Gina M. Sarkawi, Lujia Feng, Jamie W. McCaughey, Aron J. Meltzner, Susilo Susilo, Umar Muksin, Anne Socquet, Rina Suryani Oktari, Suko Prayitno Adi, Roland Bürgmann, Emma M. Hill
{"title":"Insights into tectonic hazards since the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami","authors":"Gina M. Sarkawi, Lujia Feng, Jamie W. McCaughey, Aron J. Meltzner, Susilo Susilo, Umar Muksin, Anne Socquet, Rina Suryani Oktari, Suko Prayitno Adi, Roland Bürgmann, Emma M. Hill","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00613-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00613-2","url":null,"abstract":"In 2004, an earthquake of moment magnitude Mw 9.1–9.3 ruptured over 1,500 km of the Sunda megathrust under the Indian Ocean, producing a devastating tsunami and resulting in 230,000 fatalities and the displacement of nearly 1.7 million people. In this Review, we explore the lessons learned since the 2004 event, including advances in understanding Sumatran subduction-zone hazards and related disaster preparedness and risk communication. The 2004 earthquake triggered a series of aftershocks, including over 6,000 Mw ≥ 4.5 earthquakes in the first 10 years, two of which were Mw 8.6 and Mw 8.4 events, that ruptured much of the remaining Sumatran subduction interface. Ruptures of the Sumatran subduction interface are often bounded by persistent barriers associated with structural features, including fracture zones and seamounts, on the subducting oceanic plate. Although the entire plate boundary zone should always be prepared for earthquakes and tsunamis, the seismic gap in the Mentawai Islands highlights the need for enhanced preparedness in this region. The lack of tsunami early warning systems in the Indian Ocean before the 2004 tsunami prompted international efforts to help coastal populations protect themselves, which remain ongoing. Future communication efforts should ensure the public understands that no warning system is perfect, and it is safest to evacuate when there is any indication of a potential tsunami. Understanding of the Sumatran subduction zone and its hazards has increased since the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami. This Review commemorates the 20th anniversary of this event by outlining these insights and how they can inform future strategies to improve tsunami preparedness.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 1","pages":"17-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142976677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Valentina Magni, Ágnes Király, Colton Lynner, Pilar Avila, James Gill
{"title":"Mantle flow in subduction systems and its effects on surface tectonics and magmatism","authors":"Valentina Magni, Ágnes Király, Colton Lynner, Pilar Avila, James Gill","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00612-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00612-3","url":null,"abstract":"Mantle flow triggered by subduction has a crucial role in the evolution of surface tectonics and volcanism. In this Review, we explore how patterns of mantle flow, particularly those in the upper mantle, evolve in response to subduction dynamics and cause surface topographic expressions. Poloidal flow in front of the slab (often called corner flow) is the main way new asthenospheric mantle is bought upwards into the mantle wedge. Toroidal flow around slab edges causes lateral mantle to flow from behind or adjacent to the slab edge towards the mantle wedge, for instance, at the Calabrian subduction zone under Etna. If accompanied by upwelling, toroidal flow can reach shallow depths and be traced in the geochemistry of volcanic rocks at the surface. Differential rates of trench retreat, the formation of slab windows and tears, and the switch from flat subduction to a steep dip angle can all cause increased asthenospheric input into the wedge, leading to distinct volcanism and topographic expressions at the surface. However, linking specific contributions of mantle flow to observed changes in dynamic topography is often difficult to distinguish from other crustal and lithospheric scale processes. To help distinguish the diverse expressions of mantle flow, future research should continue to iteratively update numerical and analogue models of mantle flow with emerging geological, geochemical and geophysical observations. Sinking slabs at subduction zones generate complex patterns of mantle flow that affect global mantle convection, surface deformation and volcanism. This Review explores how dynamic subduction-generated mantle flow evolves and causes surface topographic and volcanic expressions.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 1","pages":"51-66"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142976696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Pursuing partnerships to support early-career researchers","authors":"","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00622-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00622-1","url":null,"abstract":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment has formed partnerships with several Earth science communities, such as GeoLatinas, the Earth Science Women’s Network and the Association of Polar Early Career Scientists, to provide opportunities for early-career researchers from a diverse set of backgrounds to publish Tools of the Trade articles.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"5 12","pages":"835-836"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43017-024-00622-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142845247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shouro Dasgupta, Elizabeth J. Z. Robinson, Soheil Shayegh, Francesco Bosello, R. Jisung Park, Simon N. Gosling
{"title":"Heat stress and the labour force","authors":"Shouro Dasgupta, Elizabeth J. Z. Robinson, Soheil Shayegh, Francesco Bosello, R. Jisung Park, Simon N. Gosling","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00606-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00606-1","url":null,"abstract":"Heat stress affects the health of workers through physiological and behavioural responses, in turn, affecting the labour force through impacts on labour supply, labour productivity and labour capacity. In this Review, we explore the extent to which heat stress affects the labour force and discuss the corresponding occupational health and economic impacts. The relationship between labour force outcomes and temperature is largely nonlinear, declining sharply beyond peak thresholds. Observed and projected labour losses are heterogeneous across regions, sectors and warming levels. High-exposure sectors such as agriculture and construction are projected to experience the greatest losses under future warming, with ~33%, ~25% and ~18% declines in effective labour across Africa, Asia and Oceania, respectively, under a 3 °C warming scenario. Labour losses are also expected in low-exposure sectors such as manufacturing and utilities, but Northern Europe tends to benefit in the short run. These collective heterogeneous labour impacts lead to considerable reductions in global gross domestic product (GDP) and welfare, with projected GDP losses of 5.9% in South Asia and 3.6% in Africa. Improved local-scale exposure–response functions and incorporating adaptation into economic models are required to advance understanding of heat stress impacts on labour. Rising temperatures are increasing heat stress, in turn, influencing the labour force. This Review outlines observed and projected changes to labour supply, labour productivity and labour capacity, offering insight into their macroeconomic impacts and adaptation opportunities.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"5 12","pages":"859-872"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142845230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mingyu Zhao, Benjamin J. W. Mills, Simon W. Poulton, Bo Wan, Ke-Qing Xiao, Licheng Guo, Zhengtang Guo
{"title":"Drivers of the global phosphorus cycle over geological time","authors":"Mingyu Zhao, Benjamin J. W. Mills, Simon W. Poulton, Bo Wan, Ke-Qing Xiao, Licheng Guo, Zhengtang Guo","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00603-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00603-4","url":null,"abstract":"Phosphorus is a key limiting nutrient of terrestrial and marine primary production. Thus, the global phosphorus cycle is intimately linked with the carbon cycle and influences climate over geological timescales. In this Review, we explore the environmental forcings governing the global phosphorus cycle over the last ~3.0 billion years, focusing on sources from continental weathering and removal through burial in marine sediments. Modern continental weathering of phosphorus is dominated by apatite dissolution (25.4 ± 5.4 × 1010 mol year−1) and organic matter oxidation (1.2 ± 0.2 × 1010 mol year−1), and is governed by local temperature, biota, tectonic activity and atmospheric partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Of this modern weathered phosphorus flux, rivers deliver 2.8 ± 0.2 × 1010 mol year−1 dissolved phosphorus and 20 ± 6 × 1010 mol year−1 reactive particulate phosphorus to the ocean, where phosphorus has a residence time of 11,000–27,000 years. Phosphorus burial in marine sediments is the primary sink term and balances with phosphorus weathering on geological timescales. Burial rates are governed by organic matter flux, ocean chemistry, redox conditions, temperature and biological activity in sediments. Enhanced resolution of empirical observations combined with sophisticated data analysis is needed to robustly constrain how environmental drivers influence the phosphorus cycle and, thus, climate. The phosphorus cycle limits primary production on geological timescales, influencing climate. This Review explores the environmental drivers impacting the rates of continental weathering and phosphorus burial in marine sediments, which are the primary sources and sinks in the global phosphorus cycle.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"5 12","pages":"873-889"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142845223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Solid phase extraction to measure B-vitamins in aquatic systems","authors":"Meriel J. Bittner","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00620-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00620-3","url":null,"abstract":"Meriel Bittner explains how solid phase extraction can be used to concentrate B-vitamins for quantification in aquatic systems.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"5 12","pages":"842-842"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142845144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Deep-ocean drilling to explore the hydraulic structure of subduction faults","authors":"Pei Pei","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00619-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00619-w","url":null,"abstract":"Pei Pei describes how deep-ocean drilling can reveal insights into the seismic cycle along subduction boundaries, such as at the Japan trench.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"5 12","pages":"841-841"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142845219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Stephen Super Barasa, Fidele Ntie-Kang, The SAFARI consortium
{"title":"Sustainably addressing Africa’s antimicrobial pollution crisis","authors":"Stephen Super Barasa, Fidele Ntie-Kang, The SAFARI consortium","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00618-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00618-x","url":null,"abstract":"Antimicrobial pollution in Africa is escalating rapidly, threatening ecosystems and human health. Naturally occurring minerals, flora and microbial communities can support cost-effective and environmentally sustainable strategies to address this crisis and help achieve relevant Sustainable Development Goals.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"5 12","pages":"837-838"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142845203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Roeland C. van de Vijsel, Marten Scheffer, Antonius J. F. Hoitink
{"title":"Tipping points in river deltas","authors":"Roeland C. van de Vijsel, Marten Scheffer, Antonius J. F. Hoitink","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00610-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00610-5","url":null,"abstract":"River deltas are susceptible to rapid and irreversible regime shifts in channel morphodynamics, estuarine turbidity and coastal wetland state. In this Review, we discuss the tipping mechanisms and self-reinforcing feedbacks underlying these regime shifts. The propensity for tipping in deltas can be increased by climate and land-use changes, based on projections from published data from 47 deltas worldwide. For example, sand mining, sediment retention behind barriers and increased floods under climate change have led to scour hole formation in the Rhine–Meuse Delta, river bank retreat in the Mekong Delta, and turbidity flushing in San Francisco Bay. Conversely, flood-prone areas with increased sediment influx caused by deforestation might be susceptible to avulsion. Resilience indicators based on observational data quantify the robustness of deltas to such regime shifts and could provide warnings when action should be taken to avoid degradation or yield insight into ways to promote back-tipping. However, resilience indicators alone are insufficient to identify the exact tipping point. Dynamical systems theory could provide a helpful framework to analyse tipping dynamics, but to apply this approach to real-world data, improvements in mathematical models of tipping points will be needed alongside an increase in continuous measurements of river deltas. Land-use and climate changes can reduce the resilience of river deltas to regime shifts in channel morphodynamics, estuarine turbidity and the state of coastal wetlands. This Review discusses how these regime shifts can be triggered, monitored and prevented.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"5 12","pages":"843-858"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142845248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
京公网安备 11010802042870号
