunable multifunctional cascaded metasurface that synergizes polarization-sensitive phase engineering with interlayer rotational coupling, overcoming conventional device limitations. The designed metasurface independently generates distinct OAM states in orthogonal circular polarization channels under right-handed circularly polarized (RCP) incidence, that is, a vortex beam with topological charge ℓ = −1 in the left-handed circularly polarized (LCP) channel and a superimposed vortex state (ℓ = +1, −1) in the RCP channel. Continuous focal tuning is achieved via interlayer rotation in the axis-direction, with experimental validation at target frequency. Experimental results demonstrate the focal length modulation range from 25.9λ to 9.5λ as the interlayer rotation angle varies between 90° and 240°. This multi-degree-of-freedom control strategy establishes a new method for high-capacity optical communications, dynamic holography, and quantum state manipulation, while advancing the development of intelligent metasurfaces for 6G networks and integrated photonic systems.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144593842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-wavelength diffractive optical neural network integrated with 2D photonic crystals for joint optical classification","authors":"Yuanyuan Zhang, Kuo Zhang, Pei Hu, Daxing Li, Shuai Feng","doi":"10.1515/nanoph-2025-0168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2025-0168","url":null,"abstract":"Optical neural networks (ONNs) have demonstrated unique advantages in overcoming the limitations of traditional electronic computing through their inherent physical properties, including high parallelism, ultra-wide bandwidth, and low power consumption. As a crucial implementation of ONNs, on-chip diffractive optical neural network (DONN) offers an effective solution for achieving highly integrated and energy-efficient machine learning tasks. Notably, wavelength, as a fundamental degree of freedom in optical field manipulation, exhibits multidimensional multiplexing capabilities that can significantly enhance computational parallelism. However, existing DONNs predominantly operate under single-wavelength mechanisms, limiting the computational throughput. Here, we propose a multi-wavelength visual classification architecture termed PhC-DONN, which integrates two-dimensional photonic crystal (PhC) components with diffractive computing units. The architecture comprises three functional modules: (1) a PhC convolutional layer that enables multi-wavelength feature extraction; (2) a three-stage diffraction layer performing parallel modulation of optical fields; and (3) a PhC nonlinear activation layer implementing wavelength nonlinear computation. The results demonstrate that the PhC-DONN achieves classification accuracies of 99.09 % on the MNIST dataset, 66.41 % on the CIFAR-10 dataset, and 92.25 % on KTH human action recognition. By introducing a wavelength-parallel classification mechanism, the architecture accomplishes multi-channel inference during a single light propagation pass, resulting in a 32-fold enhancement in computational throughput compared to conventional DONNs while improving classification accuracy. This work not only establishes a novel optical classification paradigm for multi-wavelength optical neural network, but also provides a viable pathway towards constructing large-scale photonic intelligence parallel processors.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144578393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neural network connectivity by optical broadcasting between III-V nanowires","authors":"Kristians Draguns, Vidar Flodgren, David Winge, Alfredo Serafini, Aigars Atvars, Janis Alnis, Anders Mikkelsen","doi":"10.1515/nanoph-2025-0035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2025-0035","url":null,"abstract":"Biological neural network functionality depends on the vast number of connections between nodes, which can be challenging to implement artificially. One radical solution is to replace physical wiring with broadcasting of signals between the artificial neurons. We explore an implementation of this concept by light emitting/receiving III-V semiconductor nanowire neurons in a quasi-2D waveguide. They broadcast light in anisotropic patterns and specific regions in the nanowires are sensitised to exciting and inhibiting light signals. Weights of connections between nodes can then be tailored using the geometric light absorption/emission patterns. Through detailed simulations, we determine the connection strength based on rotation and separation between the nanowires. Our findings reveal that complex weight distributions are possible, indicating that specific neuron geometric patterns can achieve highly variable connectivity as needed for neural networks. An important design parameter is matching the wavelength to the specific physical dimensions of the network. To demonstrate applicability, we simulate a reservoir neural network using a hexagonal pattern of nanowires with random angular orientations, displaying its ability to perform chaotic time series prediction. The design is compatible with integration on Si substrates and can be extended to other nanophotonic components.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144565653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High performance mode (de)multiplexer assisted with a microring resonator on the lithium niobate-on-insulator platform","authors":"Wenbing Jiang, Jiang Qu, Yu Guo, Boyu Zhang, Jia Du, Xiongping Bao, Xiao Chen, Weibiao Chen, Libing Zhou","doi":"10.1515/nanoph-2025-0146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2025-0146","url":null,"abstract":"The high extinction ratio mode (de)multiplexer is a pivotal component in high capacity mode-division multiplexing data communication and nascent on-chip intermodal acousto-optic modulators. Up to now, high performance on-chip mode (de)multiplexers are still lacking for integrated AOMs on the lithium niobate-on-insulator platform. In this paper, we propose and demonstrate an innovative scheme to achieve high extinction ratio signal routing for acousto-optic modulation, by leveraging a two-mode (de)multiplexer in conjunction with a high-<jats:italic>Q</jats:italic> racetrack microring resonator. The integrated devices are fabricated with one-step electron beam lithography and dry etching processes. The demonstrated two-mode (de)multiplexer boasts the excellent intermodal crosstalk below −20 dB and the on-chip insertion loss of less than 1.92 dB within the wavelength range of 1,514–1,580 nm. With the reinforcement of the microring resonator filter, the carrier signal can be suppressed thoroughly and the measured extinction ratio attains over 30 dB. Our proof-of-principle investigations have provided a feasible and compact solution to implement practical intermodal AOMs in LNOI for photonic and quantum information process, microwave photonics, and LiDAR.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144565654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Real-time tuning of plasmonic nanogap cavity resonances through solvent environments","authors":"Eunso Shin, Rachel E. Bangle, Maiken H. Mikkelsen","doi":"10.1515/nanoph-2024-0749","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2024-0749","url":null,"abstract":"Nanogap cavity metasurfaces – an array of metallic nanoparticles separated from a metal plane by a nanometer-scale dielectric material – can manipulate electromagnetic waves across a wide wavelength range. Through this, they can profoundly modify the optical processes of molecules and materials relevant to quantum communications, photocatalysis, and optoelectronics. Interactions between nanocavities and light, however, require overlap between the cavity resonance and the energy of the incident photon or optical transition, demanding labor-intensive fabrication of bespoke metasurfaces for each desired application. Here, we dynamically tune the resonance wavelength of nanogap cavity metasurfaces by modulating the refractive index of the surrounding medium using solvents. We achieve precise, reversible, and broadband resonance control for narrow nanogap cavity resonances (full width half max &lt;500 nm) over a range of 1–5 µm, while maintaining high absorption efficiency (60–98 %). Resonance tuning up to 300 nm for a single metasurface was achieved by changing the dielectric environment from air to solvents with controlled refractive indexes <jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 1.3–1.7 without any discernable metasurface degradation. This opens new possibilities for applications in optical sensing with significantly increased nanofabrication tolerances, such as tunable photonic devices and adaptive optical systems, where precise control over light–matter interactions is critical.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144565652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Machine-learning-assisted photonic device development: a multiscale approach from theory to characterization","authors":"Yuheng Chen, Alexander Montes McNeil, Taehyuk Park, Blake A. Wilson, Vaishnavi Iyer, Michael Bezick, Jae-Ik Choi, Rohan Ojha, Pravin Mahendran, Daksh Kumar Singh, Geetika Chitturi, Peigang Chen, Trang Do, Alexander V. Kildishev, Vladimir M. Shalaev, Michael Moebius, Wenshan Cai, Yongmin Liu, Alexandra Boltasseva","doi":"10.1515/nanoph-2025-0049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2025-0049","url":null,"abstract":"Photonic device development (PDD) has achieved remarkable success in designing and implementing new devices for controlling light across various wavelengths, scales, and applications, including telecommunications, imaging, sensing, and quantum information processing. PDD is an iterative, five-step process that consists of: (i) deriving device behavior from design parameters, (ii) simulating device performance, (iii) finding the optimal candidate designs from simulations, (iv) fabricating the optimal device, and (v) measuring device performance. Classically, all these steps involve Bayesian optimization, material science, control theory, and direct physics-driven numerical methods. However, many of these techniques are computationally intractable, monetarily costly, or difficult to implement at scale. In addition, PDD suffers from large optimization landscapes, uncertainties in structural or optical characterization, and difficulties in implementing robust fabrication processes. However, the advent of machine learning over the past decade has provided novel, data-driven strategies for tackling these challenges, including surrogate estimators for speeding up computations, generative modeling for noisy measurement modeling and data augmentation, reinforcement learning for fabrication, and active learning for experimental physical discovery. In this review, we present a comprehensive perspective on these methods to enable machine-learning-assisted PDD (ML-PDD) for efficient design optimization with powerful generative models, fast simulation and characterization modeling under noisy measurements, and reinforcement learning for fabrication. This review will provide researchers from diverse backgrounds with valuable insights into this emerging topic, fostering interdisciplinary efforts to accelerate the development of complex photonic devices and systems.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144565659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}