Nature Reviews Earth & Environment最新文献

{"title":"Ocean stratification in a warming climate","authors":"Lijing Cheng \u0000 (, ), Guancheng Li \u0000 (, ), Shang-Min Long \u0000 (, ), Yuanlong Li \u0000 (, ), Karina von Schuckmann, Kevin E. Trenberth, Michael E. Mann, John Abraham, Yan Du \u0000 (, ), Xuhua Cheng \u0000 (, ), Hailong Liu \u0000 (, ), Zhenhua Xu \u0000 (, ), Maofeng Liu \u0000 (, ), Qihua Peng \u0000 (, ), Xun Gong \u0000 (, ), Zhanhong Ma \u0000 (, ), Huifeng Yuan \u0000 (, )","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00715-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00715-5","url":null,"abstract":"The ocean is highly stratified. Warm, fresh water sits on top of cold, salty water, influencing vertical oceanic exchange of heat, carbon, oxygen and nutrients. In this Review, we examine observed and projected stratification shifts and their impacts. Changes in ocean temperature and salinity have altered the ocean density field, leading to a 0.8 ± 0.1% dec−1 (90% confidence interval) increase in stratification in the global upper 2,000 m since the 1960s. These increases are most pronounced in the tropics and are primarily temperature driven. Model simulations project ongoing stratification increases in the future, with global 0–2,000 m stratification increasing 0.7 [0.3,1.1; 13–87% confidence interval], 1.4 [0.9,1.8] and 2.9 [2.1,3.8]% dec−1 by 2090–2100 relative to 2010–2020 under Shared Socioeconomic Pathways SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5, respectively; regional patterns of projected stratification changes generally follow observed trends. These observed and projected ocean stratification changes have important climate and ecological consequences, including alterations in ocean heat uptake, ocean currents, vertical mixing, tropical cyclone intensity, marine ecosystems and elevation of marine extremes. Further research should better quantify stratification change at critical layers and understand their drivers and impacts. Ocean stratification — density-related layering of seawater — influences oceanographic and climatic processes. This Review outlines observed and projected changes in stratification, noting a 0.8% dec−1 increase in 0–2,000 m stratification from 1960–2024, and a further 1.4% dec−1 increase by 2100 under SSP2-4.5.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 10","pages":"637-655"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145243218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Embrace SST pattern nonlinearity to understand post-2100 climate changes","authors":"Kai Yang","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00721-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00721-7","url":null,"abstract":"Sea surface temperature response patterns to persistent greenhouse gas forcing are fundamentally nonlinear, contributing to uncertainties in long-term climate projections. A nonlinear framework is required for evaluating future climate changes under greenhouse warming.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 10","pages":"627-628"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145243219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Persistent inequities in global lake science","authors":"Qingsong Jiang, Yanxin Sun, Erik Jeppesen, John P. Smol, Donald Scavia, Robert E. Hecky, Thomas Mehner, Yue Qin, Yindong Tong, Boqiang Qin, K. David Hambright, Xiaowei Jin, Jincheng Li, Kaikui Cai, Zhen Wu, Yong Liu","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00722-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00722-6","url":null,"abstract":"Global lake research is skewed toward economically and socially developed regions, overlooking remote areas. Enhancing resilience and fostering synergistic approaches could help redress these inequities.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 10","pages":"629-631"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145243217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate extremes, unequal burdens","authors":"Eugenia Dinivitzer","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00731-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00731-5","url":null,"abstract":"An article in Nature Communications finds that low-income countries will face greater exposure to future climate extremes than high-income countries.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 10","pages":"636-636"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145243216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Challenges and opportunities in scaling enhanced weathering for carbon dioxide removal","authors":"David J. Beerling, Christopher T. Reinhard, Rachael H. James, Anu Khan, Nick Pidgeon, Noah J. Planavsky","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00713-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00713-7","url":null,"abstract":"Terrestrial enhanced weathering (EW) on agricultural lands is a proposed carbon dioxide removal (CDR) technology involving the amendment of soils with crushed base cation-rich rocks, such as basalt. Over a quarter of a billion dollars have been raised by commercial EW start-ups across the globe, accelerating the deployment of EW at scale. In this Review, we outline the scientific knowledge and policy requirements for scaling EW. The global CDR potential of EW is 0.5–2 Gt CO2 year by 2050. Tracking carbon as it is transferred from soils (cradle) to the oceans (grave), fully considering and quantifying lag times in CDR and developing a robust framework of monitoring, reporting and verification of CDR are all important for understanding the performance of EW deployments. Policies aimed at incentivizing responsible deployment and gaining acceptability among directly impacted communities, such as agriculture, are essential to sustainable and long-term growth of EW. High initial prices, the lack of consistent methodology for issuing carbon credits and lifecycle carbon emissions associated with a deployment are the main challenges of scaling EW through the voluntary carbon market. Future research needs to explore the co-deployment of EW and other CDR technologies and utilize long-term (>10 years) instrumented EW field trials to evaluate processes that regulate CDR efficiency and agronomic and economic co-benefits. Commercial investment in enhanced rock weathering for carbon dioxide removal on agricultural lands is growing rapidly. This Review explores the potential of large-scale deployment, outlining the challenges faced in science, policy and governance to scale the technology.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 10","pages":"672-686"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145243221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Who moves under climate stress","authors":"Bing Xue","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00732-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00732-4","url":null,"abstract":"An article in Nature Communications finds that age and education are important demographic factors influencing migration responses to climate change.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 10","pages":"635-635"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145243222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anthropogenic impacts on the Yellow River Basin","authors":"Shuai Wang \u0000 (, ), Shuang Song \u0000 (, ), Haoyu Zhang \u0000 (, ), Lu Yu \u0000 (, ), Chentai Jiao \u0000 (, ), Changjia Li \u0000 (, ), Xutong Wu \u0000 (, ), Wenwu Zhao \u0000 (, ), Jim Best, Patrick Roberts, Bojie Fu \u0000 (, )","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00718-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00718-2","url":null,"abstract":"The Yellow River Basin supports a population of 200 million people and contains 15% of arable land in China. Water scarcity in the region is being exacerbated by climate change and human activities. In this Review, we discuss anthropogenic impacts on the hydrological cycle and sediment dynamics of the Yellow River since the 1950s. The Yellow River had one of the largest sediment loads in the world, peaking at 2.1 Gt yr−1 in 1958. Such high sediment loads elevated flood risk; therefore, reservoirs, conservation and revegetation projects were implemented, reducing sediment transport by 90% since the 1980s. However, these efforts also impacted the hydrology of the Yellow River Basin, leading to an increase in evapotranspiration fluxes (1.79 mm yr−2, 1980–2020) and reduced runoff. In addition, human water use has increased by 15.8% since the 1980s. The resulting reductions in soil water storage and intensification of the vertical water cycle foreshadow potential resource crises and will potentially lead to irreversible ecosystem degradation. Predicting the outcomes of water management policies and engineering projects is essential but highly complex owing to feedback loops and interactions between human activities and hydrological changes. Addressing these challenges, which are also faced by other arid-region rivers, will require dynamic monitoring of water storage and improved understanding of human–hydrological interactions. Anthropogenic pressures threaten water sustainability and ecological integrity in the Yellow River Basin. This Review outlines changes in water cycling and sediment loads in the region since the 1950s and discusses the impacts of demographic shifts, patterns of water use, land use transformations and socioeconomic development.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 10","pages":"656-671"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145243215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate change impacts on roadways","authors":"Jo E. Sias, Eshan V. Dave, B. Shane Underwood, Benjamin F. Bowers, John T. Harvey, Theunis F. P. Henning, Susan L. Tighe, Jennifer M. Jacobs, Maria Pregnolato, Yaning Qiao, Ellen Mecray, Amir Golalipour, Alondra Chamorro, Philip Hendrick","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00711-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00711-9","url":null,"abstract":"Roadways provide safe and efficient transport and are essential to the function of societies and economies. However, climate change increasingly pushes pavements beyond their engineering limits, leading to deterioration. In this Review, we explore the impacts of climate change on roadways and approaches to mitigate them. Roadways are vulnerable to changes in temperature, precipitation and sea level rise driven by climate change. High temperatures soften asphalt pavements, causing rutting, which is projected to increase by 2% per 1% increase in mean temperature. Increased moisture in the underlying soil caused by precipitation and sea level rise reduces the load-bearing capacity of roadways for months and in some cases halves their lifetime. Roadway closures due to extreme weather events or resulting reconstruction cause delays and detours; by 2100, high tide flooding in the USA is expected to cause delays of 3.4 billion vehicle-hours per year. Climate change is projected to increase national annual costs of pavement maintenance by over US$500 million on average by 2050, depending on the country. Adaptation strategies include adjusting the type of asphalt, reinforcing concrete with steel, stabilizing gravel roads and adding nature-based features. Rapid implementation of policies, guidance on evaluating adaptation alternatives and exploration of the combined impacts of multiple climate stressors are needed. Roadways are damaged by temperature extremes, increased precipitation and sea level rise. This Review discusses the mechanisms and impacts of climate stressors on roadways, the resulting operational and maintenance challenges, and strategies to increase resilience.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 9","pages":"555-573"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145122835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ashes to ashes, dust to dust","authors":"Clare Davis","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00716-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00716-4","url":null,"abstract":"An article in Environmental Research Letters finds that natural aerosols contribute to over half of the excess deaths attributed to fine particulate matter exposure in Africa.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 9","pages":"552-552"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145122808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate goals, mineral gaps","authors":"Mustafa Moinuddin","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00720-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00720-8","url":null,"abstract":"An article in Nature Climate Change finds mineral shortage risks could delay solar photovoltaic and nuclear power deployments in some developing regions.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 9","pages":"554-554"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145122806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}