Rachel Porter, Carolina Trenado-Yuste, Alejandro Martinez-Calvo, Morgan Su, Ned S. Wingreen, Sujit S. Datta, Kerwyn Casey Huang
{"title":"On the growth and form of bacterial colonies","authors":"Rachel Porter, Carolina Trenado-Yuste, Alejandro Martinez-Calvo, Morgan Su, Ned S. Wingreen, Sujit S. Datta, Kerwyn Casey Huang","doi":"10.1038/s42254-025-00849-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-025-00849-x","url":null,"abstract":"Bacteria are single-celled organisms that inhabit almost every ecosystem on Earth. To overcome challenges in their typically stressful and dynamic natural habitats, bacteria can assemble into macroscopic multicellular aggregates, adopting a structured, communal lifestyle that differs starkly from that of free-living, planktonic cells. Characterization of natural environments suggests that growth in dense aggregates is the primary lifestyle for most bacteria, and in recent years controlled laboratory studies have connected physiological behaviours that are well studied in liquid culture to communal behaviours in bacterial colonies. These increasingly common findings support the idea that many microbial behaviours are best understood in the context of dense aggregates. In this Review, we discuss biophysical studies of the growth and development of such aggregates. We aim to motivate joint experimental and theoretical investigation of the biological and physical underpinnings of communal behaviours within spatially structured bacterial communities. Most bacteria exist in dense aggregates, yet this lifestyle is relatively poorly understood compared with planktonic cultures. This Review explores biophysical models of aggregate development, and how models can be extended to account for the complex behaviours of single-species and multispecies colonies.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"7 10","pages":"535-553"},"PeriodicalIF":39.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145204899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Preserving orbital angular momentum in scattering media","authors":"Tatiana Novikova","doi":"10.1038/s42254-025-00864-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-025-00864-y","url":null,"abstract":"In the 1990s, the realization that helical beams carry orbital angular momentum started the field of structured light. In 2024, experiments showed that these beams preserve their phase information when traversing a turbid medium, which promises new applications in biophotonics.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"7 9","pages":"470-472"},"PeriodicalIF":39.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145123741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nuo Xu, Xinrui Qi, Zhenqiang Shen, Lianghe Hu, Jun Lv, Yufei Zhong, Bing Wang, Zhigang Zou
{"title":"Point defects in metal halide perovskites","authors":"Nuo Xu, Xinrui Qi, Zhenqiang Shen, Lianghe Hu, Jun Lv, Yufei Zhong, Bing Wang, Zhigang Zou","doi":"10.1038/s42254-025-00861-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-025-00861-1","url":null,"abstract":"Halide perovskites have exceptional optoelectronic properties, including low carrier recombination rates; however, their stability remains a challenge. Point defects play a crucial role in determining their physical characteristics, as they affect carrier dynamics and serve as the initiation sites for various ion migration processes. In the past five years, advances in computational methodologies have deepened the understanding of defect behaviour in these materials. In this Review, we focus on the role of point defects in metal halide perovskites, their impact on carrier dynamics, and ion-migration-related behaviours, and we discuss new understandings of defect tolerance. Point defects can have a critical influence on carrier dynamics and ion migration in metal halide perovskites. This Review surveys recent understandings of point defects and discusses new insights into defect tolerance in these materials.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"7 10","pages":"554-564"},"PeriodicalIF":39.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145204902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An international physics conference in Ukraine","authors":"Erik Aurell, Larissa Brizhik, Taras Bryk","doi":"10.1038/s42254-025-00860-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-025-00860-2","url":null,"abstract":"Among the satellite meetings of the IUPAP StatPhys29 conference was a meeting in Lviv, Ukraine — currently at war. Three of the organizers describe how the meeting came to be and the challenges they faced.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"7 9","pages":"464-465"},"PeriodicalIF":39.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145123743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Thoughtful photography for scientists","authors":"David Penny","doi":"10.1038/s42254-025-00865-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-025-00865-x","url":null,"abstract":"For the past two centuries, researchers have used photography to see the unseen. Today’s scientists can similarly use thoughtful photography to make their work more visible, understandable and shareable. For the past two centuries, researchers have used photography to see the unseen. Today’s scientists can similarly use thoughtful photography to make their work more visible, understandable and shareable.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"7 9","pages":"466-467"},"PeriodicalIF":39.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145123744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Maxim Trushin, Daria V. Andreeva, Francois M. Peeters, Kostya S. Novoselov
{"title":"Structure and flow of low-dimensional water","authors":"Maxim Trushin, Daria V. Andreeva, Francois M. Peeters, Kostya S. Novoselov","doi":"10.1038/s42254-025-00857-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-025-00857-x","url":null,"abstract":"When water flows through 1D or 2D channels, its behaviour deviates substantially from the well-established principles of hydrodynamics. This is because reducing the dimensionality of any interacting physical system amplifies interaction effects that are beyond the reach of traditional hydrodynamic equations. In low-dimensional water, hydrogen bonds can become stable enough to arrange water molecules into an ordered state, causing water to behave not only like a liquid but also like a solid in certain respects. In this Review, we explore the relationship between the molecular ordering of water and its ability to flow in low-dimensional channels, using viscosities of bulk water, vapour, and ice as benchmarks. We also provide a brief overview of the key theoretical approaches available for such analyses and discuss ionic transport, which is heavily influenced by the molecular structure of water. The dynamic interaction between low-dimensional water transport and ion-coupled structural features lies at the heart of recent advances in the design and investigation of angstrom-scale biomimetic and neuromorphic channels. Water’s structure and viscosity change markedly under reduced dimensionality. This Review explores how viscosity depends on the dimensionality of confinement (1D or 2D) and examines the interplay between geometric and ionic constraints in shaping transport properties within angstrom-scale water channels.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"7 9","pages":"502-513"},"PeriodicalIF":39.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145123748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Photoemission electron microscopy for 2D materials","authors":"Atreyie Ghosh","doi":"10.1038/s42254-025-00867-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-025-00867-9","url":null,"abstract":"Atreyie Ghosh explains how photoelectron emission microscopy can help to understand the light–matter interactions of two-dimensional materials.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"7 9","pages":"468-468"},"PeriodicalIF":39.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145123740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lijuan Xie, Carlos Criollo, Ruiyun Zhou, Mingming Zhang, Benhui Dai, Jacques Doumani, T. Elijah Kritzell, Jifan Yin, Wenhui Geng, Yibin Ying, Andrey Baydin, Junichiro Kono
{"title":"Carbon-nanomaterial-enabled terahertz technology","authors":"Lijuan Xie, Carlos Criollo, Ruiyun Zhou, Mingming Zhang, Benhui Dai, Jacques Doumani, T. Elijah Kritzell, Jifan Yin, Wenhui Geng, Yibin Ying, Andrey Baydin, Junichiro Kono","doi":"10.1038/s42254-025-00851-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-025-00851-3","url":null,"abstract":"Terahertz (THz) technology bridges the gap between electronics and photonics, unlocking transformative opportunities in medical diagnostics, molecular identification and next-generation wireless networks. Usually, THz devices have been made from conventional semiconductors and their heterostructures to achieve the necessary carrier transport properties and optical-to-THz conversion efficiencies. In the past decade, carbon nanomaterials, such as carbon nanotubes and graphene, have been successfully used in the development of THz devices, including emitters, detectors and modulators. These advances are enabled by the unique properties of these materials, including strong linear and nonlinear THz radiation absorption, ultrahigh carrier mobilities and facile gate tunability. In this Review, we present the latest advances in the generation, detection and modulation of THz radiation using carbon nanomaterials, particularly focusing on the use of carbon nanotubes and graphene. The challenges and opportunities of using carbon nanomaterials in THz technology and towards potential applications are discussed. Carbon nanomaterials have strong electron–photon interactions in the terahertz range, gate-tunable photoresponse and high carrier mobilities. This Review provides a discussion of the use of carbon nanotubes and graphene for the generation, detection and modulation of terahertz waves.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"7 9","pages":"487-501"},"PeriodicalIF":39.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145123747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Scientists need a break too","authors":"","doi":"10.1038/s42254-025-00862-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-025-00862-0","url":null,"abstract":"As the Northern Hemisphere heads into summer holiday season, we encourage all our readers to properly switch off from work for a while.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"7 8","pages":"403-403"},"PeriodicalIF":39.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.comhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s42254-025-00862-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145123710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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