Nature Reviews Earth & Environment最新文献

{"title":"Ground-based radar interferometry measures strain in sea ice","authors":"Emily R. Fedders","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00592-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00592-4","url":null,"abstract":"Emily Fedders explains how Gamma Portable Radar Interferometery can be used to estimate strain in sea ice.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142165801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From academia to a career in ocean sustainability","authors":"Clare Davis, Tom Pickerell","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00589-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00589-z","url":null,"abstract":"To explore career opportunities outside of academia, Nature Reviews Earth & Environment interviewed Tom Pickerell about their career path from PhD student to Global Director of the Ocean Program at the World Resources Institute (WRI).","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142165819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tailings storage facilities, failures and disaster risk","authors":"Karen A. Hudson-Edwards, Deanna Kemp, Luis Alberto Torres-Cruz, Mark G. Macklin, Paul A. Brewer, John R. Owen, Daniel M. Franks, Eva Marquis, Christopher J. Thomas","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00576-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00576-4","url":null,"abstract":"Mining generates 13 billion tonnes per year of potentially toxic wet slurry waste, called tailings, commonly deposited in tailings storage facilities (TSF). Since 1915, 257 TSF failures have occurred, releasing a total of ~250 million m3 of tailings, destroying areas up to ~5,000 km2, killing an estimated 2,650 people and impacting ~317,000 people through displacement, property damage, and risks to livelihoods and health. In this Review, we provide an interdisciplinary approach to understanding the causes, effects and response to TSF failures, applying a disaster risk reduction framework. TSF failures can occur owing to earthquakes, overtopping, weak foundations and liquefaction, among other mechanisms. The severities and volumes of TSF failures have increased since the year 2000, owing to increasing mine waste generation from the exploitation of larger, lower-grade deposits. Despite the increasingly severe impacts, the mining industry has been hesitant to use the term ‘disaster’ to analyse TSF failure, presumably to avoid liability. TSF failures should be considered as disasters when they cause severe disruption to the functioning of ecological and social systems. Future research should build on attempts to link tailings facility locations to situated risk factors by improving spatial and time series analysis, reducing reliance on corporate disclosures, and increasing the visibility of priority locations and patterns of concern. Mine tailings are voluminous and often toxic wastes, whose management is a global safety and sustainability challenge. This Review summarizes the major tailings storage facility disasters and impacts, emphasizing the urgent need for risk reduction approaches for management and policy.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141935422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Indian Ocean Dipole in a warming world","authors":"Guojian Wang, Wenju Cai, Agus Santoso, Nerilie Abram, Benjamin Ng, Kai Yang, Tao Geng, Takeshi Doi, Yan Du, Takeshi Izumo, Karumuri Ashok, Jianping Li, Tim Li, Sebastian McKenna, Shuangwen Sun, Tomoki Tozuka, Xiaotong Zheng, Yi Liu, Lixin Wu, Fan Jia, Shijian Hu, Xichen Li","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00573-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00573-7","url":null,"abstract":"The Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) strongly affects the climate of the Indo-Pacific. Observations suggest a shift towards stronger and earlier positive IOD (pIOD) events alongside an increased amplitude of sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies, but uncertainty remains, impeding assessments of ongoing changes. In this Review, we synthesize the available knowledge of projected changes in the IOD during the twenty-first century under anthropogenic warming. Compared to observations, models struggle to simulate the Bjerknes feedback, asymmetry in the strength of positive and negative IOD anomalies and El Niño–Southern Oscillation or monsoonal forcings. Yet several models do capture important feedbacks reasonably well and offer useful tools with which to assess IOD evolution. A pIOD-like SST warming pattern (an enhanced west-minus-east SST gradient) alongside shifts in feedback process drive corresponding changes to the IOD. Over the course of the twenty-first century, robust changes include: enhanced IOD SST variability (as measured by the first principal component of spring SST variability, not the dipole mode index); an increase in strong rainfall pIOD events; an increase and decrease in the frequency of strong-pIOD and moderate-pIOD, respectively, as defined by SST; and an increase in the frequency of early-pIOD events. Palaeo evidence reveals similar increases in the magnitude and frequency of pIOD events underpinned by a similar pattern of mean state change (Last Glacial Maximum, post-1960), reinforcing IOD projections. Sustained international efforts are needed to improve IOD simulations and reduce projection uncertainties. The Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) exerts strong control on the Indo-Pacific climate. This Review outlines twenty-first-century changes in the IOD, noting robust increases in eastern pole sea surface temperature variability, more frequent strong and early positive IOD events, and less frequent moderate positive IOD events.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141864024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mentors as career investors to empower women’s leadership in geosciences","authors":"Mimi Rose Abel, Mona Behl, Anna Kladzyk Constantino, Anne Kellerman","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00581-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00581-7","url":null,"abstract":"Geosciences are one of the least gender-diverse fields, with women representing ~33% and ~39% of those employed in the USA and UK, respectively. Institutionalized and incentivized culturally responsive mentorship through establishment of career investors offers an accelerated path toward transforming geoscience culture and leadership.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141863913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measuring light pollution with smart photometers","authors":"Mario Casado Diez","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00580-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00580-8","url":null,"abstract":"Mario Casado Díez explains how networks of smart photometers can be used to monitor light pollution in the night sky.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141785819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trends, risks and opportunities in environmental nanotechnology","authors":"Xiaochuan Huang, Mélanie Auffan, Matthew J. Eckelman, Menachem Elimelech, Jae-Hong Kim, Jérôme Rose, Kuichang Zuo, Qilin Li, Pedro J. J. Alvarez","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00567-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00567-5","url":null,"abstract":"Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs), intentionally synthesized materials with sizes less than 100 nm in at least one dimension, have numerous potential environmental applications, such as pollution remediation and water treatment. However, concerns regarding their potential health and environmental impacts have been raised. In this Review, we assess the opportunities of ENMs in environmental applications versus their potential public and environmental health risks, focusing on water treatment and reuse, and identify strategies for their responsible use. Life-cycle analyses indicate that the highest potential environmental and health impacts of ENMs used in commercial products are associated with production rather than incidental release during use. Typically, the detected or predicted ENM concentrations are 1 to 4 orders of magnitude lower than their respective predicted no-effect concentrations. In addition, ENMs often undergo passivating transformations, such as agglomeration and oxidation, reducing risks after release. Therefore, the environmental and health risks of ENMs are relatively low. However, some point sources under extreme scenarios, such as sewage effluent, can potentially increase localized risks. Adopting green chemistry and immobilization strategies can further limit the release of ENMs, minimizing their potential discharge into the environment. Such strategies to reduce toxicity and exposure enable sustainable application of ENMs, such that the environmental benefits could outweigh the risks if managed properly. Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) have numerous environmental applications, such as in water treatment and reuse. This Review explores the trade-offs between the risks and benefits of environmental ENMs, and highlights that the environmental and health risks of ENMs are relatively low when used responsibly.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141782285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Author Correction: The role of biota in the Southern Ocean carbon cycle","authors":"Philip W. Boyd, Kevin R. Arrigo, Mathieu Ardyna, Svenja Halfter, Luis Huckstadt, Angela M. Kuhn, Delphine Lannuzel, Griet Neukermans, Camilla Novaglio, Elizabeth H. Shadwick, Sebastiaan Swart, Sandy J. Thomalla","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00585-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00585-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43017-024-00585-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141816534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From academia to a career in the space industry","authors":"Erin Scott, Graeme Poole","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00582-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00582-6","url":null,"abstract":"To explore career opportunities outside of academia, Nature Reviews Earth & Environment interviewed Graeme Poole about their career path from postdoctoral researcher to Planetary Protection Officer at Airbus Defence and Space.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141826598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temperature responses of ecosystem respiration","authors":"Shuli Niu, Weinan Chen, Lìyǐn L. Liáng, Carlos A. Sierra, Jianyang Xia, Song Wang, Mary Heskel, Kaizad F. Patel, Ben Bond-Lamberty, Jinsong Wang, Gabriel Yvon-Durocher, Miko U. F. Kirschbaum, Owen K. Atkin, Yuanyuan Huang, Guirui Yu, Yiqi Luo","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00569-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00569-3","url":null,"abstract":"Terrestrial ecosystems release ~106–130 PgC yr–1 into the atmosphere through respiration, counterbalancing photosynthetic carbon uptake and determining the strength of the land carbon sink. The effect of anthropogenic warming on the land carbon sink will depend on the temperature response of respiration. In this Review, we explore the relationships between temperature and ecosystem respiration from experimental and observational data at leaf, microbial, ecosystem and global scales. Contrary to the assumed monotonic increase in respiration with increasing temperature derived from Earth system models, empirical findings indicate a unimodal temperature response with a peak in respiration at an optimal temperature (Topt). This unimodality is observed across a range of organization levels with Topt values of 40–60 °C at the leaf and plant level, 11–46 °C at a microbial level and 6.5–33.3 °C at the global scale. Various mechanisms contribute to this unimodal pattern including enzyme deactivation, the thermodynamics of enzyme-catalysed reactions and changes in temperature-dependent factors such as soil moisture, nutrient availability and vegetation physiology. Incorporating the unimodality of these observed temperature responses of ecosystem respiration into Earth system models could facilitate attribution studies to identify the mechanisms responsible for the peaked response and increase the accuracy of carbon sequestration predictions. The future of the land carbon sink depends on the temperature response of ecosystem respiration. This Review explores observational and experimental evidence for a unimodal temperature response of respiration and the implications for carbon sequestration predictions.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141641868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}