Nature Reviews Earth & Environment最新文献

Lake ice quality in a warming world 变暖世界中的湖冰质量

Nature Reviews Earth & Environment Pub Date : 2024-09-19 DOI: 10.1038/s43017-024-00590-6

Joshua Culpepper, Ellinor Jakobsson, Gesa A. Weyhenmeyer, Stephanie E. Hampton, Ulrike Obertegger, Kirill Shchapov, R. Iestyn Woolway, Sapna Sharma

{"title":"Lake ice quality in a warming world","authors":"Joshua Culpepper, Ellinor Jakobsson, Gesa A. Weyhenmeyer, Stephanie E. Hampton, Ulrike Obertegger, Kirill Shchapov, R. Iestyn Woolway, Sapna Sharma","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00590-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-024-00590-6","url":null,"abstract":"Ice phenology has shifted with anthropogenic warming such that many lakes are experiencing a shorter ice season. However, changes to ice quality — the ratio of black and white ice layers — remain little explored, despite relevance to lake physics, ecological function, human recreation and transportation. In this Review, we outline how ice quality is changing and discuss knock-on ecosystem service impacts. Although direct evidence is sparse, there are suggestions that ice quality is diminishing across the Northern Hemisphere, encompassing declining ice thickness, decreasing black ice and increasing white ice. These changes are projected to continue in the future, scaling with global temperature increases, and driving considerable impacts to related ecosystem services. Rising proportions of white ice will markedly reduce bearing strength, implying more dangerous conditions for transportation (limiting operational use of many winter roads) and recreation (increasing the risk of fatal spring-time drownings). Shifts from black to white ice conditions will further reduce the amount of light reaching the water column, minimizing primary production, and altering community composition to favour motile and mixotrophic species; these changes will affect higher trophic levels, including diminished food quantity for zooplankton and fish, with potential developmental consequences. Reliable and translatable in situ sampling methods to assess and predict spatiotemporal variations in ice quality are urgently needed.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142264540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The occurrence, mechanisms and hazards of large landslides along tablelands 台地大型滑坡的发生、机理和危害

Nature Reviews Earth & Environment Pub Date : 2024-09-17 DOI: 10.1038/s43017-024-00587-1

Tomáš Pánek, Kristian Svennevig, Michal Břežný, Piotr Migoń

{"title":"The occurrence, mechanisms and hazards of large landslides along tablelands","authors":"Tomáš Pánek, Kristian Svennevig, Michal Břežný, Piotr Migoń","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00587-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-024-00587-1","url":null,"abstract":"The largest terrestrial coalescent landslide areas of the Earth, spanning hundreds to thousands of square kilometres, occur along the fringes of relatively low-relief sedimentary and volcanic tablelands. However, difficulties in landslide recognition in these areas have led to underestimations of their frequency and likelihood. In this Review, we explore the global distribution, controls and dynamics of landslides occurring along tableland fringes. Landslide fringes are caused by the uninterrupted and extensive presence of weak sub-caprock lithologies below a more competent caprock. Topography, escarpment height and caprock thickness do not affect landslide size but can locally influence the type of displacement. Rotational landslides dominate most landslide fringes and will eventually lead to tableland consumption over million-year timescales. Some tableland rims can generate catastrophic long-runout rock avalanches or earthflows, which might in turn trigger tsunamis, river avulsion or outburst floods. Tablelands can also fail by slow (centimetre per year) landslide movements sufficient to cause damage to infrastructure. These hazards are increasing especially in high-latitude tablelands owing to cryosphere degradation, as observed in Western Greenland. A more detailed global inventory of landslide fringe activity is urgently needed to better quantify these potential hazards.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142264510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Past climate change effects on human evolution 过去气候变化对人类进化的影响

Nature Reviews Earth & Environment Pub Date : 2024-09-12 DOI: 10.1038/s43017-024-00584-4

Axel Timmermann, Pasquale Raia, Alessandro Mondanaro, Christoph P. E. Zollikofer, Marcia Ponce de León, Elke Zeller, Kyung-Sook Yun

{"title":"Past climate change effects on human evolution","authors":"Axel Timmermann, Pasquale Raia, Alessandro Mondanaro, Christoph P. E. Zollikofer, Marcia Ponce de León, Elke Zeller, Kyung-Sook Yun","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00584-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-024-00584-4","url":null,"abstract":"The genus Homo evolved during the Pleistocene — an epoch of gradual cooling and amplification of glacial cycles. The changing climates influenced early human survival, adaptation and evolution in complex ways. In this Review, we present current knowledge about the effects of past climate changes on the evolutionary trajectory of human species. Humans emerged in dry grassland and shrubland when average climate conditions were warm. As global climate started cooling down, human species needed either to track their preferred habitats or to adapt to new local conditions, each of which is indicated in the archaeological record. Limited dispersal ability and narrow ecological preferences were predominant in early species, whereas cultural innovations and consequently wider ecological niches became commonplace in later species, allowing them to live in colder extratropical climates. Yet, despite their growing ecological versatility, all species but one eventually went extinct. Future research should explore cultural transmission between and within species, and the influence of climate change on human genetic diversification.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142202268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Nitrogen management during decarbonization 脱碳过程中的氮管理

Nature Reviews Earth & Environment Pub Date : 2024-09-10 DOI: 10.1038/s43017-024-00586-2

Xin Zhang, Robert Sabo, Lorenzo Rosa, Hassan Niazi, Page Kyle, Jun Suk Byun, Yanyu Wang, Xiaoyuan Yan, Baojing Gu, Eric A. Davidson

{"title":"Nitrogen management during decarbonization","authors":"Xin Zhang, Robert Sabo, Lorenzo Rosa, Hassan Niazi, Page Kyle, Jun Suk Byun, Yanyu Wang, Xiaoyuan Yan, Baojing Gu, Eric A. Davidson","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00586-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-024-00586-2","url":null,"abstract":"Decarbonization is crucial to combat climate change. However, some decarbonization strategies could profoundly impact the nitrogen cycle. In this Review, we explore the nitrogen requirements of five major decarbonization strategies to reveal the complex interconnections between the carbon and nitrogen cycles and identify opportunities to enhance their mutually sustainable management. Some decarbonization strategies require substantial new nitrogen production, potentially leading to increased nutrient pollution and exacerbation of eutrophication in aquatic systems. For example, the strategy of substituting 44% of fossil fuels used in marine shipping with ammonia-based fuels could reduce CO2 emissions by up to 0.38 Gt CO2-eq yr−1 but would require a corresponding increase in new nitrogen synthesis of 212 Tg N yr−1. Similarly, using biofuels to achieve 0.7 ± 0.3 Gt CO2-eq yr−1 mitigation would require new nitrogen inputs to croplands of 21–42 Tg N yr−1. To avoid increasing nitrogen losses and exacerbating eutrophication, decarbonization efforts should be designed to provide carbon–nitrogen co-benefits. Reducing the use of carbon-intensive synthetic nitrogen fertilizer is one example that can simultaneously reduce both nitrogen inputs by 14 Tg N yr−1 and CO2 emissions by 0.04 (0.03–0.06) Gt CO2-eq yr−1. Future research should guide decarbonization efforts to mitigate eutrophication and enhance nitrogen use efficiency in agriculture, food and energy systems.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142202271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Exploring the hadal zone with lab-on-chip sensors 利用片上实验室传感器探索哈达尔区

Nature Reviews Earth & Environment Pub Date : 2024-09-06 DOI: 10.1038/s43017-024-00595-1

Leah Brinch-Iversen

引用次数: 0

Re-conceptualizing the IPCC’s ‘burning embers’ 重新认识政府间气候变化专门委员会的 "燃烧余烬

Nature Reviews Earth & Environment Pub Date : 2024-09-05 DOI: 10.1038/s43017-024-00594-2

James D. Ford, Santiago Clerici, Dylan G. Clark, Robbert Biesbroek, Sherilee Harper

引用次数: 0

Antarctic benthic ecological change 南极底栖生态变化

Nature Reviews Earth & Environment Pub Date : 2024-09-03 DOI: 10.1038/s43017-024-00583-5

Huw J. Griffiths, Vonda J. Cummings, Anton Van de Putte, Rowan J. Whittle, Catherine L. Waller

{"title":"Antarctic benthic ecological change","authors":"Huw J. Griffiths, Vonda J. Cummings, Anton Van de Putte, Rowan J. Whittle, Catherine L. Waller","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00583-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00583-5","url":null,"abstract":"The benthic community around Antarctica is diverse and highly endemic. These cold-adapted species are under threat from local and global drivers, including warming, acidification and changes to the cryosphere. In this Review, we summarize observed, experimental and modelled Antarctic benthic ecological change. Warming, glacial melt and retreat, and reduced ice cover are causing regional benthic biomass to increase or decrease, depending on the additional influences of ice scour, turbidity and freshening. Additionally, the dominance of previously cold-restricted or light-restricted taxa is increasing, and several ecological tipping points have already been breached, leading to ecological phase shifts in some habitats. The largest changes have been observed in communities in the shallows of the West Antarctic Peninsula, notably change to distribution, biodiversity, biomass and trophic structure. Models based on observational and experimental evidence indicate that these changes will spread deeper and eastwards throughout this century. Available data are primarily limited to a handful of shallow-water taxa; thus, future work will need to involve multispecies observations and experiments encompassing multiple drivers to understand community and ecosystem responses, and autonomous monitoring techniques to fill geographical, bathymetric, seasonal and taxonomic gaps; advances in environmental DNA and artificial-intelligence-based techniques will help to rapidly analyse such data. The cold-adapted communities on the seafloor around Antarctica are vulnerable to environmental changes. This Review summarizes the regional variations in present and future benthic ecological changes driven by the impacts of climate change and acidification.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43017-024-00583-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142165823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Autonomous underwater gliders to observe the ocean 观测海洋的自主水下滑翔机

Nature Reviews Earth & Environment Pub Date : 2024-08-27 DOI: 10.1038/s43017-024-00593-3

Estel Font

引用次数: 0

Guiding sustainable transformations in food systems 指导粮食系统的可持续转型

Nature Reviews Earth & Environment Pub Date : 2024-08-27 DOI: 10.1038/s43017-024-00588-0

Asim Biswas, Isabel Maddocks, Tirtha Dhar, Laurette Dube, Animesh Dutta, Byomkesh Talukder, Kumaraswamy Ponnambalam

引用次数: 0

Harmful algal blooms in inland waters 内陆水域有害藻类大量繁殖

Nature Reviews Earth & Environment Pub Date : 2024-08-27 DOI: 10.1038/s43017-024-00578-2

Lian Feng, Ying Wang, Xuejiao Hou, Boqiang Qin, Tiit Kuster, Fan Qu, Nengwang Chen, Hans W. Paerl, Chunmiao Zheng

{"title":"Harmful algal blooms in inland waters","authors":"Lian Feng, Ying Wang, Xuejiao Hou, Boqiang Qin, Tiit Kuster, Fan Qu, Nengwang Chen, Hans W. Paerl, Chunmiao Zheng","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00578-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00578-2","url":null,"abstract":"Harmful algal blooms can produce toxins that pose threats to aquatic ecosystems and human health. In this Review, we outline the global trends in harmful algal bloom occurrence and explore the drivers, future trajectories and potential mitigation strategies. Globally, harmful algal bloom occurrence has risen since the 1980s, including a 44% increase from the 2000s to 2010s, especially in Asia and Africa. Enhanced nutrient pollution owing to urbanization, wastewater discharge and agricultural expansion are key drivers of these increases. In contrast, changes have been less substantial in high-income regions such as North America, Europe and Oceania, where policies to mitigate nutrient pollution have stabilized bloom occurrences since the 1970s. However, since the 1990s, climate warming and legacy nutrient pollution have driven a resurgence in toxic algal blooms in some US and European lakes, highlighting the inherent challenges in mitigating harmful blooms in a warming climate. Indeed, advancing research on harmful algal bloom dynamics and projections largely depends on effectively using data from multiple sources to understand environmental interactions and enhance modelling techniques. Integrated monitoring networks across various spatiotemporal scales and data-sharing frameworks are essential for improving harmful algal bloom forecasting and mitigation. Harmful algal blooms degrade inland aquatic ecosystems and pose a risk to water security. This Review explores the underlying drivers of hotspots and global trends in harmful algal blooms, and identifies potential solutions for bloom monitoring and mitigation.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142165813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0