Catherine Annen, Roberto F. Weinberg, Jean-François Moyen, Rémy Cazabet
{"title":"A complex system approach to magmatism","authors":"Catherine Annen, Roberto F. Weinberg, Jean-François Moyen, Rémy Cazabet","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00697-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00697-4","url":null,"abstract":"Magmatic systems are composed of many nonlinearly interacting components that operate across various scales; thus, these systems can be modelled as complex systems. In this Perspective, we examine efforts to recognize and model complexity in magmatic systems and suggest the direction for building a global integrated model to investigate volcanic and igneous processes. Magmatic systems are complex, as they operate on time and spatial scales ranging from seconds to millions of years and micrometres to kilometres, respectively, organized as networks of interacting components. These networks drain magmas and volatiles from deep sources towards plutons, dykes, sills, and volcanoes. Statistical analyses suggest power-law relationships in magmatic and volcanic processes, from the geometrical feature of melt extraction network at the source, to magma mingling, to the distribution of eruption intensity. These findings serve as evidence for self-organized criticality, suggesting that magmatic systems respond to small disturbances in unpredictable ways. The behaviours of complex systems emerge from the connections between the parts of the system and cannot be predicted by separate investigation of the individual parts. Therefore, Earth science should follow the example of fields such as climate sciences and take advantage of tools developed in complex system science to build an integrated model to test the validity of conceptual models and advance understanding of magmatic systems. Magmatic systems exhibit characteristics of complex systems, including multiscalar interactions, interconnected networks and power-law distributions. This Perspective explores how tools from complex system science could be used to model magmatic systems.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 8","pages":"535-548"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145122798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Mapping deep-sea habitats with machine learning models","authors":"Emmeline Broad","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00704-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00704-8","url":null,"abstract":"Emmeline Broad describes the use of habitat suitability models to predict the distribution of deep-sea habitats.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 8","pages":"487-487"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145122796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"How hot is the inside of the Earth?","authors":"Shichun Huang","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00698-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00698-3","url":null,"abstract":"Bolnore Village Cub Scouts (aged 8–10, UK) ask Dr Shichun Huang how hot the inside of the Earth is.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 7","pages":"437-437"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145122791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The effects of extreme heat on First Nations people in remote Australia","authors":"Supriya Mathew, Clare Davis","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00695-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00695-6","url":null,"abstract":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment interviewed Associate Professor Supriya Mathew from Menzies School of Health Research about their project investigating the effects of extreme heat on First Nations people in remote Australia and ways to reduce the health risks.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 7","pages":"438-438"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145122824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Collecting atmospheric air with drones","authors":"Kevin Rozmiarek","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00701-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00701-x","url":null,"abstract":"Kevin Rozmiarek describes how samples of water-vapour isotopes obtained by drones can be used to explore the dynamics of the hydrological cycle.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 10","pages":"634-634"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145243202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Tree methane exchange in a changing world","authors":"Vincent Gauci","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00692-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00692-9","url":null,"abstract":"Tree surfaces facilitate methane (CH4) exchange between terrestrial systems and the atmosphere. In this Perspective, I consider methane emission and uptake in trees, the underlying mechanisms and their response to environmental changes. Methane emitted from trees predominantly originates in soils, being transferred through the stem. The highest tree methane emissions occur in waterlogged soil conditions. As such, trees in wetland and riparian forests are a net source of methane, with topical wetland trees emitting up to ~44 Tg CH4 yr−1. By comparison, trees on free-draining upland soils are a net sink of methane on the order of 50 Tg CH4 yr−1, with microbially mediated methanotrophy along the soil–tree continuum dominating the vertical attenuation of soil-derived methane fluxes. Latitude (temperature) and nutrient status also influence net methane exchange. For example, tree methane emissions in the more nutrient-replete Amazon floodplain are up to 1,000-fold higher than those in ombrotrophic peat swamps of Panama and Borneo. Elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations are predicted to enhance wetland tree methane emissions and reduce upland tree net methane uptake, with the latter effect probably being strongest. Evidence from ice core records suggests that notable changes in global forest cover in the Americas in the 1500s following European first contact might have reduced global atmospheric methane concentrations by up to 50 ppb, indicating that forest area influence over the global methane budget is potentially substantial. Future research should better quantify tree methane exchange responses to environmental changes and reduce uncertainty in the global methane budgets. Tree methane exchange is an important component of the terrestrial and global methane budget. This Perspective explores the mechanisms underlying why wetland trees are a net source of methane to the atmosphere and upland trees are a net sink, and the effect environmental changes will have on these processes.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 7","pages":"471-483"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145122794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Monitoring anthropogenic impacts on water quality in Ghana with remote sensing","authors":"Beatrice Asenso Barnieh, Clare Davis","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00686-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00686-7","url":null,"abstract":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment interviewed Beatrice Asenso Barnieh about their project investigating water quality in Ghana.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 6","pages":"378-378"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145122698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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