Mycorrhiza最新文献

{"title":"MAPK signaling pathway and rhizosphere modulation: mechanisms of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in enhancing Phragmites communis tolerance to triclocarban stress.","authors":"Yin Liu, Sheng Sheng, Bianhe Lu, Jing Hu, Kailin Xu, Junwei Shen, Sijing Tang, Jin Qian","doi":"10.1007/s00572-026-01291-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00572-026-01291-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>With escalating global health challenges, triclocarban (TCC) contamination has reemerged as a critical ecological threat, especially in wetland ecosystems. Yet, the mechanisms by which arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) regulate plant root resistance and the rhizosphere environment under TCC exposure remain poorly understood. Here, we established an AMF-Phragmites communis symbiotic system and conducted TCC exposure experiments. Our results demonstrated that TCC exposure significantly inhibited mycorrhizal colonization, root morphology, and the antioxidant system of P. communis. Specifically, under the 5 mg kg^- 1 soil TCC exposure, arbuscule abundance decreased by 3.53-fold, root total length declined to 1011.13 cm, and the integrated biomarker response index value of the antioxidant system dropped to 0.25. In contrast, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis promoted root morphological and physiological growth. Transcriptome analysis revealed that AM symbiosis upregulated genes encoding key enzymes in the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway (e.g., MAPKKK and MAPK family members), whereas TCC exposure downregulated their expressions. Furthermore, in the rhizosphere soil, the composition and structure of microbial communities were distinctly influenced by AM symbiosis and TCC exposure. Compared to AM symbiosis, which upregulated soil metabolites associated with metabolism, TCC exposure downregulated soil metabolites across multiple functional categories, including metabolism, environmental information processing, and cellular processes. This research broadens our understanding of how AM symbiosis enhances the resistance of P. communis and maintains the stability of the rhizosphere environment under TCC exposure, and evidences the potential of AMF application in improving the purification capacity of wetland systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":18965,"journal":{"name":"Mycorrhiza","volume":"36 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148308890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dichotomous keys for morphological identification of spores produced by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (phylum Glomeromycota) integrating the mode of spore formation and a spore developmental model.","authors":"Sidney L Stürmer, Karl Kemmelmeier, Terra K Lubin, Liz Koziol, Peggy A Schultz, James D Bever, Joseph B Morton","doi":"10.1007/s00572-026-01270-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00572-026-01270-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Taxonomy of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) fungi (Glomeromycota) has long relied on spore morphological characteristics, which are distinguishable and evolutionarily stable structures in these fungi. Mode of spore formation and germination properties in AMF identify higher order taxa. Species level traits include external and internal spore morphology (e.g. size, color, spore wall structure, surface ornamentation) and some characteristics at the region of hyphal attachment. Comparative studies of AMF spore ontogeny led to a developmental model where characters were defined by their origin, position in ontogeny, and constraints on variation. The goals of this work are (i) to revisit the spore developmental model, the model's premises and interpretations for morphological taxonomy of AMF, (ii) to describe and compare the main modes of spore formation as the first step to define taxa, and (iii) to organize these data into dichotomous keys as a tool for AMF species identification. Such an aid will facilitate a more accurate identification of fungal specimens collected and investigated in field-based and ecological studies, in organization and maintenance of germplasm deposited in culture collections, and in production and utilization of commercial inoculants.</p>","PeriodicalId":18965,"journal":{"name":"Mycorrhiza","volume":"36 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13283158/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148295614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of mango-maize and mango-cassava agroforestry systems on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi communities and soil properties in Southern Ethiopia.","authors":"Aynalem Gochera Sade, Yonas Ugo Utaile, Bart Muys, Arne Devriese, Olivier Honnay, Margaux Boeraeve","doi":"10.1007/s00572-026-01287-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00572-026-01287-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Subsistence agriculture in tropical smallholder farming systems of eastern Africa faces persistent productivity challenges due to low soil fertility, limited inputs, and increasing climate variability. Agroforestry can offer a sustainable strategy for smallholder systems by enhancing soil quality and influencing arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) community composition in crop root systems. Using a canopy-based radial sampling design, we assessed the influence of Mangifera indica (mango) trees on soil properties and AMF communities in maize and cassava in southern Ethiopia. Illumina MiSeq sequencing identified 908 AMF operational taxonomic units (OTUs) from 7 families, dominated by Glomeraceae. While soil properties, including pH, total nitrogen (TN), organic carbon, and potassium, were significantly affected by the distance from mango trunks (p < 0.001), this was not the case for AMF community composition and AMF richness and diversity. Host identity, rather than distance from the mango trees, was the primary driver of AMF community composition, with distinct and host-specific assemblages in mango, maize, and cassava roots (p < 0.001). Soil nutrients influenced AMF diversity differently across host plants (p < 0.05). In maize-mango systems, TN positively affected observed richness (S_obs) and Shannon diversity (N1), whereas Olsen P negatively affected N1 and Simpson diversity (N2). In cassava-mango systems, TN increased S_obs, and Olsen P positively influenced expected richness (S_exp). Overall, these findings suggest that improvements in soil fertility associated with mango-based agroforestry systems do not necessarily translate into corresponding changes in crop-associated AMF community composition and diversity. Without demonstrating direct benefits, we at least show that mango can be effectively integrated into smallholder maize and cassava production without compromising the AMF communities, while enhancing key soil fertility indicators. Maintaining adequate nitrogen levels while avoiding excessive phosphorus inputs may help sustain stable AMF communities in agroforestry systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":18965,"journal":{"name":"Mycorrhiza","volume":"36 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148283958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The ectomycorrhizal fungal communities of 9000-year-old red spruce forests on a coastal island of northeastern North America.","authors":"Peter Avis, Evan Warburton","doi":"10.1007/s00572-026-01282-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00572-026-01282-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal ecologies of old forests on islands are important to conserve but have been understudied, especially in eastern North America. In this study, we characterize the ECM fungal communities of four ~ 9000-year-old red spruce (Picea rubens) sites and one beech-birch site on a coastal island in Maine, USA, the first such study on a northeastern North American coastal island. By sampling the ECM fungi colonizing seedling roots, mature roots and root-free bulk soil, we show that the ECM communities in red spruce sites are dominated by Cenococcum, Piloderma and Cortinarius. Further, we show extremely limited ECM fungal community overlap between red spruce sites and a beech-birch site suggesting factors affecting ECM fungal communities on this island are like those on mainland. Within red spruce sites, we show substantial overlap between the ECM fungi on seedling, mature tree roots and root-free bulk soil by dominant genera and identify specific ECM fungal sequence variants found widely across these old growth stands.</p>","PeriodicalId":18965,"journal":{"name":"Mycorrhiza","volume":"36 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148277952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis suppresses tomato bacterial wilt by coordinating plant systemic resistance with microbiome antagonism.","authors":"Dechao Zeng, Lingxiao Wang, Yijia Gong, Wenxuan Zhou, Wenbin Wang, Shuangshuang Wang, Guohua Xu, Aiqun Chen","doi":"10.1007/s00572-026-01278-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00572-026-01278-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tomato bacterial wilt, caused by Ralstonia solanacearum, is a globally devastating soil-borne disease that poses a serious threat to the sustainable development of tomato production. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are well-recognized beneficial soil microorganisms that significantly promote plant growth, enhance nutrient uptake, and improve resistance to various biotic and abiotic stresses. However, a comprehensive understanding of the potential of AMF to suppress tomato bacterial wilt is still lacking. In this study, we demonstrate that AMF inoculation remarkably reduces the disease index of bacterial wilt in tomato plants, upregulates the expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes, and enhances antioxidant enzyme activities, collectively strengthening systemic disease resistance. High-throughput 16 S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that AMF colonization drives substantial reassembly of the rhizosphere microbiome. Notably, AMF colonization promoted the recruitment of beneficial bacterial genera, including Bacillus and Brevibacillus, while significantly suppressing the abundance of Ralstonia. Furthermore, we isolated two Brevibacillus strains, designated AQC211 and AQC296, from the mycorrhizosphere of healthy tomato plants, both exhibited antagonistic activity against R. solanacearum in vitro. Pot experiments confirmed that inoculation with the AQC211 strain significantly reduced the incidence and severity of bacterial wilt. These findings indicate that AMF can not only directly prime plant systemic resistance but also indirectly enhance protection against bacterial wilt by shaping a disease-suppressive rhizosphere microbiome.</p>","PeriodicalId":18965,"journal":{"name":"Mycorrhiza","volume":"36 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148252476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Community composition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in Ontario tallgrass prairies of differing disturbance histories.","authors":"Ada C Jarosch, Sarah N Allan Maloney, Nimalka M Weerasuriya, Clinton R Jacobs, R Greg Thorn","doi":"10.1007/s00572-026-01279-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00572-026-01279-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), in the phylum Glomeromycota, form symbiotic relationships with most vascular plants, including grasses. Tallgrass prairies (TGPs) are an endangered habitat in Ontario; some undisturbed fragments remain and there have been efforts to restore disused agricultural land to prairie. The objective of this study was to investigate differences in the community composition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi between disturbed and undisturbed TGP at five locations across southwestern Ontario. The V4 variable region of the small ribosomal subunit was amplified from DNAs extracted from soil samples, and sequence analysis yielded operational taxonomic units (OTUs) representing twelve genera of Glomeromycota. There was a significant difference in the community composition of the AMF communities in undisturbed TGP remnants and restored TGP that had been previously disturbed, with an overall greater community diversity and evenness in the undisturbed than previously disturbed sites. Ambispora fennica, three OTUs of Diversispora and four OTUs of Glomus were found to be potential indicator taxa of undisturbed TGPs and, overall, Glomus was significantly more abundant in undisturbed than disturbed sites. In contrast, two other OTUs of Diversispora, two of Entrophospora and one of Septoglomus were found to be potential indicator taxa of disturbed TGPs. These findings have implications for success of TGP restoration and should be considered in future efforts.</p>","PeriodicalId":18965,"journal":{"name":"Mycorrhiza","volume":"36 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148239748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in tomato roots with a diverse range of carotene accumulation.","authors":"Luca Giovannini, José Eduardo Marqués-Gálvez, Fabiano Sillo, Domenico De Paola, Angelo Petrozza, Teresa Mango, Donato Melfi, Jian You Wang, Valentina Fiorilli, Filomena Carriero, Raffaella Balestrini","doi":"10.1007/s00572-026-01277-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00572-026-01277-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis is regulated by carotenoid-derived molecules, including strigolactones and other apocarotenoids. However, the role of root carotene availability remains poorly understood. Here we evaluated AM performance in tomato using two mutants showing contrasting root carotenoid profiles, i.e. cyc-b7, an EMS-derived TILLING mutant carrying a characterized mutation in Cyc-B, and 7458-Y, an uncharacterized mutant line showing high carotenoid accumulation), compared to their related wild type (Red Setter). Not-inoculated and AM fungal inoculated plants were grown under controlled conditions and root colonization parameters were assessed after two months. Root carotenoids were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and RNA-seq analysis was performed on root samples to understand the tomato response to the inoculation. Roots of cyc-b7 accumulated significantly lower total carotenoids than Red Setter, including reduced lutein and β-carotene, whereas 7458-Y showed increased β-carotene, together with higher arbuscule abundance than both Red Setter and cyc-b7. Transcriptome profiling revealed a genotype-dependent response to AMF inoculation, with symbiosis-related genes differentially regulated in the two mutant lines. In cyc-b7, AMF inoculation was associated with reduced expression of genes encoding nutrient transporters, as well as of a gene encoding a symbiosis receptor-like kinase (SYMRK), a component of the common symbiosis signaling pathway. By contrast, in 7458-Y, AMF inoculation was associated with up-regulation of a gene encoding a LysM receptor-like kinase involved in AM establishment, and of a gene, SlD27, related to strigolactone biosynthesis. Overall, our results support a link between root carotenoid metabolism and AMF colonization.</p>","PeriodicalId":18965,"journal":{"name":"Mycorrhiza","volume":"36 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13249782/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148211822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of a high-throughput single spore DNA extraction protocol for the model species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, Rhizophagus irregularis.","authors":"Selina A Spence, Brontë R Shelton, Diego Yusta Belsham, Joana Larrere, Cassandra E Bruce, Olivia J Regush, Miranda M Hart","doi":"10.1007/s00572-026-01274-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00572-026-01274-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Single spore DNA extraction methods of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) typically involve manually crushing spores to release the DNA into solution. However, there are no consistent protocols for DNA extraction from single spores, nor methods for extracting DNA from many single spores at once. We tested several single spore DNA extraction methods on four isolates of the species Rhizophagus irregularis in 96-well plates: direct polymerase chain reaction (PCR), freeze-thaw, manually crushing, bead beating, and chemical lysis. The extracted DNA was amplified via PCR and visualized using gel electrophoresis. We evaluated each method based on cost, time efficiency, preparation effort, safety, ease, and number of spores with successful DNA extraction and amplification. Overall, we found that crushing spores using a sewing needle had the greatest success for all four isolates and can be easily conducted in 250µL 96-well plates. The direct PCR and freeze-thaw methods show promise of being practical high-throughput methods for single spore DNA extraction; however, they should be further tested on other isolates and species to account for both intra and interspecies variability.</p>","PeriodicalId":18965,"journal":{"name":"Mycorrhiza","volume":"36 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148150717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can increase the concentration of per and poly-fluoroalkyl substances in cereal crops.","authors":"Stephanie J Watts-Williams, Sara Thomas, Alison R Gill, Thi Diem Nguyen, Shervin Kabiri","doi":"10.1007/s00572-026-01276-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00572-026-01276-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Contamination of agricultural soils with per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) is now widespread and common throughout the world due to management practices such as biosolid application. Crop and pasture plants can readily take up and accumulate PFAS in their tissues, which eventually end up in food products or livestock feed and lead to health issues. This study investigated how arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi affect plant PFAS uptake in three important cereal crop species (barley, bread wheat, durum wheat), using a combination of soils that were artificially spiked or naturally contaminated with PFAS. Spiking soil with PFAS did not interfere with AM colonisation of roots, nor did it detrimentally affect plant biomass. However, the shoots of all three plant species accumulated high concentrations of multiple short- and long-chain PFAS compounds. Inoculation with AM fungi led to increased concentration of all measured PFAS compounds in durum wheat shoots, the highest being PFBS at 5.2 ng g^- 1. Several compounds were also significantly greater with AM fungal inoculation in barley shoots. The uptake of PFAS in cereal plants is highly dependent on the nature of the soil PFAS contamination (i.e., the concentration and speciation), and the plant species in association with AM fungi. It remains to be investigated whether AM fungi can directly take up PFAS from the soil.</p>","PeriodicalId":18965,"journal":{"name":"Mycorrhiza","volume":"36 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13234039/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148150583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Generalist core orchid mycorrhizal fungi structure symbiotic associations across multiple orchid species in the Ryukyu archipelago, an island biodiversity hotspot.","authors":"E J M Samadhi Kavindya Dissanayake, Yumika Mine, Masaharu Amano, Yuki Ogura-Tsujita","doi":"10.1007/s00572-026-01275-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00572-026-01275-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Plant-fungal symbioses influence plant community structure and dynamics, and orchids provide a model system for examining these interactions due to their strict dependence on orchid mycorrhizal fungi (OMF) throughout the life cycle. However, the organization of OMF communities across multiple orchid hosts in island ecosystems, and the identity of fungal lineages functioning as core symbionts, remain insufficiently resolved. We characterised OMF associated with 28 orchid species across the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan using a two-step approach: preliminary Sanger sequencing followed by high-throughput sequencing (HTS) with multiple primer sets to improve taxonomic and phylogenetic coverage. HTS detected 57 OMF operational taxonomic units (OTUs), dominated by Tulasnellaceae, and recovered all Sanger-detected OTUs while capturing additional diversity. Six OTUs exhibited exceptionally broad host ranges, each occurring in more than ten orchid species, forming an ecologically influential generalist group that provides the basis for the core OMF concept proposed in this study. All orchids showed broad and flexible fungal associations with low specificity. Population-level patterns revealed both conserved and site-specific partners, reflecting the coexistence of apparent and true generalism among Ryukyu orchids. Primer choice significantly influenced the recovery of Tulasnellaceae clades, demonstrating that single universal primers underestimate lineage-level diversity. Together, these results indicate that orchid communities in the Ryukyus are structured around a core set of ecologically versatile generalist fungi that function as key symbionts across diverse hosts and habitats. These lineages represent promising candidates for multispecies symbiotic propagation and conservation initiatives, although their functional roles require validation through symbiotic culture assays.</p>","PeriodicalId":18965,"journal":{"name":"Mycorrhiza","volume":"36 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148101668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}