Nature Reviews Earth & Environment最新文献

{"title":"Approaches, challenges and applications of climate change impact attribution","authors":"Sabine Undorf, Asya Dimitrova, Luke J. Harrington, Gabriele C. Hegerl, Aglaé Jézéquel, Joyce Kimutai, Y. T. Eunice Lo, Matthias Mengel, Sarah Perkins-Kirkpatrick, Rosa Pietroiusti, Izidine Pinto, Andrew Schurer, Paolo Scussolini, Sebastian Sippel, Dáithí Stone, Rupert Stuart-Smith, Lukas Gudmundsson, Veronika Huber, Felipe J. Colón-González, Simon Dellicour, Diana Erazo, Erich Fischer, Katja Frieler, Christoph Gornott, Ed Hawkins, Petra Holden, Gerbrand Koren, Seppe Lampe, Dann Mitchell, Lisa Murken, Mark New, Albert Nkwasa, Sonia I. Seneviratne, Michael Wehner, Wim Thiery","doi":"10.1038/s43017-026-00798-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-026-00798-8","url":null,"abstract":"Addressing climate change requires knowledge of its impacts on both nature and people. This Review depicts current approaches to the attribution of climate change impacts and potential uses for this information. The discussion covers how impact attribution identifies the drivers of observed changes and events that form links in the causal chain from anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and other human-induced climate forcing factors to effects on natural and human systems mediated by changes in climate and weather. Various approaches are presented that use observations and/or model simulations to estimate how a world without climate change could have evolved. In addition, different societal uses of impact attribution results are discussed and how different study designs might support them. This Review also identifies persistent knowledge gaps that call for input from policy experts globally. For example, future tailored designs might enable the attribution of additional impacts and improve quantification of the role of climate change against other drivers, whereas increased transdisciplinary collaboration and organization might provide standardization that benefits data comparability and synthesis. Addressing the remaining challenges is expected to help the impact attribution community to produce targeted answers for well-framed questions that inform development, implementation and operationalization of climate policies. Climate change impact attribution quantifies the observed consequences of climate change through combining climate attribution aspects with impact modelling. Undorf et al. discuss the key steps and methodological choices required, possible societal uses of impact attribution results and ongoing challenges.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"7 7","pages":"469-488"},"PeriodicalIF":74.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148434151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nano-agrochemical use in sustainable agriculture and environmental protection","authors":"Zhenggao Xiao, Jason C. White, Melanie Kah, Xuesong Cao, Le Yue, Yanhui Dai, Chuanxi Wang, Lin Zhang, Lin Ma, Zhaohai Bai, Xuan Wang, Sergio Rasmann, Zhenyu Wang, Baoshan Xing","doi":"10.1038/s43017-026-00796-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-026-00796-w","url":null,"abstract":"Intensive reliance on conventional synthetic agrochemicals has been linked to environmental degradation and human health risks. Integrating nano-agrochemicals into agricultural practices could boost yields and reduce environmental footprints. In this Review, we evaluate the functions, market penetration, and benefits and risks of nano-agrochemicals in terms of crop productivity, environmental outcomes and human health. Nano-agrochemical formulations, primarily nanofertilizers and nanopesticides, are designed for targeted delivery and enhanced efficacy. Despite their promise, nano-agrochemicals currently represent <1% share of the global agrochemical market. Nanoformulations can boost crop yields by approximately 20%, largely through increased nutrient-use efficiency. However, their performance depends on environmental factors, such as soil texture, pH and ionic strength, which govern nanoparticle stability. Application methods (foliar versus soil) further interact with biological factors, including the above-ground and below-ground microbiotas, leaf and root exudates, and soil fauna, to influence nano-agrochemical bioavailability and uptake by plants. Nanofertilizers reduce nutrient leaching and nanopesticides minimize non-target toxicity, collectively reducing environmental and human health risks. Monitoring and regulatory frameworks remain highly heterogeneous across regions, with contrasting approaches in major agricultural producers, including the European Union, USA, China, Brazil and India. Future work should prioritize a universal ‘One Health’ assessment framework coupled with comprehensive life-cycle analyses to harmonize risk evaluation and guide the responsible global deployment of nano-agrochemicals. Improving agrochemical efficacy is important for safely meeting increasing food demand and responding to environmental change. This Review examines how nano-agrochemicals could boost food production sustainably, discusses their risks and benefits, and outlines approaches to facilitate their safe deployment.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"7 7","pages":"447-468"},"PeriodicalIF":74.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148434160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Compound weather and climate events in 2025","authors":"Colin Raymond, Ivonne M. García-Martínez, Cassandra D. W. Rogers, Yang Chen, Weiqing Han, Renata Libonati, Nicholas P. Simpson, Christopher J. White, Jakob Zscheischler","doi":"10.1038/s43017-026-00797-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-026-00797-9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"7 6","pages":"340-342"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148247872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deoxygenation in inland freshwater systems","authors":"Kun Shi, R. Iestyn Woolway, Qi Guan, Wenqiang Zhang, Chenxi Mi, Yibo Zhang, Wei Zhi, Jianjun Wang, Hai Xu, Yongqiang Zhou, Liping Hu, Xiangzhen Kong, Yi Luo, Senlin Zhu, Peter R. Leavitt, Matthew J. Bogard, Stephen F. Jane, Ayan Fleischmann, Joachim Jansen, Li Li, Shenglei Wang, Yong Liu, Robert Ladwig, Xiwen Wang, Changchun Huang, Erik Jeppesen, Peng Chen, Boqiang Qin","doi":"10.1038/s43017-026-00795-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-026-00795-x","url":null,"abstract":"Dissolved oxygen (DO) supports aerobic respiration of aquatic organisms and biogeochemical cycles involved in nutrient cycling and organic matter decomposition. Widespread freshwater deoxygenation is threatening the health and function of aquatic systems. In this Review, we outline global trends, drivers, impacts and potential mitigation measures of deoxygenation in inland freshwater systems. Surface water DO concentrations have declined rapidly in lakes (–0.034 mg l–1 decade–1 in summer throughout 2003–2023) and rivers (–0.043 mg l–1 decade–1 year-round throughout 1980–2023). The highest rate of DO decline is in Asian lakes (–0.043 mg l–1 decade–1) and the Amazon River Basin (–0.2 mg l–1 decade–1); conversely, DO levels have increased in 25.4% of rivers, particularly in Western Africa and Southeast Asia. Climate warming amplifies deoxygenation through prolonged stratification, reduced DO solubility and increased microbial respiration. Human activities also contribute to deoxygenation; for example, agricultural runoff drives eutrophication and DO loss; this effect is exacerbated by extreme rainfall events. Deoxygenation creates positive biogeochemical feedbacks that accelerate ecosystem degradation and restructure biological communities. Additionally, deoxygenation has negative socioeconomic impacts, reducing fishing yields, demand for freshwater-based recreational activities and drinking water quality and availability. Improved management and mitigation of deoxygenation will require DO monitoring networks, nutrient management, ecological restoration, integrated DO predictive models and adaptive governance with stakeholder engagement. Widespread declines in dissolved oxygen concentrations in lakes and rivers have ecological and socioeconomic consequences. This Review highlights spatial and temporal trends, climate and anthropogenic drivers, impacts and strategies for the management and mitigation of inland freshwater deoxygenation.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"7 7","pages":"427-446"},"PeriodicalIF":74.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148434152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wildfires in 2025","authors":"Matthew W. Jones, John T. Abatzoglou, Chantelle Burton, Paulo M. Fernandes, Piyush Jain, Theodore Keeping, Veerachai Tanpipat, Crystal A. Kolden","doi":"10.1038/s43017-026-00793-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-026-00793-z","url":null,"abstract":"Globally, fires in 2025 burned the second-lowest area on record since 2002 and emitted the third-lowest CO2 total. Yet, a third successive year of extreme wildfire emissions prevailed in Canada, and catastrophic fires in Los Angeles, South Korea and Europe killed over 90 people and forced over 300,000 evacuations.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"7 6","pages":"334-336"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148247879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate impacts of hydrogen emissions","authors":"Maria Sand, Ilissa B. Ocko, Tianyi Sun, Ragnhild B. Skeie, Didier A. Hauglustaine, Nicola J. Warwick, David S. Stevenson, Fabien Paulot, Gunnar Myhre, Alex T. Archibald, Marit Sandstad, Srinath Krishnan, Michael Prather","doi":"10.1038/s43017-026-00792-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-026-00792-0","url":null,"abstract":"Hydrogen has gained attention as a key component of future low-carbon energy and industrial systems, with demand projected to increase from 100 Mt per year in 2024 to up to 1,370 Mt per year in 2050. However, there are concerns about the climate impact of the associated increase in hydrogen emissions. In this Review, we discuss the sources and sinks of atmospheric hydrogen and the resulting climate effects, including the use of metrics and implications for policy. Despite not being a direct greenhouse gas, hydrogen raises levels of methane, tropospheric ozone and stratospheric water vapour, which are potent greenhouse gases. Estimates of the 100-year global warming potential of hydrogen converge at 12 ± 6 (90% CI). Such metrics are sufficiently robust to inform policy and business decision-making and to be included in climate impact assessments to maximize the benefits of a future hydrogen economy. However, substantial uncertainties remain, particularly in quantifying various sources of atmospheric hydrogen from human and natural systems (estimates have a range of 55–141 Tg per year) and understanding soil uptake rates (32–90 Tg per year). Future research should focus on improved quantification of hydrogen emissions, especially across the hydrogen system value chain, better constraints on the soil sink and a more complete representation of hydrogen chemistry. Although hydrogen is not a direct greenhouse gas, its interactions with atmospheric chemistry lead to indirect climate impacts. This Review discusses sources and sinks of atmospheric hydrogen, including uncertainties and data gaps, and how the warming effect of hydrogen emissions can be estimated and accounted for in policies and standards.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"7 6","pages":"359-373"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148247876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing in situ coral feeding with a programmable underwater light","authors":"Shannon Dixon","doi":"10.1038/s43017-026-00802-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-026-00802-1","url":null,"abstract":"Shannon Dixon explains how the Underwater Zooplankton Enhancement Light Array is used as a minimally invasive, in situ method to supply supplemental nutrition to coral, improving coral growth and survivorship.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"7 8","pages":"492-492"},"PeriodicalIF":74.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148696681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Precipitation extremes in 2025","authors":"Amy C. Green, Ruth E. Dunn, James G. Carruthers, Clair Barnes, Paul A. Davies, Hayley J. Fowler","doi":"10.1038/s43017-026-00794-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-026-00794-y","url":null,"abstract":"Extreme rainfall events in 2025 were globally associated with exceptional short-duration intensities consistent with hydrological intensification in a warming climate. A total of 46 events were considered, including 18 tropical cyclones and 10 convective storms, producing widespread flooding, economic losses and substantial societal impacts.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"7 6","pages":"337-339"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148247886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drivers and environmental impacts of Arctic shipping","authors":"Wen Yi \u0000 (, ), Huan Liu \u0000 (, ), Li Peng \u0000 (, ), Ziluo Liu \u0000 (, ), Zhenyu Luo \u0000 (, ), Elena Rovenskaya, Szu Hui Ng, Nikita Strelkovskii, Ran Yan \u0000 (, ), Xueqing Wang \u0000 (, ), Zeyu Yang \u0000 (, ), Tingkun He \u0000 (, ), Weiwei Zhang \u0000 (, ), Feng Cai \u0000 (, ), Qiang Zhang \u0000 (, ), Kebin He \u0000 (, )","doi":"10.1038/s43017-026-00790-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-026-00790-2","url":null,"abstract":"Sea ice retreat is opening up Arctic shipping routes, reducing transit times and enhancing access to regions with valuable resources. However, increased shipping has a negative impact on the Arctic environment. In this Review, we discuss the drivers and impacts of Arctic shipping and outline opportunities for its sustainable development. The Arctic sea ice area in September decreased by 35.8% during 1980–2024; consequently, the number of ships entering the Polar Code Arctic area increased by 37.3% between 2013 and 2023, increasing CO2 emissions from shipping by 6.3%. Economic incentives, governance frameworks, technology and infrastructure are also key drivers. The impacts of Arctic shipping span multiple environmental spheres, including changes in wildlife behaviour, invasive species, pollution and climate forcing. For example, ship-based emissions contributed to 560–1,100 premature deaths in the Nordic Arctic in 2015; biofouling increases the risk of invasive species by a factor of 3–20; one oil spill caused up to 300,000 bird deaths; and the concentration of microplastics near Brønnøysund is one to four orders of magnitude higher than the global average probably owing to wastewater from ships. Sustainable Arctic shipping will require stricter regulations on fuel standards and greywater release alongside improvements in navigation and emission filtration technologies. Arctic shipping is increasing owing to sea ice melt offering more efficient alternatives to traditional shipping routes, leading to negative impacts across the atmosphere, cryosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere. This Review discusses the factors influencing trends in Arctic shipping, the associated environmental impacts and potential pathways towards sustainable solutions.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"7 6","pages":"343-358"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148247880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phytoplankton mortality in a changing ocean","authors":"Kyle Mayers, Clare Davis","doi":"10.1038/s43017-026-00789-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-026-00789-9","url":null,"abstract":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment interviewed Kyle Mayers about their project investigating phytoplankton mortality and how climate change might influence it.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"7 6","pages":"331-331"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148247878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}