Nature Reviews Earth & Environment最新文献

{"title":"Advancing an adaptable and practical framework to address water quality challenges in a changing world","authors":"Qian Zhang, Robert M. Hirsch, Laura A. DeCicco, Jennifer C. Murphy","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00753-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00753-z","url":null,"abstract":"As water-quality challenges intensify, the widely used Weighted Regressions on Time, Discharge, and Season (WRTDS) method offers an adaptable and practical framework for global water-quality science and management.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"7 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145958191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Glacier biogeochemical cycling and downstream impacts","authors":"Jon. R. Hawkings, James A. Bradley, Eva L. Doting, Noor Hassan, Katharine R. Hendry, Amy D. Holt, Eran Hood, Robert G. M. Spencer, Marek Stibal, Martyn Tranter, Ryan A. Venturelli, Jemma L. Wadham, Maya P. Bhatia","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00751-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00751-1","url":null,"abstract":"Far from being frozen and sterile environments, glaciers are biogeochemical reactors and regulators. In this Review, we discuss the hydrology and biogeochemistry of glacierized environments and their impact on downstream ecosystems. Supraglacial meltwaters export labile organic carbon associated with active supraglacial microbial communities, as well as carbon and nutrients delivered via atmospheric deposition. Meltwaters funnelled to the glacier bed and exiting at the glacier snout transport large quantities of rock flour as well as supraglacial and subglacial-derived organic carbon and nutrients to downstream ecosystems. Subglacial water flow paths influence rock–water contact times and vary greatly, affecting weathering reactions. For instance, the hydrology of mountain glaciers and the Greenland Ice Sheet is typically dominated by seasonal melt with short (hours) to medium (weeks) water residence times, although extended biogeochemical isolation can exist in more isolated parts of the Greenland Ice Sheet. Conversely, the Antarctic Ice Sheet is dominated by basal ice melt and residence times that can exceed years and decades. As a result, the latter supports extended biogeochemical isolation and more advanced chemical weathering. Microbial processes and physical-chemical weathering can both sequester or emit greenhouse gases, but the net effect remains unknown. Meltwaters can potentially fuel biological processes in downstream ecosystems by priming glacier-fed streams, fjords, and oceans with rock flour and nutrients. The rapid reduction in glacier area projected for the next century mandates that future research provides a critical assessment of the effects of deglaciation on watershed biogeochemistry, ecology and global biogeochemical cycles. Far from frozen and sterile environments, glaciers are biogeochemical reactors and regulators. This Review outlines key biogeochemical and associated physical processes occurring in glacierized environments and the known impacts of glaciers on elemental cycling and the Earth system.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"7 2","pages":"124-143"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146162905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antarctic Bottom Water in a changing climate","authors":"Stephen R. Rintoul, Andrew L. Stewart, Gregory C. Johnson, Shenjie Zhou, Annie Foppert, Qian Li, Adele K. Morrison, Alessandro Silvano, Kathryn L. Gunn, Matthew H. England, Sohey Nihashi, Shigeru Aoki","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00750-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00750-2","url":null,"abstract":"Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) is derived from dense water that sinks from the Antarctic continental shelf to the deep ocean. The sinking of AABW is balanced by a return flow of lighter water, and the resulting overturning circulation determines the density stratification of the deep ocean, regulates ocean storage of heat and carbon, and supplies oxygen to the deep sea. In this Review, we highlight progress in understanding how and why AABW is changing and the consequences for the deep overturning circulation. Since the mid-1980s, ocean heat content below 4,000 dbar has increased at a rate of 12.9 (±1.8) trillion watts, and the AABW has thinned by more than 50 dbar decade−1, with more rapid thinning observed closer to the sources of AABW. The abyssal overturning circulation has slowed in response to freshening of shelf waters by glacial melt and changes in sea ice formation. Numerical model simulations indicate that these trends will accelerate under projected increases in meltwater input. Future research priorities include sustained observations in the deep ocean and on the Antarctic continental shelf; exploration of feedbacks between ocean circulation, sea ice, dense water formation and ice shelf melt; and improved representation of AABW in ocean and climate models. Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) sinks near Antarctica and fills the deep ocean. This Review discusses how AABW is formed, past changes to its properties and transport, and projects future changes in AABW and the deep overturning circulation.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"7 2","pages":"86-102"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146162908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate impacts of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation on Australia","authors":"Andréa S. Taschetto, Shayne McGregor, Dietmar Dommenget, Zoe E. Gillett, Neville Nicholls, Sur Sharmila, Peter van Rensch, Danielle Verdon-Kidd, Ghyslaine Boschat, Christine Chung, Ruby Lieber, Nerilie Abram, Rob Allan, Kathryn Allen, Linden Ashcroft, Josephine R. Brown, Wenju Cai, Savin Chand, Tim Cowan, Thi Lan Dao, Catherine de Burgh-Day, Mandy B. Freund, Ailie Gallant, Joelle Gergis, Neil J. Holbrook, Hanna Heidemann, Chiara Holgate, Pandora Hope, Andrew King, Eun-Pa Lim, John L. McBride, Roseanna C. McKay, Hanh Nguyen, Acacia Pepler, Sarah Perkins-Kirkpatrick, Scott Power, James S. Risbey, Agus Santoso, Caroline C. Ummenhofer, Guojian Wang, Xuebin Zhang","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00747-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00747-x","url":null,"abstract":"El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) profoundly affects Australian weather, climate, ecosystems and socio-economic sectors. In this Review, we summarize the advances in understanding the ENSO–Australian climate relationship, detailing the complexity beyond the traditional assumptions of El Niño-dry and La Niña-wet patterns, including mechanisms and impacts. The influence of ENSO is most coherent during austral spring, explaining about a quarter of rainfall variability over large parts of eastern Australia. La Niña typically exerts more robust rainfall changes than El Niño, and the Central Pacific El Niño has greater impacts than Eastern Pacific events. These effects are amplified by prolonged ENSO episodes and modulated by land–atmosphere feedback, surrounding sea surface temperatures, local processes and interactions with other climate modes, including multidecadal variability. El Niño-related drying generally worsens when co-occurring with positive Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) and/or negative Southern Annular Mode (SAM), whereas La Niña rainfall intensifies with negative IOD and/or positive SAM. Although ENSO predictability has improved with advanced understanding of ocean processes and dynamical forecasting, predicting its impacts is challenging because of large internal atmospheric variability. Ongoing changes in ENSO underscore the need for strategic research, continuous in situ monitoring, reduced model biases and deeper understanding of the anthropogenically induced changes in Pacific temperatures to guide adaptation strategies. El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) profoundly affects Australian weather, climate, ecosystems and socio-economic sectors. This Review presents the progress made in understanding ENSO teleconnections to Australian weather over the past 40 years, describing the atmospheric dynamics, complexities and impacts of this climate phenomenon.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"7 2","pages":"103-123"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146162909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Southern Annular Mode dynamics, projections and impacts in a changing climate","authors":"Ariaan Purich, Julie M. Arblaster, Ghyslaine Boschat, Zoe E. Gillett, Will Hobbs, Martin Jucker, Eun-Pa Lim, Danielle Udy, Nerilie Abram, Elio Campitelli, Edward Doddridge, Matthew H. England, Andrew King, Laurie Menviel, Amelie Meyer, Valentina Ortiz Guzmán, Raina Roy, Irina Rudeva, Paul Spence, Peter G. Strutton, Tilo Ziehn","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00746-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00746-y","url":null,"abstract":"The Southern Annular Mode (SAM) influences Southern Hemisphere temperature and precipitation, ocean circulation, carbon cycling and the Antarctic cryosphere. In this Review, we examine the dynamics, projections and effects of the SAM, focusing on future implications for the Southern Ocean and Antarctica. The SAM is the leading mode of atmospheric variability in the Southern Hemisphere extratropics, associated with variations in the mid-latitude westerly jet strength and position. The SAM is primarily an internally driven atmospheric process, for which anomalies dissipate in 1–2 weeks; however, sustained SAM anomalies can also be forced by stratospheric processes and tropical Pacific variability. Ozone depletion during the 1970s–1990s contributed to large positive trends in austral summer. The SAM is now in its most positive mean state in over 1,000 years, and a year-round positive trend in the SAM is projected to continue throughout the twenty-first century in response to increasing greenhouse gases. Given the importance of SAM effects on Southern Ocean circulation, carbon cycling, and Antarctic ice mass balance for future climate and sea level rise projections, it is crucial that the effects of SAM are better modelled and understood, including accounting for the influence of the shifting seasonality of positive SAM trends and its increasing asymmetry. The Southern Annular Mode (SAM) has shifted towards its positive phase owing to ozone depletion and increasing greenhouse gas concentrations. This Review discusses the dynamics, trends and projections of the SAM and how these will affect southern high-latitude climate, including Southern Ocean circulation, carbon cycling and the Antarctic cryosphere.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"7 1","pages":"24-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145958194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seasonal and regional jet stream changes and drivers","authors":"Philipp Breul, Paulo Ceppi, Isla R. Simpson, Tim Woollings","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00749-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00749-9","url":null,"abstract":"The eddy-driven jet streams, which are regions of strong westerly wind in the mid-latitudes of both hemispheres, exert a leading influence on regional climate. In this Review, we outline the seasonally and regionally varying drivers, characteristics and changes in the jet streams. State-of-the-art models commonly predict a future polewards shift of the zonal-mean and annual-mean jet streams, typically ranging between 0° and 2° latitude by the end of the century under a high-emissions scenario, but with large model-to-model uncertainty. Furthermore, regional and seasonal projections can deviate substantially from the annual-mean and zonal-mean picture, and the drivers of these projected changes are not fully understood. Jet trends have emerged in the reanalysis record since 1979, of which a polewards shift of the summertime austral jet of ~0.3° per decade is the trend most clearly attributable to anthropogenic forcing. Although other trends have been observed, potentially large internal variability and incomplete understanding of the drivers of these trends precludes clear anthropogenic attribution at this point. Research is unevenly distributed across regions and seasons, with winter receiving the most attention, particularly in the North Atlantic. To support physical understanding and impact assessments, future research should provide a more complete picture of the seasonally and regionally varying jet stream drivers, and their changes, especially in spring and autumn. Eddy-driven jet streams have a strong influence on regional climate. This Review explores the seasonality and regional characteristics of mid-latitude eddy-driven jets, as well as the drivers influencing jet climatology and projected jet stream changes under continued anthropogenic climate change.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 12","pages":"824-842"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145695658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Elevation-dependent climate change in mountain environments","authors":"Nick Pepin, Martha Apple, John Knowles, Silvia Terzago, Enrico Arnone, Lorenz Hänchen, Anna Napoli, Emily Potter, Jakob Steiner, Scott N. Williamson, Bodo Ahrens, Tanmay Dhar, A. P. Dimri, Elisa Palazzi, Arathi Rameshan, Nadine Salzmann, Maria Shahgedanova, João de Deus Vidal Jr, Dino Zardi","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00740-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00740-4","url":null,"abstract":"Mountain regions show rapid environmental changes under anthropogenic warming. The rates of these changes are often stratified by elevation, leading to elevation-dependent climate change (EDCC). In this Review, we examine evidence of systematic change in the elevation profiles of air temperature and precipitation (including snow). On a global scale, differences between mountain and lowland trends for temperature, precipitation and snowfall are 0.21 °C century–1 (enhanced mountain warming), –11.5 mm century–1 (enhanced mountain drying) and –25.6 mm century–1 (enhanced mountain snow loss), respectively, for 1980–2020, based on averaging available gridded datasets. Regional analyses sometimes show opposite trend patterns. This EDCC is primarily driven by changes in surface albedo, specific humidity and atmospheric aerosol concentrations. Throughout the twenty-first century, most models predict that enhanced warming in mountain regions will continue (at 0.13 °C century–1), but precipitation changes are less certain. Superimposed upon these global trends, EDCC patterns can vary substantially between mountain regions. Patterns in the Rockies and the Tibetan Plateau are more consistent with the global mean than other regions. In situ mountain observations are skewed towards low elevations, and understanding of EDCC is biased towards mid-latitudes. Efforts to address this uneven data distribution and to increase the spatial and temporal resolution of models of mountain processes are urgently needed to understand the impacts of EDCC on ecological and hydrological systems. Environmental changes in mountains often depend on elevation. This Review outlines how past and future temperature, precipitation and snowfall trends vary between mountains and lowlands across various mountain regions and discusses the drivers responsible.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 12","pages":"772-788"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145695654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insights into terrestrial carbon and water cycling from the global eddy covariance network","authors":"Jingfeng Xiao, Dennis Baldocchi, Kazuhito Ichii, Fei Li, Dario Papale","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00743-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00743-1","url":null,"abstract":"Ecosystem–atmosphere exchanges of carbon dioxide (CO2) and water vapour respond to global environmental changes, such as climate change, elevated atmospheric CO2, disturbances, and land use change and management. Understanding these exchanges requires globally distributed and continuous, long-term ecosystem-scale measurements spanning diverse climates and ecosystems, as supported by the development of the eddy covariance (EC) technique. In this Review, we discuss how the global network of EC sites, led by FLUXNET, has advanced understanding of terrestrial carbon and water cycling. Since the early 1990s, EC measurements have provided insights into variations in carbon and water fluxes across different timescales (half-hourly to decadal), vegetation types and environmental gradients, and their responses to global change. Upscaling EC measurements and the resulting datasets have also enhanced understanding of the magnitude, spatial patterns, seasonal changes, interannual variability, and trends in carbon sinks and sources, evapotranspiration, and water-use efficiency in response to global change at regional to global scales. EC measurements and upscaled data also help interpret and evaluate satellite-derived products, as well as benchmark and improve terrestrial biosphere models and Earth system models. Future efforts should improve network representativeness, foster open data sharing, provide near real-time measurements, enhance accuracy of upscaled products and better support climate mitigation efforts. Long-term monitoring is essential to characterizing the responses of carbon and water fluxes to global environmental change drivers. This Review synthesizes the insights gained into these changes from a global flux tower network.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"7 1","pages":"60-79"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145958189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Opportunities, benefits and impacts of shallow geothermal energy","authors":"Kathrin Menberg, Hannes Hemmerle, Peter Bayer, Christoph Bott, Asal Bidarmaghz, Grant Ferguson, Martin Bloemendal, Philipp Blum","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00736-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00736-0","url":null,"abstract":"Heat pumps, which transfer heat from one environment to another to provide heating and cooling, are considered a key technology for decarbonizing the building sector. However, geothermal heat pumps have been adopted slowly, owing to high investment costs and public distrust. In this Review, we discuss opportunities for sustainable and risk-conscious application of shallow geothermal energy (SGE) and identify suitable areas and outline the benefits and impacts of different SGE technologies. Globally, many regions have wide areas suitable for SGE, yet uptake rates remain low. For example, a third of Germany is hydrogeologically suitable for aquifer thermal energy storage systems, but only two systems were in operation in 2021. The environmental benefits of SGE are substantial, as greenhouse gas emissions can be reduced by up to 88% in European Union countries compared with conventional thermal energy systems. Environmental impacts on groundwater quality and ecosystem functions are minor as SGE-induced temperature increases are typically in the range of 5–10 K. However, owing to the limited number of assessments, benefits and impacts of subsurface cooling remain largely unknown. Widespread and sustainable operation of SGE will require subsurface management with particular focus on infrastructure, drinking water quality and thermal alterations. Shallow geothermal energy can contribute to decarbonizing residential buildings. This Review explores which regions globally have high geothermal potential, outlining the benefits and impacts of different types of shallow geothermal energy systems.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 12","pages":"808-823"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145695655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global dust impacts on biogeochemical cycles and climate","authors":"Jinbo Zan, Barbara A. Maher, Xiaomin Fang, Thomas Stevens, Wenxiao Ning, Fuli Wu, Yibo Yang, Jian Kang, Zhe Hu","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00734-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00734-2","url":null,"abstract":"Windblown mineral dust is a nutrient source to the ocean, influencing global ocean productivity, ocean carbon uptake and climate. In this Review, we examine how dust emission fluxes, sources and compositions have changed over the past 7 Myr and consider the implications for ocean productivity. Since the Late Cenozoic, global cooling and orogenic uplift have enhanced dust emissions from major source regions and fluxes to downwind ocean basins, with the associated nutrient supply varying with dust origin. Glacially derived Asian dust contains higher concentrations of ferrous iron (typically exceeding 30% of the total iron) and phosphorus than the aged, highly oxidized mineral dust from North Africa, which has negligible ferrous iron content. Indeed, Asian dust has a notable influence on Pacific Ocean productivity and, potentially, climate. For example, Middle Pleistocene increases in the content of Asian dust Fe2+ (~45%) and P (~55%) coincided with a threefold to fivefold rise in glacial productivity in the South China Sea and a concurrent shift in phytoplankton ecology in the lower-latitude North Pacific. Therefore, decreasing glaciogenic dust–nutrient supply under continued global warming could notably impact ocean productivity, especially in the Pacific Ocean. Future research should focus on constraining the composition and bioavailability of dust-derived nutrients across a wide range of globally important dust sources so that dust composition and related feedbacks can be better parameterized in Earth system models. Aeolian dust deposition can deliver nutrients that fuel primary production in remote ocean regions. This Review considers how dust sources and nutrient composition, in addition to dust flux, have potentially impacted ocean productivity, carbon burial and climate over the past 7 Myr.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 12","pages":"789-807"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145695653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}