Nature Reviews Earth & Environment最新文献

{"title":"Trends and environmental impacts of virtual water trade","authors":"Mesfin M. Mekonnen, Mahlet M. Kebede, Betelhem W. Demeke, Joel A. Carr, Ashok Chapagain, Carole Dalin, Peter Debaere, Paolo D’Odorico, Landon Marston, Chittaranjan Ray, Lorenzo Rosa, La Zhuo","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00605-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00605-2","url":null,"abstract":"Virtual water describes water embedded in the production of goods and offers meaningful insights about the complex interplay between water, trade and sustainability. In this Review, we examine the trends, major players, traded products and key drivers of virtual water trade (VWT). Roughly 20% of water used in global food production is traded virtually rather than domestically consumed. As such, agriculture dominates VWT, with livestock products, wheat, maize, soybean, oil palm, coffee and cocoa contributing over 70% of total VWT. These products are also driving VWT growth, the volume of which has increased 2.9 times from 1986 to 2022. However, the countries leading VWT contributions (with China, the United States, the Netherlands, Germany and India accounting for 34% of the global VWT in 2022) have remained relatively stable over time, albeit with China becoming an increasingly important importer. VWT can mitigate the effects of water scarcity and food insecurity, although there are concerns about the disconnect between consumers and the environmental impacts of their choices, and unsustainable resource exploitation. Indeed, approximately 16% of unsustainable water use and 11% of global groundwater depletion are virtually traded. Future VWT analyses must consider factors such as water renewability, water quality, climate change impacts and socioeconomic implications. The trade of virtual water — the water associated with the production of traded goods — acts as a mechanism for the distribution of water resources between different countries. This Review discusses the major participating countries and industries, and current trends. It concludes by exploring how the analysis of virtual water could be further refined.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"5 12","pages":"890-905"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142845252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Author Correction: Uniting remote sensing, crop modelling and economics for agricultural risk management","authors":"Elinor Benami, Zhenong Jin, Michael R. Carter, Aniruddha Ghosh, Robert J. Hijmans, Andrew Hobbs, Benson Kenduiywo, David B. Lobell","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00617-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00617-y","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"5 12","pages":"907-907"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43017-024-00617-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142845231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seasonal CO2 amplitude in northern high latitudes","authors":"Zhihua Liu, Brendan M. Rogers, Gretchen Keppel-Aleks, Manuel Helbig, Ashley P. Ballantyne, John S. Kimball, Abhishek Chatterjee, Adrianna Foster, Aleya Kaushik, Anna-Maria Virkkala, Arden L. Burrell, Christopher Schwalm, Colm Sweeney, Edward A. G. Schuur, Jacqueline Dean, Jennifer D. Watts, Jinhyuk E. Kim, Jonathan A. Wang, Lei Hu, Lisa Welp, Logan T. Berner, Marguerite Mauritz, Michelle Mack, Nicholas C. Parazoo, Nima Madani, Ralph Keeling, Roisin Commane, Scott Goetz, Shilong Piao, Susan M. Natali, Wenjuan Wang, Wolfgang Buermann, Xanthe Walker, Xin Lin, Xuhui Wang, Yuming Jin, Kailiang Yu, Yangjian Zhang","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00600-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00600-7","url":null,"abstract":"Global climate change is influencing the seasonal cycle amplitude of atmospheric CO2 (SCA), with the strongest increases at northern high latitudes (NHL; >45° N). In this Review, we explore the changes and underlying mechanisms influencing the NHL SCA, focusing on Arctic and boreal terrestrial ecosystems. Latitudinal gradients in the SCA are largely governed by seasonality in temperature and primary production, and their influence on ecosystem carbon dynamics. In the NHL, the SCA has increased by 50% since the 1960s, mostly due to enhanced seasonality in net carbon dioxide (CO2) exchange in NHL terrestrial ecosystems. Temperature most strongly influences this trend, owing to warming impacts on growing season length and plant productivity; CO2 fertilization effects have a secondary role. Eurasian boreal ecosystems exert the strongest influence on the SCA, and spring and summer are the most influential seasons. Enhanced ecosystem respiration during the non-growing season exhibits most uncertainty in the SCA response to global and landscape drivers. Observed changes in the seasonal amplitude are projected to continue. Key priorities include extending carbon flux and ecosystem observation networks, particularly in tundra ecosystems, and including drivers such as vegetation cover and permafrost in process models to better simulate seasonal dynamics of net CO2 exchange in the NHL. Changes in the seasonal cycle amplitude of atmospheric CO2 (SCA) reflect large-scale changes in the global carbon cycle. This Review summarizes the positive SCA trend in the northern high latitudes, where the signal is strongest, and explores the underlying mechanisms driving the trend and their relative importance.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"5 11","pages":"802-817"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43017-024-00600-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142595700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Principles for satellite monitoring of vegetation carbon uptake","authors":"I. Colin Prentice, Manuela Balzarolo, Keith J. Bloomfield, Jing M. Chen \u0000 , Benjamin Dechant, Darren Ghent, Ivan A. Janssens, Xiangzhong Luo \u0000 , Catherine Morfopoulos, Youngryel Ryu, Sara Vicca, Roel van Hoolst","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00601-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00601-6","url":null,"abstract":"Remote-sensing-based numerical models harness satellite-borne measurements of light absorption by vegetation to estimate global patterns and trends in gross primary production (GPP) — the basis of the terrestrial carbon cycle. In this Perspective, we discuss the challenges in estimating GPP using these models and explore ways to improve their reliability. Current models vary substantially in their structure and produce differing results, especially regarding temporal trends in GPP. Many models invoke the light use efficiency principle, which links light absorption to photosynthesis and plant biomass production, to estimate GPP. However, these models vary in their assumptions about the controls of light use efficiency and typically depend on many, poorly constrained parameters. Eco-evolutionary optimality principles can greatly reduce parameter requirements, improving the accuracy and consistency of GPP estimates and interpretations of their relationships with environmental drivers. Integrating data across different satellites and sensors, and utilizing auxiliary optical band retrievals, could enhance spatiotemporal resolution and improve model-based detection of vegetation physiology, including drought stress. Extending and harmonizing the eddy-covariance flux-tower network will support systematic evaluation of GPP models. Improved reliability of GPP and biomass production estimates will better characterize temporal variation and advance understanding of the response of the terrestrial carbon cycle to environmental change. Global patterns and trends in primary production are estimated using remote-sensing-based models. This Perspective outlines ways to ensure that the next generation of model predictions robustly characterizes how this key element of the terrestrial carbon cycle is changing.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"5 11","pages":"818-832"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142595704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electric cooking as a clean and just energy solution","authors":"Narasimha D. Rao, Ambuj D. Sagar","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00608-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00608-z","url":null,"abstract":"Cooking with electric rather than solid-fuel stoves can reduce carbon emissions and indoor air pollution, offering climate and health co-benefits. To make electric cooking a viable clean fuel alternative for energy-poor communities, energy infrastructure and policies need redesigning to ensure reliable, safe and affordable supply.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"5 11","pages":"751-752"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142595689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Focusing on architectural beauty to reduce construction waste","authors":"Piotr Piotrowski","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00609-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00609-y","url":null,"abstract":"Construction and demolition waste is the most substantial waste stream in developed countries, prompting policymakers to enhance circularity, recycling and recovery rates. While strategies that simplify deconstruction and promote material reuse are important, prioritizing architectural beauty offers a compelling solution to extend the lifespan of buildings, reduce construction waste and enrich urban environments.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"5 11","pages":"749-750"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142595750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Concepts and evolution of urban hydrology","authors":"Tim D. Fletcher, Matthew J. Burns, Kathryn L. Russell, Perrine Hamel, Sophie Duchesne, Frédéric Cherqui, Allison H. Roy","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00599-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00599-x","url":null,"abstract":"Urbanization and climate change are exacerbating the flood risk and ecosystem degradation in urban catchments, with traditional stormwater management systems often overwhelmed. In this Review, we discuss changes in urban hydrology and approaches to stormwater management. Roughly 90% of rainfall on impervious surfaces and drainage infrastructure becomes run-off, enhancing rainfall export away from cities and leading to local water scarcity and downstream flooding and pollution. Projected increases in urban populations (68% in cities by 2050) and rainfall intensity (~12% in the 10-year and 50-year recurrence interval intensity, under 1.5 °C warming) will exacerbate these issues. Transforming stormwater systems is thus urgently needed, to mitigate flood risk and also to address community desires for environmental protection and enhanced water security. Opportunities include rain gardens and other nature-based stormwater control measures (which restore natural flows and offer other ecosystem services), smart sensor monitoring networks and real-time management (which sustain natural flow regimes, mitigate flood risk and protect ecosystem services) and stormwater harvesting (to avoid local water scarcity). Community acceptance of stormwater harvesting is as high as 96% and stormwater is a substantial resource, with volumes often exceeding demand in some parts of the world. Delivering additional transformations globally requires research into strategies to incentivize engagement and investment, and policies to guide governance of decentralized networks. Urbanization and climate-induced rainfall changes are enhancing flood risk, putting increased demand on urban hydrology management. This Review summarizes how perceptions and approaches in stormwater management are evolving, and emphasizes the need to transform stormwater from a hazard to a resource.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"5 11","pages":"789-801"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142595754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detecting water beneath ice sheets with satellite altimetry","authors":"Jennifer F. Arthur","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00607-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00607-0","url":null,"abstract":"Jennifer Arthur explains how satellite altimeters help reveal subglacial hydrology dynamics beneath largely inaccessible subglacial ice-sheet realms.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"5 11","pages":"754-754"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142595708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using capacitively coupled resistivity to explore permafrost","authors":"Austin Routt","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00604-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00604-3","url":null,"abstract":"Austin Routt explains how capacitively coupled resistivity can probe near-surface structures in highly resistive frozen ground.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"5 11","pages":"753-753"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142595707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydropower impacts on riverine biodiversity","authors":"Fengzhi He \u0000 , Christiane Zarfl, Klement Tockner, Julian D. Olden, Zilca Campos, Fábio Muniz, Jens-Christian Svenning, Sonja C. Jähnig","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00596-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00596-0","url":null,"abstract":"Hydropower is a rapidly developing and globally important source of renewable electricity. Globally, over 60% of rivers longer than 500 km are already fragmented and thousands of dams are proposed on rivers in biodiversity hotspots. In this Review, we discuss the impacts of hydropower on aquatic and semi-aquatic species in riverine ecosystems and how these impacts accumulate spatially and temporally across basins. Dams act as physical barriers that disrupt longitudinal connectivity and upstream–downstream movement of species. Impoundment creates still-water habitats upstream of dams and leads to declines in lotic-adapted species. Intermittent water releases modify the natural flow, sediment and thermal regimes in downstream channels, altering water quality, substrate structure and environmental cues that are vital for species to complete their life cycles, resulting in reduced reproduction success. Moreover, retention effects of reservoirs and flow regulation alter river–floodplain exchanges of water, sediment and nutrients, modifying the habitats on which riverine species depend. Improvements to flow regulation, fishway design and sediment redistribution can mitigate these ecological impacts. Future research should support reforms to dam operations and design adaptations to balance renewable electricity development and biodiversity conservation through systematic basin-scale planning, long-term monitoring, adaptive management and involving multiple actors in decision-making. Hydropower is a renewable energy source that can contribute to growing energy demands. This Review considers the ecological consequences of hydropower plants on riverine systems and emphasizes the urgent need to mitigate ecological impacts to ensure sustainable development.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"5 11","pages":"755-772"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142595737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}