Nanomaterials最新文献

{"title":"Elemental Composition of Magnetic Nanoparticles in Wildland-Urban Interface Fire Ashes Revealed by Single Particle-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Time-of-Flight-Mass Spectrometer.","authors":"Mahbub Alam, Austin R J Downey, Bo Cai, Mohammed Baalousha","doi":"10.3390/nano15181420","DOIUrl":"10.3390/nano15181420","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigates the elemental composition of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) in eleven wildland-urban interface (WUI) fire ashes, including one vegetation, six structural, and four vehicle ashes, along with three fire-impacted soil samples. The WUI fire ash samples were collected following the 2020 North Complex (NC) Fire and Sonoma-Lake-Napa unit (LNU) Lightning Complex Fire in California. Efficiency of magnetic separation was confirmed via Time-Domain Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (TD-NMR); the relaxometry showed that the transverse relaxation rate R₂ decreased from 2.02 s^-1 before separation to 0.29 s^-1 after separation (ΔR₂ = -1.73 s^-1; -86%), due to the removal of magnetic particles. The particle number concentrations, size distributions, and elemental compositions (and ratios) of MNPs were determined using single particle-inductively coupled plasma-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (SP-ICP-TOF-MS). The major types of nanoparticles (NPs) detected in the magnetically separated MNPs were Fe-, Ti-, Cr-, Pb-, Mn-, and Zn-bearing NPs. The iron-bearing NPs accounted for 3.2 to 83.5% of the magnetically separated MNPs, and decreased following the order vegetation ash (77.4%) > soil (63.2-69.9%) > structural (3.2-83.5%) ash. The titanium-bearing NPs accounted for 3.3 to 66.1% of the magnetically separated MNPs, and decreased following the order vehicle (14.1-66.1%) > structural (3.5-36.4%) > vegetation (3.3%) ash. The majority of the detected NPs in the fire ashes occurred in the form of multi-metal (mm) NPs, attributed to the presence of NPs as heteroaggregates and/or due to the sorption of metals on the surfaces of NPs during combustion. However, a notable fraction (3-91%) of the detected NPs occurred as single-metal (sm) NPs, particularly smFe-bearing NPs, which accounted for 48 to 91% of all the Fe-bearing particles in the magnetically separated MNPs. The elemental ratios (e.g., Al/Fe, Ti/Fe, Cr/Fe, and Zn/Fe) in the magnetically separated MNPs from structural and vehicle ashes were higher than those in the soil samples and vegetation ashes, indicating enrichment of metals in magnetically separated NPs from vehicle and structural ashes compared to vegetation ash. Overall, this study demonstrates that the MNPs generated by WUI fire ash are associated with potentially toxic elements (e.g., Cr and Zn), exacerbating the environmental and human health risks of WUI fires. This study also highlights the need for further research into the properties, environmental fate, transport, and interactions of MNPs with biological systems during and following WUI fires.</p>","PeriodicalId":18966,"journal":{"name":"Nanomaterials","volume":"15 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12472571/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145150144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emerging Strategies for Cargo Loading and Engineering of Extracellular Vesicles for Breast Cancer Treatment.","authors":"Karan Mediratta, Marena D Diab, Peter Han, Hailey Hu, Lisheng Wang","doi":"10.3390/nano15181418","DOIUrl":"10.3390/nano15181418","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Breast cancer has now surpassed lung cancer as the leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women worldwide. Given the urgent need for more effective treatment, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have gained attention as versatile and promising drug delivery systems. Derived from a variety of cell types, EVs can be loaded with therapeutic cargo or engineered to present specific surface ligands and receptors. These EV modifications enable them to overcome many limitations associated with conventional therapies. In this review, we highlight current methodologies for loading small molecule drugs, RNA-based therapeutics, and proteins into EVs through both pre-isolation (endogenous) and post-isolation (exogenous) methods. We further discuss recent advances in EV surface engineering strategies aimed at improving tumor-specific targeting and immunotherapeutic efficacy in breast cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":18966,"journal":{"name":"Nanomaterials","volume":"15 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12472437/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145150234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanotechnology for Biomedical Applications: Synthesis and Properties of Ti-Based Nanocomposites.","authors":"Maciej Tulinski, Mieczyslawa U Jurczyk, Katarzyna Arkusz, Marek Nowak, Mieczyslaw Jurczyk","doi":"10.3390/nano15181417","DOIUrl":"10.3390/nano15181417","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nanobiocomposites are a class of biomaterials that include at least one phase with constituents in the nanometer range. Nanobiocomposites, a new class of materials formed by combining natural and inorganic materials (metals, ceramics, polymers, and graphene) at the nanoscale dimension, are expected to revolutionize tissue engineering and bone implant applications because of their enhanced corrosion resistance, mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and antimicrobial activity. Titanium-based nanocomposites are gaining attention in biomedical applications due to their exceptional biocompatibility, corrosion resistance, and mechanical properties. These composites typically consist of a titanium or titanium alloy matrix that is embedded with nanoscale bioactive phases, such as hydroxyapatite, bioactive glass, polymers, or carbon-based nanomaterials. Common methods for synthesizing Ti-based nanobiocomposites and their parts, including bottom-up and top-down approaches, are presented and discussed. The synthesis conditions and appropriate functionalization influence the final properties of nanobiomaterials. By modifying the surface roughness at the nanoscale level, composite implants can be enhanced to improve tissue integration, leading to increased cell adhesion and protein adsorption. The objective of this review is to illustrate the most recent research on the synthesis and properties of Ti-based biocomposites and their scaffolds.</p>","PeriodicalId":18966,"journal":{"name":"Nanomaterials","volume":"15 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12472300/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145149962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Internalization of Lipid-Coated Gold Nanocomposites and Gold Nanoparticles by Mouse SC-1 Fibroblasts in Monolayer and Spheroids.","authors":"Julia E Poletaeva, Boris P Chelobanov, Anna V Epanchintseva, Anastasiya V Tupitsyna, Ilya S Dovydenko, Elena I Ryabchikova","doi":"10.3390/nano15181419","DOIUrl":"10.3390/nano15181419","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this study, we have established that unique composite particles (MLNCs) carried siRNA on a gold core and were covered with a lipid shell. MLNCs successfully delivered siRNa into cells in the presence of serum. We developed the photofixation method, allowing us to obtain MLNCs bearing a fixed protein corona. To understand the mechanisms of the influence that the protein corona has on the interaction of particles with cells, it is necessary to study the interaction of \"naked\" MLNCs with cells. This study aimed to examine the pathways of MLNC penetration into SC-1 fibroblasts used to confirm the efficacy of siRNA delivery. We studied fibroblasts in monolayer and spheroid form, and citrate AuNPs were used as a comparison particle. The same particles served as cores for MLNCs. The obtained results showed active penetration by clathrin-mediated endocytosis of \"naked\" MLNCs into SC-1 fibroblasts, regardless of the form of cultivation. AuNPs penetrated into monolayer fibroblasts by macropinocytosis and into spheroids by clathrin-mediated endocytosis. The penetration depth into the spheroids was about 40 μm for both types of particles (spheroid size was 350-400 μm). The particles migrated through the intercellular spaces, passing through intercellular contacts.</p>","PeriodicalId":18966,"journal":{"name":"Nanomaterials","volume":"15 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12473090/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145150232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanism of Coupling Twist Angle and Projectile Radius on Ballistic Impact Performance of Bilayer Phosphorene Membranes.","authors":"Ning Liu, Ke Huang, Xuejian Yang, Dongdong Xu, Lihua Wang","doi":"10.3390/nano15181414","DOIUrl":"10.3390/nano15181414","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigated the coupling mechanism between interlayer twist angle and projectile size on the ballistic performance of bilayer phosphorene membranes, a topic essential for designing efficient nano-protective materials, yet still poorly understood. Using coarse-grained molecular dynamic simulations, we systematically explored how twist angles (0-90°) and projectile radii (2-10 nm) jointly influence impact response for membranes with a radius equal to 48 nm. We found that the effect of twist angle becomes significant only beyond a critical projectile size (~8 nm). Below this threshold, deformation remains local and twist-independent. However, for larger projectiles, the twist angle drastically alters wave propagation and failure modes. Specifically, a 90° twist induces severe wave reflection and interference, leading to a dramatic force amplification (up to 82%) and a 28% reduction in ballistic limit velocity, making it the most susceptible configuration. These results underline the critical role of twist-boundary-wave interaction in governing impact resistance and provide practical insights for the design of phosphorene-based nano-armor systems tailored to specific impact conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":18966,"journal":{"name":"Nanomaterials","volume":"15 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12473071/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145149835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Chromium Adhesion Layer Thickness on Contact Resistance and Schottky Barrier Characteristics in WSe₂ Field-Effect Transistor.","authors":"Sung-Ha Kim, Seong-Yeon Lee, Tae-Jeong Kim, Kwangseuk Kyhm, Kenji Watanabe, Takashi Taniguchi, Ki-Ju Yee","doi":"10.3390/nano15181413","DOIUrl":"10.3390/nano15181413","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>While metal adhesion layers are commonly used in the fabrication of field-effect transistors (FETs) based on two-dimensional (2D) materials, the impact of adhesion layer thickness on device performance remains insufficiently explored. In this study, we systematically investigate how the thickness of a Cr adhesion layer influences the contact resistance and Schottky barrier characteristics of multilayer WSe₂ FETs. Contact resistance results, extracted via the transfer length method for Cr thicknesses of 1 nm, 4 nm, and 7 nm, reveal that thicker Cr layers (4 nm and 7 nm) result in significantly lower resistance (<200 kΩ·μm) compared to the much higher resistance (6.6 MΩ·μm) observed with 1 nm Cr thickness. Temperature-dependent transport measurements and Arrhenius analysis further indicate a reduction in Schottky barrier height with increasing Cr thickness, implying improved carrier injection. These results specifically demonstrate how the commonly used Cr adhesion layer thicknesses of at least 4 nm increase the electrical performance of WSe₂-based devices.</p>","PeriodicalId":18966,"journal":{"name":"Nanomaterials","volume":"15 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12472889/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145150162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Modification and Self-Lubricating Properties of CNTs-Enhanced PEEK Porous Composites Based on FDM.","authors":"Zhuangya Zhang, Baorun Yang, Xiaoqiang Wang, Ruijie Gu, Mingde Duan","doi":"10.3390/nano15181411","DOIUrl":"10.3390/nano15181411","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Porous composites utilize their unique pore structures to effectively store and release lubricants, providing a fundamental mechanism for continuous lubrication in self-lubricating bearing cages. This study investigates carbon nanotube (CNT)-reinforced PEEK porous composites fabricated by fused deposition modeling (FDM) and subsequently subjected to heat treatment to improve tribological properties. Results show that incorporating 3 wt% CNTs significantly enlarges average pore size from 0.08 μm to 11.62 μm and increases porosity, resulting in an oil retention rate exceeding 80%. The composites achieve a 26.4-63.4% reduction in friction coefficient under dry sliding conditions at room temperature. After heat treatment, the material maintains a stable friction coefficient below 0.30 during high-temperature dry friction, demonstrating excellent lubricant slow-release capability and thermal stability.</p>","PeriodicalId":18966,"journal":{"name":"Nanomaterials","volume":"15 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12472307/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145150063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Affect the Genomic and Redox Status of Chicken Embryo-Influence of Shape.","authors":"Bartłomiej Dominiak, Julita Rosowska, Agnieszka Wal, Alicja Majewska, Bartłomiej S Witkowski, Łukasz Wachnicki, Jarosław Kaszewski, Anna Słońska, Joanna Cymerys, Mikołaj A Gralak, Marek Godlewski, Michał M Godlewski","doi":"10.3390/nano15181412","DOIUrl":"10.3390/nano15181412","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>With the spread of nanotechnology use in industry, exposure to nanomaterials is currently exponentially increasing. With reports indicating nanoparticles' ability to pass through key biological barriers-gastrointestinal, lung, skin, blood-brain and the placenta barriers-the question of their safety, particularly the risks associated with embryonic development, arises. The aim of this article is to verify the impact of ZnO nanoparticles, which are commonly used and considered to be safe for adult organisms on the developing embryo. In the current study, the influence of the dose and shape of ZnO nanoparticles (oval vs. long) was evaluated in the chicken embryo model. The oxidative stress (superoxide dismutase (SOD)) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) and carbonylated protein ((CP) levels), and gene expression changes (full genomic microarray study) were tested. We found that at both doses (10 µg/mL and 100 µg/mL, 100 µL into the air chamber) neither elongated nor oval ZnO nanoparticles changed in ovo mortality. Long ZnO nanoparticles had a lesser and more delayed impact on evaluated parameters, regardless of their higher in vitro toxicity. However, both nanoparticle forms induced changes in the oxidoreductive potential and affected expression of a significant number (1487 for oval and 548 for long ZnO nanoparticles) of identified genes during early embryo development.</p>","PeriodicalId":18966,"journal":{"name":"Nanomaterials","volume":"15 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12472910/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145150191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermoelectric Energy Conversion in a Lid-Driven Cavity Microgenerator Using Nanofluids.","authors":"Edgar Alexandro Gonzalez-Zamudio, Miguel Angel Olivares-Robles, Andres Alfonso Andrade-Vallejo","doi":"10.3390/nano15181409","DOIUrl":"10.3390/nano15181409","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The present research seeks to characterize and evaluate a lid-driven cavity-TEG system to harness residual energy. Therefore, the behavior of water and a nanofluid (SiO2) in a rectangular lid-driven cavity is numerically studied. The Navier-Stokes and energy conservation equations are solved using the finite difference method in Python. The fluid behavior is analyzed with a Reynolds number of 100, Richardson number of 100-77 and variable lid direction. Likewise, a thermoelectric module is integrated in the cavity, and the power generated by varying the size and number of thermocouples is studied. The results obtained contribute to the characterization of applicable thermal systems for their optimization. In the cavity, when the lid direction is positive, its interaction with the buoyant flow generates a vortex on the right side, and multiple vortices when it is in the negative direction; the isotherms present horizontal and vertical stratification in both cases. μTEG generates the most power with a 0.07 mm thermocouple size in the negative lid direction case, with an inlet gradient temperature of 8 K. SiO2 (Ri = 77) showed a 23% increase in power output compared to water (0.318 μW/cm² and 0.461 μW/cm², respectively). With a 30% higher inlet gradient temperature (SiO2 at Ri = 100, ΔT = 10.4 K, 0.569 μW/cm²), it generated 79% more power output compared to water.</p>","PeriodicalId":18966,"journal":{"name":"Nanomaterials","volume":"15 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12472496/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145150129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Superhydrophobic Coatings on Turbulence and Vortical Structures in a Submerged Impinging Jet.","authors":"Delfino Cornejo-Monroy, Betania Sánchez-Santamaria, David Luviano-Cruz, Manuel Alejandro Lira-Martínez, J C García, José Omar Dávalos","doi":"10.3390/nano15181407","DOIUrl":"10.3390/nano15181407","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The impact of liquid jets on solid surfaces is a critical hydrodynamic mechanism in applications like cooling and cleaning. Surface properties, particularly superhydrophobicity, can significantly alter flow development throughout the impingement process. This work uses particle image velocimetry (PIV) to investigate a submerged water jet impinging on smooth and superhydrophobic surfaces. The jet, with a 4 mm diameter (D), was operated at a Reynolds number of 4500 and a nozzle-to-surface distance of 10D. Results demonstrate that the superhydrophobic surface (SHS) modifies the flow behavior significantly. Compared to the smooth surface, the peak jet velocity on the SHS increased by 26% in the axial direction and 19% in the radial direction. Furthermore, turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) at the impingement point was substantially higher on the coated surface. These findings are attributed to reduced wall friction on the superhydrophobic surface, which enhances momentum retention and alters turbulent production.</p>","PeriodicalId":18966,"journal":{"name":"Nanomaterials","volume":"15 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12472951/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145150172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}