Nature Reviews Physics最新文献_第2页

The physics of freezing and melting in the presence of flows 存在流动时冻结和熔化的物理学原理

IF 44.8 1区物理与天体物理

Nature Reviews Physics Pub Date : 2024-09-30 DOI: 10.1038/s42254-024-00766-5

Yihong Du, Enrico Calzavarini, Chao Sun

{"title":"The physics of freezing and melting in the presence of flows","authors":"Yihong Du, Enrico Calzavarini, Chao Sun","doi":"10.1038/s42254-024-00766-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-024-00766-5","url":null,"abstract":"Ice in the environment plays a central role in both global-scale processes on Earth and many human activities. Issues related to its description, including the modelling of natural ice dynamics from the smallest to the largest scales, are of great importance. In the natural environment, melting or freezing processes are typically coupled to those of fluid flows. Therefore, the interplay between fluid mechanics and phase-change thermodynamics is a highly topical problem. In recent years, fluid–ice interface problems have been studied via not only field measurements but also laboratory experiments, numerical simulations and theoretical analyses. This Perspective considers the state-of-the-art knowledge of the phenomenology of fluid–ice coupling processes in standardized configurations. These include freezing and melting in thermally stratified natural convection of fresh water, double-diffusive convection and convection in the mushy ice of salty water in confined systems, as well as imposed flows moving along an ice layer or surrounding dispersed ice bodies. It also highlights open questions of geophysical interest that could benefit from fundamental studies with a physical and fluid dynamic approach. The dynamics of water freezing and ice melting in natural environments involves many intricate fluid mechanics processes. To tackle these complexities, examining them in well-controlled laboratory settings proves highly advantageous.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"6 11","pages":"676-690"},"PeriodicalIF":44.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142579819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

70 years of CERN 欧洲核子研究中心成立 70 周年

IF 44.8 1区物理与天体物理

Nature Reviews Physics Pub Date : 2024-09-25 DOI: 10.1038/s42254-024-00765-6

引用次数: 0

Emerging tailored light sources for studying chirality and symmetry 用于研究手性和对称性的新兴定制光源

IF 44.8 1区物理与天体物理

Nature Reviews Physics Pub Date : 2024-09-23 DOI: 10.1038/s42254-024-00763-8

Dino Habibović, Kathryn R. Hamilton, Ofer Neufeld, Laura Rego

{"title":"Emerging tailored light sources for studying chirality and symmetry","authors":"Dino Habibović, Kathryn R. Hamilton, Ofer Neufeld, Laura Rego","doi":"10.1038/s42254-024-00763-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-024-00763-8","url":null,"abstract":"Ultrashort laser pulses are unique tools to trigger and probe the fastest charge dynamics in matter, allowing the investigation of fundamental physical phenomena with unprecedented resolution in space, time and energy. One of the most fascinating opportunities that ultrashort pulses offer is the possibility of modulating and investigating symmetries by tailoring the properties of the laser beam in the spatial and polarization domains, effectively controlling symmetry breaking on multiple levels. In particular, this allows the probing of chiral matter and ultrafast chiral dynamics. In recent years, the development of highly sensitive approaches for studying chirality has been a hot topic in physics and chemistry that has developed largely separately from the field of tailored light. This Perspective discusses the individual and joint evolution of these fields, with an emphasis on how the fields have already cross-fertilized, opening new opportunities in science. We outline a future outlook of how the topics are expected to fully merge and mutually evolve, emphasizing open issues. This Perspective explores the potential of using tailored fields to investigate chiral matter and ultrafast chiral dynamics. Light fields with well-defined symmetry properties can open new opportunities for research in chiral light–matter interactions.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"6 11","pages":"663-675"},"PeriodicalIF":44.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142579813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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70 years at the high-energy frontier with the CERN accelerator complex 欧洲核子研究中心加速器综合体在高能前沿的 70 年

IF 44.8 1区物理与天体物理

Nature Reviews Physics Pub Date : 2024-09-19 DOI: 10.1038/s42254-024-00758-5

Oliver Brüning, Max Klein, Stephen Myers, Lucio Rossi

引用次数: 0

Nobel 2004: freedom for quarks! 2004 年诺贝尔奖：夸克的自由

IF 44.8 1区物理与天体物理

Nature Reviews Physics Pub Date : 2024-09-17 DOI: 10.1038/s42254-024-00768-3

Alison Wright

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A history of CERN in seven physics milestones 欧洲核子研究中心历史上的七个物理学里程碑

IF 44.8 1区物理与天体物理

Nature Reviews Physics Pub Date : 2024-09-17 DOI: 10.1038/s42254-024-00762-9

Federica Riti, Philipp Gadow, David Walter, Maria Vieites Diaz, Barbara Maria Latacz, Luigi Dello Stritto, Petar Bokan

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Rydberg states of alkali atoms in atomic vapour as SI-traceable field probes and communications receivers 原子蒸汽中碱原子的里德伯态作为 SI 可追踪场探测器和通信接收器

IF 44.8 1区物理与天体物理

Nature Reviews Physics Pub Date : 2024-09-16 DOI: 10.1038/s42254-024-00756-7

Noah Schlossberger, Nikunjkumar Prajapati, Samuel Berweger, Andrew P. Rotunno, Alexandra B. Artusio-Glimpse, Matthew T. Simons, Abrar A. Sheikh, Eric B. Norrgard, Stephen P. Eckel, Christopher L. Holloway

{"title":"Rydberg states of alkali atoms in atomic vapour as SI-traceable field probes and communications receivers","authors":"Noah Schlossberger, Nikunjkumar Prajapati, Samuel Berweger, Andrew P. Rotunno, Alexandra B. Artusio-Glimpse, Matthew T. Simons, Abrar A. Sheikh, Eric B. Norrgard, Stephen P. Eckel, Christopher L. Holloway","doi":"10.1038/s42254-024-00756-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-024-00756-7","url":null,"abstract":"Rydberg states of alkali atoms are highly sensitive to electric fields because their electron wavefunction has a large spatial extent, leading to large polarizabilities for static fields and large transition dipole moments for time-varying fields. Over the past few years, Rydberg atoms have been used as sensitive probes for performing self-calibrated and SI-traceable electric field measurements. In this Technical Review, we introduce and examine the current state of Rydberg atom-based electrometry in room-temperature atomic vapours. We cover the fundamental principles, experimental techniques, recent advancements, and applications of this field, providing a comprehensive resource for researchers interested in utilizing Rydberg atoms for precise electric field measurements. Rydberg atoms are sensitive to radio frequency electric fields, which make them useful as sensors. This Technical Review discusses Rydberg sensors that measure the amplitude and phase of electric fields at frequencies from d.c. to THz, as well as technological applications of these sensors.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"6 10","pages":"606-620"},"PeriodicalIF":44.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142257111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Single-molecule FRET for probing nanoscale biomolecular dynamics 用于探测纳米级生物分子动力学的单分子 FRET

IF 44.8 1区物理与天体物理

Nature Reviews Physics Pub Date : 2024-09-12 DOI: 10.1038/s42254-024-00748-7

Daniel Nettels, Nicola Galvanetto, Miloš T. Ivanović, Mark Nüesch, Tianjin Yang, Benjamin Schuler

{"title":"Single-molecule FRET for probing nanoscale biomolecular dynamics","authors":"Daniel Nettels, Nicola Galvanetto, Miloš T. Ivanović, Mark Nüesch, Tianjin Yang, Benjamin Schuler","doi":"10.1038/s42254-024-00748-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-024-00748-7","url":null,"abstract":"Single-molecule spectroscopy is a powerful method for studying the physics of molecular systems, particularly biomolecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids. By avoiding ensemble averaging, single-molecule techniques can resolve structural distributions and fluctuations even for complex and conformationally heterogeneous systems; they also reveal the close link between biological function and the statistical mechanics of the underlying processes. The combination of single-molecule fluorescence detection with Förster resonance energy transfer has become an essential tool for probing biomolecular dynamics on timescales ranging from nanoseconds to days. This Review briefly outlines the state of the art of single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer spectroscopy and then highlights some of the most important physics-based developments that are expected to further expand the scope of the technique. Key areas of progress include improved time resolution, access to nonequilibrium dynamics and synergies with advances in data analysis and simulations. These developments create new opportunities for attaining a comprehensive understanding of the dynamics and functional mechanisms of biological processes at the nanoscale. The combination of single-molecule fluorescence detection with Förster resonance energy transfer provides a powerful probe of biomolecular dynamics on timescales ranging from nanoseconds to days. This Review outlines single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer spectroscopy with a focus on dynamics and highlights future developments and enhanced capabilities.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"6 10","pages":"587-605"},"PeriodicalIF":44.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142204023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Mapping the landscape for graphene commercialization 描绘石墨烯商业化前景

IF 44.8 1区物理与天体物理

Nature Reviews Physics Pub Date : 2024-09-09 DOI: 10.1038/s42254-024-00754-9

Terrance Barkan, Chirag R. Ratwani, Dexter Johnson, Kishan Thodkar, Cary Hill

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A model for changing land use 改变土地用途的模式

IF 44.8 1区物理与天体物理

Nature Reviews Physics Pub Date : 2024-09-05 DOI: 10.1038/s42254-024-00761-w

Zoe Budrikis

引用次数: 0