{"title":"Programmable Multidimensional Diffraction Engineering via an Optically Addressed Nested Fourier Metasurface","authors":"Jing Guo,Qinglei Zhao,Jingrui Yang,Zongyi Liu,Mingdong Zhu,Shuai Liu,Chao Li,Shuxin Wang,Qinglong Hu,Fengwei Guan,Qiang Liu,Qi Song","doi":"10.1002/nap2.70309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/nap2.70309","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Free‐space optical routing and programmable Fourier optical processing are promising for next‐generation photonic information systems. Here, we propose an optically addressed nested Fourier metasurface (OA‐NFM) platform for dynamically switchable, multidimensional optical routing and diffraction‐channel engineering without dense electrical interconnects. By integrating a Fourier‐coefficient‐based inverse‐design method with a nested Fourier metasurface architecture, the proposed platform enables simultaneous control of diffraction channels and polarization states. By spatially multiplexing Fourier‐engineered mode regions within nested supercells and activating them through digital light processing (DLP)‐based optical addressing, the OA‐NFM achieves programmable momentum‐space redistribution, sideband clustering, and angular‐channel engineering via controllable superlattice diffraction. The local Fourier mode defines the target diffraction response, while the global nested array factor controls the angular distribution of clustered sidebands. Simulations show that individually optimized modes achieve diffraction efficiencies up to 45% with polarization fidelities above 0.99. The OA‐NFM achieves diffraction efficiencies up to 37% within the ± 1.1° receiver window, excluding losses from the DMD and projection optics. NRZ‐OOK simulations confirm BERs below the hard‐decision FEC threshold (10 −3 ) at 25 Gbps across the 1500–1600 nm band. This work demonstrates a promising platform for optical switching, free‐space routing, and multidimensional photonic information processing.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149089833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Polarization‐Multiplexed Double‐Helix/Airy Metalens for Depth‐Resolved Texture Imaging With Extended Depth‐of‐Field","authors":"Xinyi Tian,Zhanhong Zhou,Bohan Xiao,Li Yao,Zhihong Liu,Tianyun Wang,Yuhong Luo,Jun Wang,Yujie Xia,Chao Shen,Junwen Zhang,Nan Chi,Ziwei Li","doi":"10.1002/nap2.70311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/nap2.70311","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Simultaneously acquiring high‐fidelity texture and reliable depth cues over an extended working range remains a central challenge for compact passive imaging systems. Conventional point‐spread‐function (PSF)‐engineered optics usually rely on a single optical response to perform both axial encoding and image formation, creating an inherent trade‐off between depth discriminability and lateral image quality. Here, we demonstrate a polarization‐multiplexed multifunctional metalens that decouples depth encoding from texture observation within a single titanium dioxide planar device. By jointly designing propagation and Pancharatnam–Berry geometric phases, the two circular polarization channels are assigned to double‐helix (DH) PSF response for depth encoding and Airy PSF for extended‐depth‐of‐field (EDOF) texture observation, respectively. The Airy‐channel target scale serves as an internal reference for depth‐feature extraction. The DH‐derived depth further guides Airy‐PSF selection and enables non‐blind texture deconvolution. Experiments on multi‐depth letter targets and textured objects demonstrate depth‐resolved texture recovery over a 20–70 cm working distance, with improved contrast, sharpness, and structural similarity. This function‐decoupled DH/Airy architecture uses complementary PSF channels to mitigate the trade‐off between depth discriminability and lateral image quality, providing a compact optical‐computational strategy for depth‐aware EDOF imaging in miniaturized metalens systems.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149089829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Monolithically Integrated III–V Heterostructure Photonic Crystal Lasers on Silicon‐on‐Insulator","authors":"Zhaojie Ren,Zili Lei,Cong Zeng,Donghui Fu,Ying Yu,Yu Han,Siyuan Yu","doi":"10.1002/nap2.70314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/nap2.70314","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Improving modal gain and suppressing etch‐induced losses is vital for III–V microcavity lasers. Here, we demonstrate monolithically integrated heterostructure photonic crystal (HPhC) lasers on SOI using selective lateral heteroepitaxy with slow‐light enhancement. The laterally grown gain medium is fully buried inside the InP membrane and placed precisely and exclusively within the line defect of a HPhC cavity. This unique design enables an unetched active gain medium and allows for amplified modal gain via the slow‐light effect. The fabricated devices operate around 1459 nm under optical pumping with a threshold of 21.5 μJ/cm 2 at room temperature and sustain lasing operation up to 353 K with a characteristic temperature of 100 K. Observation of the enhanced spontaneous emission and amplified polarization‐dependent intensity indicate a slow‐light‐enhanced behavior.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149089890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
NanophotonicsPub Date : 2026-10-02DOI: 10.1002/nap2.70300
P. Maier,A. Kubanek
{"title":"Integration of hBN Single‐Photon Emitters Into a Hybrid Optomechanical Membrane‐In‐The‐Middle Fiber‐Cavity","authors":"P. Maier,A. Kubanek","doi":"10.1002/nap2.70300","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/nap2.70300","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The integration of membranes into optical resonators plays a key role in a variety of applications, including optomechanics. Membranes hosting single photon emitters, ideally with access to spin states, open new roads toward (spin‐) optomechanics. Hexagonal boron nitride is among the most promising two‐dimensional materials showing excellent optical and mechanical properties combined with the ability to host optical active (spin‐) defects. The deterministic creation of optically active defect centers in hexagonal boron nitride membranes and their coupling to optomechanical systems is an outstanding challenge. Here, we explore an alternative, hybrid approach in order to establish coupling between a single photon emitter in commercially available hexagonal boron nitride flakes and a fiber‐cavity mode. We solve technical challenges, such as scattering losses arising from an uncontrolled flake topography. We extend our work by positioning the single photon emitter in hexagonal boron nitride flakes on a highly strained silicon nitride membrane in a membrane‐in‐the‐middle configuration. The mechanical vibrational modes of the silicon nitride membrane and cavity‐coupled emission from the single photon emitter are simultaneously observed. Our work is a first step toward the realization of a cavity optomechanics platform with an incorporated single photon emitter.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"166 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149089830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Deep Reinforcement Learning Inverse Design of Dielectric Metasurfaces Supporting Dual Quasi‐BIC Resonances","authors":"Ruixin Luo,Mengfan Zhang,Deyi Guo,Bin Han,Yulong Guo,Shan Li,Zhiyuan Wang,Yang Wang,Zhihui Chen","doi":"10.1002/nap2.70307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/nap2.70307","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Optimizing resonance characteristics in dielectric metasurfaces, including the resonance wavelength, quality factor, and near‐field enhancement, is fundamental to nanophotonic applications such as sensing, nonlinear optics, and enhanced light–matter interactions. This task is especially challenging in dual quasi‐bound states in the continuum (quasi‐BIC) metasurfaces, where narrow‐linewidth resonances, strong modal coupling, and sensitivity to geometric perturbations create a highly nonconvex and constrained design landscape. Existing optimization methods, including heuristic algorithms and deep learning, are useful in simpler settings, but they often become inefficient, rely on large training datasets, or struggle to coordinate tightly coupled objectives in quasi‐BIC systems. To address these limitations, we introduce a deep reinforcement‐learning framework for the inverse design of a dielectric metasurface supporting dual quasi‐BIC resonances. A dueling double deep Q‐network with rollout is used to mitigate myopic search under coupled objectives and unstable reward responses. The resulting framework coordinates two resonance wavelengths, achieves Q factors of approximately 1219 and 1104 for the two quasi‐BIC modes, reaches an electric‐field amplitude enhancement of approximately 81, reduces the design time from 1 month to 82 h, and achieves 5 × higher sample efficiency than other mainstream high‐performance algorithms. These results demonstrate the potential of reinforcement learning for strongly coupled multi‐objective photonic optimization.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"480 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149089148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Arbitrary Wavefront Manipulation in Real Space and Momentum Space Based on Elliptical Structures","authors":"Siqi Chang,Xiaomei Gao,Zhiyang Xu,Fangyuan Liu,Tianrui Zhai","doi":"10.1002/nap2.70304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/nap2.70304","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Leveraging elliptical structures with strong spatial continuity and anisotropy—while preserving real space arbitrary wavefront manipulation via the Pancharatnam–Berry (PB) phase—we generalize the manipulation to momentum space by exploiting the localized dipole momentum embedded in bound states in the continuum (BIC), thereby enhancing the flexibility of information transmission across the dual spaces for micro–nano devices and boosting information capacity. The proposed scheme utilizes the rotation characteristics of anisotropic elliptical structures to precisely modulate the polarization phase distribution in real space. In momentum space, defect perturbations are introduced to construct an independent geometric phase gradient, thereby flexibly tailoring the wavefront profiles of vertically emitting modes. Numerical results demonstrate that the designed unit cell exhibits excellent resonance stability and favorable linear phase modulation performance. The cross–polarization transmission efficiency in real space is approximately 25% at all orientation angles. The Q factor in momentum space can exceed 4000. Continuous phase modulation ranging from 0 to 2 can be realized in both spaces, with nearly zero crosstalk. Multifunctional integrated outputs such as beam deflection and focusing can be flexibly achieved in the near–infrared communication band.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149048990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
NanophotonicsPub Date : 2026-09-23DOI: 10.1002/nap2.70302
Azka Maula Iskandar Muda,Uğur Teğin
{"title":"Surrogate Scattering Matrix‐Guided Inverse Design of Nanophotonic Neural Networks","authors":"Azka Maula Iskandar Muda,Uğur Teğin","doi":"10.1002/nap2.70302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/nap2.70302","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Optical computing offers a route to address the growing computational demands of machine learning, with inverse‐designed nanophotonic media providing a compact path to passive optical operators. Training such devices end to end remains expensive because each geometry update requires full‐wave forward and adjoint evaluations. We introduce a surrogate‐guided inverse‐design framework that separates task learning from electromagnetic realization. Classification is first solved in matrix space using a passive complex operator with bounded singular values, and the resulting target is transferred to a fabrication‐aware freeform device through complex transmission matching and reflection suppression. Because the realization target is fixed, the electromagnetic work per update is determined by the input and output port counts and is independent of training‐set size. A locality‐constrained router composed with a fixed evanescent mixing stage extends the approach to 16‐port transformations. Under the same physical initialization, solver, fabrication map, and 550‐solve budget, operator matching reached 98.34% test accuracy on MedNIST, compared with 89.50% for direct geometry‐to‐task training. On RSSCN7, the combined optical surrogate reached 48.21%, compared with 38.57% for a PCA‐16 ridge classifier. Three Yin–Yang realizations reached %. These results establish surrogate‐guided operator matching for compact, fabrication‐aware photonic neural networks.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149020614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Large Rabi Splitting Driven by Plasmon‐Enhanced Hybrid Anapole States in Si–Au–WSe\u0000 2\u0000 Heterostructures","authors":"Yanhui Deng,Mingyang Yu,Xizhen Xing,Chenxi Zhao,Tianyu Yang,Yujie Ma,Zhang‐Kai Zhou","doi":"10.1002/nap2.70296","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/nap2.70296","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Exciton–polaritons arising from strong light–matter coupling are key enablers of quantum coherent phenomena, whereas large Rabi splitting is critical for ensuring their robustness and stability. However, existing microcavity photonic modes rarely combine low radiative dissipation with strong field confinement, thereby limiting large splitting strong coupling, particularly in the few‐exciton regime. Here, we design a metal–dielectric hybrid cavity in which coherent hybridization among plasmon resonances, magnetic quadrupole modes, and anapole states gives rise to a plasmon‐enhanced hybrid anapole state (HAS) featuring narrow linewidths (54 meV) and strong field localization (180‐fold). Based on the plasmon‐enhanced HAS, we realize both HAS–exciton and HAS–plasmon polaritons and further demonstrate HAS–plasmon–exciton triplex polaritons enabled by multichannel radiative coupling. The ternary system achieves a Rabi splitting of 330 meV, six times larger than the binary case, with a reduced effective exciton number of 6205 based on a characteristic excitonic volume, significantly lower than values reported for the dielectric‐exciton systems under the same volume‐based estimation procedure. A three‐coupled oscillator model elucidates the light–matter interaction mechanism, providing a new pathway to efficient room‐temperature strong coupling and a design guide for high‐performance dielectric‐cavity‐based polariton devices.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"63 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149020612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}