Nature Reviews Earth & Environment最新文献

{"title":"A tall tower to measure the blowing snow in Antarctica","authors":"Sergi González-Herrero","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00664-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00664-z","url":null,"abstract":"Sergi González-Herrero discusses how a tall tower fitted with an array of sensors can monitor blowing snow above the Antarctic Ice Sheet.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 4","pages":"229-229"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145122724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Observing transient ocean currents from space with radar interferometry","authors":"Lilian A. Dove","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00665-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00665-y","url":null,"abstract":"Lilian Dove explains how satellite-based radar interferometry can be used to observe ocean currents.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 4","pages":"230-230"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145122820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physical and biogeochemical responses of Tibetan Plateau lakes to climate change","authors":"Liping Zhu, Jianting Ju, Baojin Qiao, Chong Liu, Junbo Wang, Ruimin Yang, Qingfeng Ma, Linan Guo, Shuyu Pang","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00650-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00650-5","url":null,"abstract":"The lakes, rivers and glaciers of the Tibetan Plateau (TP) — a vital water resource for East Asia — are undergoing substantial environmental change. In this Review, we examine trends in the size and the physical and biogeochemical properties of TP lakes. Lake area and volume have consistently increased since 1995, with most rapid expansion in northern lakes. Between 1986 and 2022, the total area of lakes larger than 1 km2 increased from 37,109 km2 to 46,980 km2, and water storage increased by 169.7 km3, driven by warming and enhanced precipitation. In large lakes (≥10 km2), average surface temperatures increased by 1.33 °C, water transparency increased by 1 m, and salinity decreased from 48.76 to 23.76 psu. Responses in lake biogeochemistry include enhanced microbial diversity and trophic status, despite minimal additional nutrient inputs and consistent rates of productivity. Although TP lakes appear to be a net source of CO2 to the atmosphere (1.60, 6.87 and 1.16 Tg C yr−1 in the 2000s, 2010s and the 2020s, respectively), long-term CO2 source-sink dynamics remain uncertain. TP lake area is projected to increase by 9,000 km2 by 2050 under SSP5-8.5 and will continue to influence and enhance regional precipitation. Improved prediction of TP lake hydrology and biogeochemistry will aid sustainable management of water resources across the TP. Climate change affects Tibetan lakes through its influence on precipitation, glacial meltwater flux, and permafrost degradation. This Review discusses the observed response of the physical and biogeochemical properties of lakes, including salinity and trophic complexity, to changes in lake size and looks towards future priorities in lake monitoring and modelling.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 4","pages":"284-298"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145122723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Arctic Ocean bathymetry and its connections to tectonics, oceanography and climate","authors":"Carmen Gaina, Martin Jakobsson, Eivind O. Straume, Mary-Louise Timmermans, Kai Boggild, Stefan Bünz, Vera Schlindwein, Arne Døssing","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00647-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00647-0","url":null,"abstract":"For at least the past 50 million years, the Arctic region has had a major role in regulating global climate regimes and their variations through time. In this Review, we discuss the role of the Arctic oceanic basin and its complex bathymetry in controlling ocean circulation and marine cryosphere development. The spatial distribution and depth of various seafloor features, such as ocean gateways, submarine plateaus and continental shelves, influence the pathways of ocean currents, both today and in the past. The Arctic Ocean was an enclosed basin until the Early Eocene (56–48 million years ago), when the Eurasian Basin started to form and a shallow sea connected the Arctic to the Tethys Ocean. The connections with the North Atlantic and the global ocean through shallow and deep gateways prompted the transition from a global greenhouse to icehouse climate. However, the Arctic Ocean remains underexplored, as less than one-quarter of its seafloor is mapped in detail. Future integrated geoscience research, modern bathymetric mapping technology and active international programmes are needed to close these data gaps. Changes in seafloor topography, resulting from tectonic, magmatic and sedimentary processes, influence Arctic and global climate via a multitude of impacts on ocean pathways and energetics. This Review explores the past and present links between Arctic bathymetry, tectonics, oceans and climate.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 3","pages":"211-227"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143602869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What are the impacts of fracking operations on local water quality?","authors":"Jennifer S. Harkness","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00651-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00651-4","url":null,"abstract":"Margaret (95, UK) asks Dr Jennifer Harkness how pollution from fracking can impact local water quality.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 3","pages":"159-160"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143602893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biogeochemical consequences of marine fisheries and aquaculture","authors":"Nicholas E. Ray, Stefano Bonaglia, Emma L. Cavan, Fernanda G. Sampaio, Jessica A. Gephart, Jenny R. Hillman, Sara Hornborg, Sarah Paradis, Colleen M. Petrik, Justin Tiano, Junji Yuan","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00633-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00633-y","url":null,"abstract":"Marine fisheries and aquaculture are important contributors to global food security but disturb biogeochemical cycles from local to global scales. In this Review, we summarize how marine fisheries and aquaculture affect biogeochemical cycling of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus, and discuss differences in the spatial scale, duration and magnitude of their biogeochemical consequences. Globally, marine capture fisheries and aquaculture remove approximately 21.0 Tg C year–1, 4.6 Tg N year–1 and 0.97 Tg P year–1 from the ocean, dominated by fish and shellfish removal. Point-of-harvest activities in marine capture fisheries result in biomass extraction, fishing gear impacts on the sea bed, fuel use and emissions, lost fishing gear and altered trophic structure. Aquaculture involves the addition and subsequent extraction of biomass, and habitat alteration during the introduction of farm structures. These disturbances affect the biogeochemistry of the water column and sediment, influencing the cycling and fate of nutrients over days to centuries and from local to global scales. For example, animals raised in aquaculture excrete 6.5 Tg N year–1 and 1.2 Tg P year–1, contributing to global-scale effects. Better incorporating these biogeochemical effects into environmental footprint assessments of products can guide more sustainable decision-making in the sector. Marine fisheries and aquaculture support global food security. This Review considers how fishery and aquaculture activities influence marine nutrient dynamics and trophic structure, with implications for biogeochemical cycles from local to global scales.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 3","pages":"163-177"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143602870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using spectrophotometry to measure nutrient concentrations in the field","authors":"Chequita N. Brooks","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00648-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00648-z","url":null,"abstract":"Chequita Brooks explains how spectrophotometry can be used to measure concentrations of important molecules in the environment.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 3","pages":"161-161"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143602871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Capturing glacier calving with time-lapse camera arrays","authors":"Connie Harpur","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00649-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00649-y","url":null,"abstract":"Connie Harpur explains how time-lapse camera arrays can be used to capture glacier calving activity.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 3","pages":"162-162"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143602894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The formation and evolution of the Earth’s inner core","authors":"Alfred J. Wilson, Christopher J. Davies, Andrew M. Walker, Monica Pozzo, Dario Alfè, Arwen Deuss","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00639-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00639-6","url":null,"abstract":"The growth of the solid inner core from the liquid outer core provides crucial power for generating the geomagnetic field. However, the traditional view of inner core growth does not include the physical requirement that liquids must be supercooled below the melting point before freezing can begin. In this Review, we explore the impact of supercooling the Earth’s core on inner core formation, growth and dynamics, and the interpretation of seismic and palaeomagnetic observations. Mineral physics calculations suggest that at least 450 K of supercooling is needed to spontaneously nucleate the inner core. However, when satisfying inferences from geophysical constraints, the maximum available supercooling is estimated at 420 K and more probably <100 K. Supercooling the Earth’s core requires that the inner core had at least two growth regimes. The first regime is a rapid phase that freezes supercooled liquids at rates comparable to outer core dynamics (cm yr−1), followed by the second regime that is a traditional in-equilibrium growth phase proportional to the cooling rate of the core (mm yr−1). Future research should seek evidence for rapid growth in the palaeomagnetic and seismic records and the mechanisms that produce deformation texture, particularly those owing to heterogeneous inner core growth, inner core convection, and coupling between freezing and the magnetic field. Nucleation and growth of Earth’s solid inner core has a crucial role powering the geomagnetic field. This Review explores the timing and mechanisms of inner core growth consistent with physical constraints and first-order observations of the thermal evolution of Earth.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 2","pages":"140-154"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143389471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Atmospheric rivers in Antarctica","authors":"Jonathan D. Wille, Vincent Favier, Irina V. Gorodetskaya, Cécile Agosta, Rebecca Baiman, J. E. Barrett, Léonard Barthelemy, Burcu Boza, Deniz Bozkurt, Mathieu Casado, Anastasiia Chyhareva, Kyle R. Clem, Francis Codron, Rajashree Tri Datta, Claudio Durán-Alarcón, Diana Francis, Andrew O. Hoffman, Marlen Kolbe, Svitlana Krakovska, Gabrielle Linscott, Michelle L. Maclennan, Kyle S. Mattingly, Ye Mu, Benjamin Pohl, Christophe Leroy-Dos Santos, Christine A. Shields, Emir Toker, Andrew C. Winters, Ziqi Yin, Xun Zou, Chen Zhang, Zhenhai Zhang","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00638-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00638-7","url":null,"abstract":"Antarctic atmospheric rivers (ARs) are a form of extreme weather that transport heat and moisture from the Southern Hemisphere subtropics and/or mid-latitudes to the Antarctic continent. Present-day AR events generally have a positive influence on the Antarctic ice-sheet mass balance by producing heavy snowfall, yet they also cause melt of sea ice and coastal ice sheet areas, as well as ice shelf destabilization. In this Review, we explore the atmospheric dynamics and impacts of Antarctic ARs over their life cycle to better understand their net contributions to ice-sheet mass balance. ARs occur in high-amplitude pressure couplets, and those strong enough to reach the Antarctic are often formed within Rossby waves initiated by tropical convection. Antarctic ARs are rare events (~3 days per year per location) but have been responsible for 50–70% of extreme snowfall events in East Antarctica since the 1980s. However, they can also trigger extensive surface melting events, such as the final ice shelf collapse of Larsen A in 1995 and Larsen B in 2002. Climate change will likely cause stronger ARs as anthropogenic warming increases atmospheric water vapour. Future research must determine how these climate change impacts will alter the relationship among Antarctic ARs, net ice-sheet mass balance and future sea-level rise. Atmospheric rivers provide the majority of water vapour transport to the high latitudes. This Review summarizes Antarctic atmospheric river dynamics and climatology and discusses their impacts on the mass balance of the Antarctic ice sheet.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 3","pages":"178-192"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143602892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}