Nature Reviews Earth & Environment最新文献_第9页

Sharing the secrets of successful grant applications 分享成功申请资助的秘诀

Nature Reviews Earth & Environment Pub Date : 2025-06-13 DOI: 10.1038/s43017-025-00694-7

引用次数: 0

Hazard implications of the ongoing eruptive cycle at the Reykjanes Peninsula, Iceland 冰岛雷克雅那半岛正在进行的火山喷发周期的危险影响

Nature Reviews Earth & Environment Pub Date : 2025-06-13 DOI: 10.1038/s43017-025-00687-6

Alberto Caracciolo, Clare Davis

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Metal mining is a global driver of environmental change 金属开采是全球环境变化的驱动因素

Nature Reviews Earth & Environment Pub Date : 2025-06-12 DOI: 10.1038/s43017-025-00683-w

Stefan Giljum, Victor Maus, Laura Sonter, Sebastian Luckeneder, Tim Werner, Stephan Lutter, Julia Gershenzon, Megan J. Cole, Juliana Siqueira-Gay, Anthony Bebbington

{"title":"Metal mining is a global driver of environmental change","authors":"Stefan Giljum, Victor Maus, Laura Sonter, Sebastian Luckeneder, Tim Werner, Stephan Lutter, Julia Gershenzon, Megan J. Cole, Juliana Siqueira-Gay, Anthony Bebbington","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00683-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00683-w","url":null,"abstract":"Global metal extraction is increasing, owing to rising mineral demands from infrastructure development and the growing need for metal-intensive renewable energy technologies to mitigate climate change and phase out coal mining. However, extraction of metal ores also drives impacts on land use, water resources and biodiversity. In this Review, we evaluate mining trends of 47 metal ores between 1970 and 2022 and explore the environmental consequences. Global extraction of crude metal ores has nearly quadrupled, from 2.7 gigatonnes (Gt) in 1970 to almost 9.4 Gt in 2022, with the greatest increases in Oceania (+1,222%), South America (+929%) and Asia (+285%). Ore-specific mining activities are generally concentrated, with the top-five producers contributing on average 82.7% of the global supply in 2022. The impacts of mining are also concentrated. In 2022, about 50% of the 100,000 km2 global mining areas were located in Russia, China, Australia, the United States and Indonesia. Mining-induced water consumption, pollution and biodiversity loss substantially affect local ecosystems, with tropical rainforests and deserts being especially vulnerable. Around 70% of global metal extraction is linked to international supply chains. Enhanced environmental assessments, stricter implementation of policies, and coordinated actions across sectors throughout supply chains (mining, processing, consumers and financial markets) can help to mitigate the environmental impacts of mining. Global metal ore extraction has increased almost fourfold since 1970. This Review explores the drivers, patterns and environmental consequences of the growth of metal ore extraction and discusses interventions to reduce negative impacts across metal supply chains.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 7","pages":"441-455"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145122821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Unlocking opportunities to fulfil the Global Plastics Treaty 释放履行《全球塑料条约》的机会

Nature Reviews Earth & Environment Pub Date : 2025-06-12 DOI: 10.1038/s43017-025-00689-4

Antaya March, Samuel Winton

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Publisher Correction: Planetary Boundaries guide humanity’s future on Earth 出版商更正：行星边界指引着人类在地球上的未来

Nature Reviews Earth & Environment Pub Date : 2025-06-05 DOI: 10.1038/s43017-025-00696-5

Johan Rockström, Jonathan F. Donges, Ingo Fetzer, Maria A. Martin, Lan Wang-Erlandsson, Katherine Richardson

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Measuring the volatile content of magma with FTIR spectroscopy 用FTIR光谱法测定岩浆挥发物含量

Nature Reviews Earth & Environment Pub Date : 2025-06-05 DOI: 10.1038/s43017-025-00690-x

Jisoo Kim

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Using historical and modern data to improve bathymetric maps of the Arctic coastal zone 利用历史和现代数据改进北极沿海地区的水深图

Nature Reviews Earth & Environment Pub Date : 2025-06-04 DOI: 10.1038/s43017-025-00693-8

Deniz Vural

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Using fungi for the bioremediation of lunar regolith 利用真菌对月球风化层进行生物修复

Nature Reviews Earth & Environment Pub Date : 2025-06-04 DOI: 10.1038/s43017-025-00691-w

Jessica Atkin

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Crystal mush processes and crustal magmatism 结晶糊化过程和地壳岩浆作用

Nature Reviews Earth & Environment Pub Date : 2025-06-03 DOI: 10.1038/s43017-025-00682-x

Madeleine C. S. Humphreys, Olivier Namur, Wendy A. Bohrson, Pierre Bouilhol, George F. Cooper, Kari M. Cooper, Christian Huber, C. Johan Lissenberg, Eduardo Morgado, Frank J. Spera

{"title":"Crystal mush processes and crustal magmatism","authors":"Madeleine C. S. Humphreys, Olivier Namur, Wendy A. Bohrson, Pierre Bouilhol, George F. Cooper, Kari M. Cooper, Christian Huber, C. Johan Lissenberg, Eduardo Morgado, Frank J. Spera","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00682-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00682-x","url":null,"abstract":"Much of Earth’s magma is stored as extensive crystal mush systems, yet the prevalence of physical processes operating within mushes and their importance in volcanically active regions remain enigmatic. In this Review, we explore the physical properties and key processes of crystal mush systems. The initiation, evolution and decline of volcanic systems, modulated by heat supply and loss, could generate differences in the prevalence of mush processes through space and time. Additionally, regional tectonics alter mush properties, with mushes in cool wet settings having persistent residual melt, permitting more effective melt segregation than in hot dry settings. Disaggregation of mushes results in crystal mush material being mobilized or entrained into lavas and erupted, presenting opportunities to define the timescales and chemistry of some mush processes in volcanically active regions. Mush systems can be observed on length scales ranging from kilometres (using geological mapping) to micrometres (using crystal textures). Therefore, it is difficult to integrate data and interpretations across different fields. Improved integration of thermodynamics, textural analysis, geochemistry, modelling and experiments, alongside inputs from adjacent fields such as porous media dynamics, engineering and metallurgy will help to advance understanding of mush systems and ultimately improve hazard evaluation at active and dormant volcanic systems. Crystal mush processes are key to magmatic differentiation, volcanic system behaviour and some mineral resources. This Review discusses the processes involved in mush formation, rejuvenation and eruption, and how tectonics and crustal thermal maturity impacts these processes.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 6","pages":"401-416"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145122816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Record-breaking extremes in a warming climate 气候变暖带来了破纪录的极端天气

Nature Reviews Earth & Environment Pub Date : 2025-05-29 DOI: 10.1038/s43017-025-00681-y

Erich M. Fischer, Margot Bador, Raphaël Huser, Elizabeth J. Kendon, Alexander Robinson, Sebastian Sippel

{"title":"Record-breaking extremes in a warming climate","authors":"Erich M. Fischer, Margot Bador, Raphaël Huser, Elizabeth J. Kendon, Alexander Robinson, Sebastian Sippel","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00681-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00681-y","url":null,"abstract":"Numerous weather and climate extremes have broken long-standing observed records. These record-breaking (or record-shattering if the margin is large) events have substantial socioeconomic impacts and pose adaptation and planning challenges. In this Review, we assess observed and projected changes in record-breaking climate extremes. Record occurrence can be understood with statistical considerations, and their changes quantified as the record ratio — the observed frequency of record events relative to a stationary climate. Many climate variables have witnessed changes in their record-breaking frequency. For example, all-time daily hot records on land are more than four times higher in 2016–2024 than expected without climate change, and all-time cold records two times lower; similarly, daily maximum precipitation records and monthly dryness records are more than 40% and 10% higher, respectively. In the future, slowing the rate of warming reduces record ratios, highlighting the benefits of mitigation. For instance, by the end of the century, multimodel mean record hot events are projected to be 15.7 more likely than in a stationary climate under SSP3-7.0, but only ~2.9 and ~1.8 more likely for SSP1-2.6 and SSP1-1.9, respectively, lower than those observed today. New record cold will become virtually non-existent under all emission scenarios. Among others, records have also been broken for ice loss, sea ice and ocean heat content, but quantifying record statistics is challenged by data availability, duration and quality. Addressing these data challenges and developing statistical methods to account for multivariate records are research priorities. Multiple record-breaking climate events have been observed, posing socioeconomic risks. This Review outlines observed and projected changes in record-breaking events, revealing 300–350% increases in the frequency of daily record heat in 2016–2024 relative to a stationary climate.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 7","pages":"456-470"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145122822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0