Jorien E. Vonk, Michael Fritz, Niek J. Speetjens, Marcel Babin, Annett Bartsch, Luana S. Basso, Lisa Bröder, Mathias Göckede, Örjan Gustafsson, Gustaf Hugelius, Anna M. Irrgang, Bennet Juhls, McKenzie A. Kuhn, Hugues Lantuit, Manfredi Manizza, Jannik Martens, Matt O’Regan, Anya Suslova, Suzanne E. Tank, Jens Terhaar, Scott Zolkos
{"title":"The land–ocean Arctic carbon cycle","authors":"Jorien E. Vonk, Michael Fritz, Niek J. Speetjens, Marcel Babin, Annett Bartsch, Luana S. Basso, Lisa Bröder, Mathias Göckede, Örjan Gustafsson, Gustaf Hugelius, Anna M. Irrgang, Bennet Juhls, McKenzie A. Kuhn, Hugues Lantuit, Manfredi Manizza, Jannik Martens, Matt O’Regan, Anya Suslova, Suzanne E. Tank, Jens Terhaar, Scott Zolkos","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00627-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00627-w","url":null,"abstract":"Anthropogenic climate warming is amplified in the Arctic, impacting the Arctic carbon cycle and its role in regulating climate and global biogeochemical cycles. In this Review, we provide a quantitative and comprehensive overview of the present-day Arctic carbon cycle across the land–ocean continuum. Terrestrial soil stocks total 877 ± 16 Pg C, with upper marine sediments containing 82 ± 35 Pg C. Overall, the integrated Arctic system is a carbon sink, driven by oceanic uptake of CO2 (127 ± 36 Tg C year−1) and organic carbon burial in shelf sea sediments (112 ± 41 Tg C year–1). Terrestrial systems, including inland waters and disturbance, are a net source of CH4 (38 (21, 53) Tg C year–1) and CO2 (12 (–606, 661) Tg C year–1). The Arctic carbon sink will likely weaken under continued warming, owing to factors such as increased coastal erosion, outgassing of riverine organic carbon and enhanced nearshore carbon turnover lowering shelf sediment burial. Arctic greening and increases in terrestrial carbon sinks will be substantially offset by increases in soil respiration, disturbance from extreme events and enhanced emissions from inland waters. Future research should prioritize enhanced coverage of small catchments and nearshore regions, and inclusion of non-linear responses in biogeochemical models. Anthropogenic warming is perturbing the Arctic carbon cycle. This Review provides an overview of contemporary carbon stocks and fluxes across terrestrial, aquatic and oceanic components of the integrated Arctic system.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 2","pages":"86-105"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43017-024-00627-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143389480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tom Matthews, Colin Raymond, Josh Foster, Jane W. Baldwin, Catherine Ivanovich, Qinqin Kong, Patrick Kinney, Radley M. Horton
{"title":"Mortality impacts of the most extreme heat events","authors":"Tom Matthews, Colin Raymond, Josh Foster, Jane W. Baldwin, Catherine Ivanovich, Qinqin Kong, Patrick Kinney, Radley M. Horton","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00635-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00635-w","url":null,"abstract":"Extreme heat threatens human life, evidenced by >260,000 heat-related fatalities collectively in the deadliest events since 2000. In this Review, we link physical climate science with heat mortality risk, including crossings of uncompensable thresholds (beyond which human core body temperature rises uncontrollably) and unsurvivable thresholds (lethal core temperature increase within 6 h). Uncompensable thresholds (wet-bulb temperatures ~19–32 °C) depend strongly on age and the combination of air temperature and relative humidity. These thresholds have been breached rarely for younger adults (~2.2% of land area over 1994–2023) but more widely for older adults (~21%). Unsurvivable thresholds (wet-bulb temperatures ~20–34 °C) were only exceeded for older adults (~1.8% of land area). Anthropogenic warming will lead to more frequent threshold crossings, including tripling of the uncompensable land area for young adults if warming reaches 2 °C above preindustrial levels. Interdisciplinary work must improve the understanding of the deadly potential of unprecedented heat and how it can be reduced. Ensuring reliable access for all to cool refugia is an urgent priority as the atmosphere threatens to increasingly overwhelm human physiology under climate warming. Extreme heat is increasing in magnitude and frequency, threatening human health. This Review assesses mortality risk associated with extreme heat, revealing that human thermal tolerances (that is, uncompensable thresholds) were crossed for ~2% and 21% of global land area for young adults and older adults, respectively, from 1994 to 2023.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 3","pages":"193-210"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143602875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nicholas R. Golledge, Elizabeth D. Keller, Alexandra Gossart, Alena Malyarenko, Angela Bahamondes-Dominguez, Mario Krapp, Stefan Jendersie, Daniel P. Lowry, Alanna Alevropoulos-Borrill, Dirk Notz
{"title":"Antarctic coastal polynyas in the global climate system","authors":"Nicholas R. Golledge, Elizabeth D. Keller, Alexandra Gossart, Alena Malyarenko, Angela Bahamondes-Dominguez, Mario Krapp, Stefan Jendersie, Daniel P. Lowry, Alanna Alevropoulos-Borrill, Dirk Notz","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00634-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00634-x","url":null,"abstract":"Coastal polynyas describe regions of persistent open water within the sea-ice pack. In this Review, we outline the critical importance of Antarctic coastal polynyas in the Earth system (including for the atmosphere, sea-ice, ocean and biosphere) and outline their past, present and future changes. Strong offshore winds are the primary force opening coastal polynyas, varying on synoptic timescales to influence polynya existence and size. The exposed ocean surface ventilates heat to the atmosphere, allowing sea surface cooling and frazil ice formation. Frazil ice increases the salinity of surface waters, ultimately sinking as dense shelf water that drives the southern limb of the global ocean overturning circulation. Light and nutrient availability in coastal polynyas also encourages high primary productivity, making them critical aspects of the Antarctic marine food web. Coastal polynya strength and location varies through time, most notably at glacial–interglacial timescales owing to changes in continental shelf available for polynya formation. Predicting the future evolution of Antarctic coastal polynyas is challenged by inadequate model resolution and poorly constrained processes and behaviours, but there are indications that activity will decline with warming. A coordinated and expanded campaign of in situ measurements, as well as new satellite-based observations that use intelligent algorithms, would improve coupled atmosphere–sea-ice–ocean models and, thereby, enhance knowledge of Antarctic coastal polynyas. Antarctic coastal polynyas have a critical role in the Earth system, influencing the atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere and biosphere. This Review outlines the importance of Antarctic coastal polynyas and documents their changes over time.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 2","pages":"126-139"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143389475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Author Correction: How often do supereruptions occur?","authors":"Katy J. Chamberlain","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00646-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00646-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 3","pages":"228-228"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43017-025-00646-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143602890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Stabilizing permafrost with solar-powered cooling systems","authors":"Elizaveta Sharaborova","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00644-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00644-3","url":null,"abstract":"Elizaveta Sharaborova discusses how a laboratory-scale controlled cooling experiment can be used to test how a protective frozen layer can prevent the destabilization of permafrost.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 2","pages":"85-85"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143389468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Refining past climate records with wood anatomy","authors":"Julie Edwards","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00643-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00643-4","url":null,"abstract":"Julie Edwards explains how quantitative wood anatomy helps refine records of past climate.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 2","pages":"84-84"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143389464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"How do mountains grow?","authors":"Sean D. Willett","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00630-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00630-1","url":null,"abstract":"Mac (6, UK) asks Prof. Sean Willett how mountains grow.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 1","pages":"6-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43017-024-00630-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142976656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Victoria Flexer, Cornelis van Leeuwen, Kirsi Niinimäki, Shilong Piao, Erica R. Siirila-Woodburn, Lan Wang-Erlandsson
{"title":"Reflecting on impactful articles at Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","authors":"Victoria Flexer, Cornelis van Leeuwen, Kirsi Niinimäki, Shilong Piao, Erica R. Siirila-Woodburn, Lan Wang-Erlandsson","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00623-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00623-0","url":null,"abstract":"In celebration of the fifth year anniversary of Nature Reviews Earth & Environment, we ask authors of some of our most impactful articles (with respect to news stories, social media engagement, Altmetric scores, citations, policy mentions and article accesses) to reflect on the successes of their Reviews.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 1","pages":"12-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142976695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Why do tides vary regionally?","authors":"Sunke Trace-Kleeberg","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00629-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00629-8","url":null,"abstract":"Ashton (7, UK) asks Sunke Trace-Kleeberg why tides can vary so much from one location to another.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 1","pages":"7-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43017-024-00629-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142976700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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