Nature Reviews Earth & Environment最新文献

{"title":"Elevation-dependent climate change in mountain environments","authors":"Nick Pepin, Martha Apple, John Knowles, Silvia Terzago, Enrico Arnone, Lorenz Hänchen, Anna Napoli, Emily Potter, Jakob Steiner, Scott N. Williamson, Bodo Ahrens, Tanmay Dhar, A. P. Dimri, Elisa Palazzi, Arathi Rameshan, Nadine Salzmann, Maria Shahgedanova, João de Deus Vidal Jr, Dino Zardi","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00740-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00740-4","url":null,"abstract":"Mountain regions show rapid environmental changes under anthropogenic warming. The rates of these changes are often stratified by elevation, leading to elevation-dependent climate change (EDCC). In this Review, we examine evidence of systematic change in the elevation profiles of air temperature and precipitation (including snow). On a global scale, differences between mountain and lowland trends for temperature, precipitation and snowfall are 0.21 °C century–1 (enhanced mountain warming), –11.5 mm century–1 (enhanced mountain drying) and –25.6 mm century–1 (enhanced mountain snow loss), respectively, for 1980–2020, based on averaging available gridded datasets. Regional analyses sometimes show opposite trend patterns. This EDCC is primarily driven by changes in surface albedo, specific humidity and atmospheric aerosol concentrations. Throughout the twenty-first century, most models predict that enhanced warming in mountain regions will continue (at 0.13 °C century–1), but precipitation changes are less certain. Superimposed upon these global trends, EDCC patterns can vary substantially between mountain regions. Patterns in the Rockies and the Tibetan Plateau are more consistent with the global mean than other regions. In situ mountain observations are skewed towards low elevations, and understanding of EDCC is biased towards mid-latitudes. Efforts to address this uneven data distribution and to increase the spatial and temporal resolution of models of mountain processes are urgently needed to understand the impacts of EDCC on ecological and hydrological systems. Environmental changes in mountains often depend on elevation. This Review outlines how past and future temperature, precipitation and snowfall trends vary between mountains and lowlands across various mountain regions and discusses the drivers responsible.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 12","pages":"772-788"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145695654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insights into terrestrial carbon and water cycling from the global eddy covariance network","authors":"Jingfeng Xiao, Dennis Baldocchi, Kazuhito Ichii, Fei Li, Dario Papale","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00743-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00743-1","url":null,"abstract":"Ecosystem–atmosphere exchanges of carbon dioxide (CO2) and water vapour respond to global environmental changes, such as climate change, elevated atmospheric CO2, disturbances, and land use change and management. Understanding these exchanges requires globally distributed and continuous, long-term ecosystem-scale measurements spanning diverse climates and ecosystems, as supported by the development of the eddy covariance (EC) technique. In this Review, we discuss how the global network of EC sites, led by FLUXNET, has advanced understanding of terrestrial carbon and water cycling. Since the early 1990s, EC measurements have provided insights into variations in carbon and water fluxes across different timescales (half-hourly to decadal), vegetation types and environmental gradients, and their responses to global change. Upscaling EC measurements and the resulting datasets have also enhanced understanding of the magnitude, spatial patterns, seasonal changes, interannual variability, and trends in carbon sinks and sources, evapotranspiration, and water-use efficiency in response to global change at regional to global scales. EC measurements and upscaled data also help interpret and evaluate satellite-derived products, as well as benchmark and improve terrestrial biosphere models and Earth system models. Future efforts should improve network representativeness, foster open data sharing, provide near real-time measurements, enhance accuracy of upscaled products and better support climate mitigation efforts. Long-term monitoring is essential to characterizing the responses of carbon and water fluxes to global environmental change drivers. This Review synthesizes the insights gained into these changes from a global flux tower network.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"7 1","pages":"60-79"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145958189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Opportunities, benefits and impacts of shallow geothermal energy","authors":"Kathrin Menberg, Hannes Hemmerle, Peter Bayer, Christoph Bott, Asal Bidarmaghz, Grant Ferguson, Martin Bloemendal, Philipp Blum","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00736-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00736-0","url":null,"abstract":"Heat pumps, which transfer heat from one environment to another to provide heating and cooling, are considered a key technology for decarbonizing the building sector. However, geothermal heat pumps have been adopted slowly, owing to high investment costs and public distrust. In this Review, we discuss opportunities for sustainable and risk-conscious application of shallow geothermal energy (SGE) and identify suitable areas and outline the benefits and impacts of different SGE technologies. Globally, many regions have wide areas suitable for SGE, yet uptake rates remain low. For example, a third of Germany is hydrogeologically suitable for aquifer thermal energy storage systems, but only two systems were in operation in 2021. The environmental benefits of SGE are substantial, as greenhouse gas emissions can be reduced by up to 88% in European Union countries compared with conventional thermal energy systems. Environmental impacts on groundwater quality and ecosystem functions are minor as SGE-induced temperature increases are typically in the range of 5–10 K. However, owing to the limited number of assessments, benefits and impacts of subsurface cooling remain largely unknown. Widespread and sustainable operation of SGE will require subsurface management with particular focus on infrastructure, drinking water quality and thermal alterations. Shallow geothermal energy can contribute to decarbonizing residential buildings. This Review explores which regions globally have high geothermal potential, outlining the benefits and impacts of different types of shallow geothermal energy systems.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 12","pages":"808-823"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145695655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global dust impacts on biogeochemical cycles and climate","authors":"Jinbo Zan, Barbara A. Maher, Xiaomin Fang, Thomas Stevens, Wenxiao Ning, Fuli Wu, Yibo Yang, Jian Kang, Zhe Hu","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00734-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00734-2","url":null,"abstract":"Windblown mineral dust is a nutrient source to the ocean, influencing global ocean productivity, ocean carbon uptake and climate. In this Review, we examine how dust emission fluxes, sources and compositions have changed over the past 7 Myr and consider the implications for ocean productivity. Since the Late Cenozoic, global cooling and orogenic uplift have enhanced dust emissions from major source regions and fluxes to downwind ocean basins, with the associated nutrient supply varying with dust origin. Glacially derived Asian dust contains higher concentrations of ferrous iron (typically exceeding 30% of the total iron) and phosphorus than the aged, highly oxidized mineral dust from North Africa, which has negligible ferrous iron content. Indeed, Asian dust has a notable influence on Pacific Ocean productivity and, potentially, climate. For example, Middle Pleistocene increases in the content of Asian dust Fe2+ (~45%) and P (~55%) coincided with a threefold to fivefold rise in glacial productivity in the South China Sea and a concurrent shift in phytoplankton ecology in the lower-latitude North Pacific. Therefore, decreasing glaciogenic dust–nutrient supply under continued global warming could notably impact ocean productivity, especially in the Pacific Ocean. Future research should focus on constraining the composition and bioavailability of dust-derived nutrients across a wide range of globally important dust sources so that dust composition and related feedbacks can be better parameterized in Earth system models. Aeolian dust deposition can deliver nutrients that fuel primary production in remote ocean regions. This Review considers how dust sources and nutrient composition, in addition to dust flux, have potentially impacted ocean productivity, carbon burial and climate over the past 7 Myr.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 12","pages":"789-807"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145695653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Indigenous cultural heritage in motion","authors":"Ingrid Boas, Clare Davis","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00744-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00744-0","url":null,"abstract":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment interviewed Ingrid Boas about their project investigating the role of cultural heritage in shaping climate change adaptation amongst Indigenous peoples with mobile livelihoods.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 12","pages":"769-769"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145695652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Natural carbon uptake by ocean biology will not deliver credible carbon credits","authors":"Lennart T. Bach, Phil Williamson, Joanna I. House, Philip W. Boyd","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00741-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00741-3","url":null,"abstract":"Natural CO2 removal is increasingly being claimed as anthropogenic climate mitigation. This misrepresentation is already prevalent for forests and coastal ecosystems; there is now the risk of the error reoccurring for open-ocean CO2 uptake via the biological carbon pump.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 12","pages":"767-768"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145695656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Earth’s past and present mantle oxygen fugacity","authors":"Elizabeth Cottrell, Dante Canil, Charles Langmuir, Katy A. Evans, Fabrice Gaillard","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00735-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00735-1","url":null,"abstract":"Oxygen is the most abundant element in Earth’s mantle. Oxygen fugacity (fO2), which quantifies the availability of oxygen to mediate oxidation–reduction reactions, affects important mantle processes, such as depth of melting, extraction of volatiles to the atmosphere, crustal composition and ore body generation. Debate continues over modern and past variations in mantle fO2. In this Review, we compile thermobarometric data from mafic and ultramafic rocks at ridges, back-arcs, and arcs and show that the fO2 of subduction-influenced arc mantle is appreciably higher than the mantle supplying ocean ridges. We review the timing and mechanisms that might transfer redox budget to the arc mantle wedge. A new proxy for the redox-sensitive element vanadium confirms the higher oxidation state of arc mantle and can be used to show there is no conclusive evidence for oxidation of the ambient mantle since the Archaean (2,500–4,000 million years ago). Earlier, in the Hadean magma ocean (>4,000 million years ago), liquid silicate equilibrated with liquid metal alloy while the upper mantle was rapidly oxidized to higher fO2. Future research should focus on how mantle fO2 coevolved with Earth’s primitive atmosphere during core formation, magma ocean crystallization and degassing. Mantle oxygen fugacity is set by phase equilibria and is intimately linked to geochemical and geodynamic processes. This Review explores the possible mechanisms that have controlled mantle oxygen fugacity from Earth’s early beginnings to the present day.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 11","pages":"728-746"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145450131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using experimental fluid dynamics to track natural snowfall","authors":"Koen Muller","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00748-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00748-w","url":null,"abstract":"Koen Muller explains how experimental fluid dynamics can be used to track natural snowfall.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"7 2","pages":"84-84"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146162889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differences and uncertainties in land-use CO2 flux estimates","authors":"Wolfgang A. Obermeier, Clemens Schwingshackl, Raphael Ganzenmüller, Giacomo Grassi, Viola Heinrich, Ingrid T. Luijkx, Ana Bastos, Philippe Ciais, Stephen Sitch, Julia Pongratz","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00730-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00730-6","url":null,"abstract":"Accurately estimating carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes from land use and land-use change (FLUC) is critical to assessing nationally determined contributions and progress towards climate targets. In this Perspective, we compare five FLUC estimation approaches, discuss the origins of large uncertainties and discrepancies in estimates and consider how to improve estimate accuracy and better align individual estimates. Global FLUC estimates between 2000 and 2023 range from net emissions of 1.9 ± 0.6 PgC yr−1 (based on dynamic global vegetation models) to net removals of −1.0 PgC yr−1 (based on Earth observations), with other estimates from bookkeeping models, country reports and atmospheric inversions falling within this range. Discrepancies arise from each approach using different definitions for FLUC, the spatial extent of managed land and including degradation and environmental effects to varying degrees. As a result, each approach accounts for different fluxes and land areas. Uncertainties within individual estimates are attributed to quality of land-use data, observational constraints and incomplete process consideration. These uncertainties can be reduced through better separation of anthropogenic and natural CO2 fluxes, including the effects of anthropogenically driven ecosystem degradation and improving model parameterizations. Thus, future research should prioritise unambiguous and consistent definitions and conducting systematic evaluations against each other to improve the translation and harmonization of FLUC estimates, which is essential to support effective climate policies and optimize land-based climate change mitigation. Robust quantification of carbon dioxide fluxes from land use is critical for guiding climate change mitigation efforts and for improved understanding of the global carbon cycle. This Perspective explores the origins of uncertainties and discrepancies in established estimation approaches and considers strategies to improve, translate and harmonize flux estimates.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 11","pages":"747-766"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145450128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bridging scales in vegetation phenology using near-surface and satellite data","authors":"Andeise C. Dutra","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00738-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00738-y","url":null,"abstract":"Andeise Dutra explains how near-surface digital camera can be used together with satellite observations to investigate plant phenology across scales.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"7 1","pages":"5-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145958187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}