Nature Reviews Earth & Environment最新文献_第5页

Record-breaking extremes in a warming climate 气候变暖带来了破纪录的极端天气

Nature Reviews Earth & Environment Pub Date : 2025-05-29 DOI: 10.1038/s43017-025-00681-y

Erich M. Fischer, Margot Bador, Raphaël Huser, Elizabeth J. Kendon, Alexander Robinson, Sebastian Sippel

{"title":"Record-breaking extremes in a warming climate","authors":"Erich M. Fischer, Margot Bador, Raphaël Huser, Elizabeth J. Kendon, Alexander Robinson, Sebastian Sippel","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00681-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00681-y","url":null,"abstract":"Numerous weather and climate extremes have broken long-standing observed records. These record-breaking (or record-shattering if the margin is large) events have substantial socioeconomic impacts and pose adaptation and planning challenges. In this Review, we assess observed and projected changes in record-breaking climate extremes. Record occurrence can be understood with statistical considerations, and their changes quantified as the record ratio — the observed frequency of record events relative to a stationary climate. Many climate variables have witnessed changes in their record-breaking frequency. For example, all-time daily hot records on land are more than four times higher in 2016–2024 than expected without climate change, and all-time cold records two times lower; similarly, daily maximum precipitation records and monthly dryness records are more than 40% and 10% higher, respectively. In the future, slowing the rate of warming reduces record ratios, highlighting the benefits of mitigation. For instance, by the end of the century, multimodel mean record hot events are projected to be 15.7 more likely than in a stationary climate under SSP3-7.0, but only ~2.9 and ~1.8 more likely for SSP1-2.6 and SSP1-1.9, respectively, lower than those observed today. New record cold will become virtually non-existent under all emission scenarios. Among others, records have also been broken for ice loss, sea ice and ocean heat content, but quantifying record statistics is challenged by data availability, duration and quality. Addressing these data challenges and developing statistical methods to account for multivariate records are research priorities. Multiple record-breaking climate events have been observed, posing socioeconomic risks. This Review outlines observed and projected changes in record-breaking events, revealing 300–350% increases in the frequency of daily record heat in 2016–2024 relative to a stationary climate.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 7","pages":"456-470"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145122822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Transboundary impacts of pesticide use in food production 粮食生产中农药使用的跨界影响

Nature Reviews Earth & Environment Pub Date : 2025-05-29 DOI: 10.1038/s43017-025-00673-y

Fiona H. M. Tang, Kris A. G. Wyckhuys, Zijian Li, Federico Maggi, Vera Silva

{"title":"Transboundary impacts of pesticide use in food production","authors":"Fiona H. M. Tang, Kris A. G. Wyckhuys, Zijian Li, Federico Maggi, Vera Silva","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00673-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00673-y","url":null,"abstract":"Approximately 3.7 Tg of pesticides are used annually in global crop production to help protect yield, but pesticides pose risks to ecosystem and human health. In this Review, we summarize the pathways causing transboundary environmental and human health impacts of pesticide use in food production, and explore strategies to reduce reliance on pesticides. Once applied to crops, pesticides are transported through surface and groundwater flows, atmospheric dispersion and wildlife migration. Globally, 7.2% of pesticide input leaches below the root zone potentially reaching groundwater, with atmospheric droplets (10–50 µm in size) transported between 250 m and several kilometres from the point of application. International food trade drives pesticide use and, of all food products, fruit and vegetables have the highest embodiment of pesticide impacts, including risk to consumers through dietary intake of residues. Pesticide residues are found on 62% of rice from Pakistan and on 85% of harvested fruits, berries, pulses and leafy vegetables in Western countries. Moreover, residues on ~2–4% of domestic foods in China, New Zealand, the European Union and the USA exceed legal safety limits. Through stringent regulations on pesticide use and enforced compliance with pesticide residue limits, international trade can encourage adoption of low-pesticide cropping strategies and decision support systems that prioritize biodiversity and human health while maintaining yield. Future research should focus on quantifying transboundary pesticide impacts, constraining the environmental fate and transport of pesticides, and increasing environmental monitoring, especially in the Global South. Pesticide use in agriculture helps protect crop yields and support global food security, but environmental contamination and residues on food products pose risks to ecosystems and human health. This Review explores transboundary pesticide impacts of internationally traded foods, finding that fruit and vegetables have the highest embodied impacts.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 6","pages":"383-400"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145122812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A vertical coring system to sample sea ice 一个垂直取样海冰的取芯系统

Nature Reviews Earth & Environment Pub Date : 2025-05-27 DOI: 10.1038/s43017-025-00688-5

Siobhán Johnson

引用次数: 0

Ecomorphodynamics of coastal foredune evolution 海岸前沙丘演化的生态形态动力学

Nature Reviews Earth & Environment Pub Date : 2025-05-22 DOI: 10.1038/s43017-025-00672-z

Laura J. Moore, Sally D. Hacker, Josh Breithaupt, Sierd de Vries, Thomas Miller, Peter Ruggiero, Julie C. Zinnert

{"title":"Ecomorphodynamics of coastal foredune evolution","authors":"Laura J. Moore, Sally D. Hacker, Josh Breithaupt, Sierd de Vries, Thomas Miller, Peter Ruggiero, Julie C. Zinnert","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00672-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00672-z","url":null,"abstract":"Globally, along sandy coastlines, foredunes support ecosystem services including provision of habitat and protection of communities from waves and storm surge. In this Review, we discuss the interactions between sand transport and vegetation processes (ecomorphodynamics) that give rise to the foredune-building feedback as illuminated by empirical and modelling studies. Foredune shape and alongshore continuity depend primarily on sand supply, vegetation density and growth form. For instance, low-lying, creeping herbaceous species tend to form short embryo dunes, whereas tall, dense grasses that grow vertically tend to form tall, narrow foredunes. Climate and weather events, herbivory and anthropogenic disturbances of varying scale affect the foredune-building feedback. For example, small local scale disturbances, such as herbivory or trampling, cause local vegetation loss and erosion. Management activities, such as beach nourishment, can increase foredune sand supply, leading to foredune rebuilding, although the presence of infrastructure on the back beach can inhibit foredune development. At a regional scale, hurricanes and tropical storms cause substantial dune erosion and overwash, potentially resetting the foredune-building process. Sea-level rise exacerbates the effects of storms, leading to increased erosion, saltwater intrusion and a potential landward shift in foredune location. Future research should prioritize integrated ecomorphodynamic observations and modelling to fill critical knowledge gaps and address the effects of changing climate on the foredune-building process. Coastal dunes are highly dynamic systems. This Review considers the foredune-building feedback between sand transport and vegetation and how their influence on foredune morphology, size and stability is affected by climate change and anthropogenic disturbances.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 6","pages":"417-432"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145122697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Finding the link between flash drought and bushfires 寻找突发性干旱和森林大火之间的联系

Nature Reviews Earth & Environment Pub Date : 2025-05-15 DOI: 10.1038/s43017-025-00675-w

Abhirup Dikshit, Clare Davis

引用次数: 0

Emerging contaminants in agricultural systems 农业系统中出现的污染物

Nature Reviews Earth & Environment Pub Date : 2025-05-15 DOI: 10.1038/s43017-025-00674-x

Laura Carter, Clare Davis

引用次数: 0

Vulnerability of whole-soil carbon in a future warmer world 未来变暖世界中全土壤碳的脆弱性

Nature Reviews Earth & Environment Pub Date : 2025-05-15 DOI: 10.1038/s43017-025-00677-8

Biao Zhu, Clare Davis

引用次数: 0

Natural hydrogen resource accumulation in the continental crust 大陆地壳天然氢资源聚集

Nature Reviews Earth & Environment Pub Date : 2025-05-13 DOI: 10.1038/s43017-025-00670-1

Chris J. Ballentine, Rūta Karolytė, Anran Cheng, Barbara Sherwood Lollar, Jon G. Gluyas, Michael C. Daly

{"title":"Natural hydrogen resource accumulation in the continental crust","authors":"Chris J. Ballentine, Rūta Karolytė, Anran Cheng, Barbara Sherwood Lollar, Jon G. Gluyas, Michael C. Daly","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00670-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00670-1","url":null,"abstract":"Naturally occurring hydrogen accumulations could be an important source of clean hydrogen for hard-to-abate industry use and energy, but societally important reserves have yet to be proven. In this Review, we explore the conditions that enable the development of natural hydrogen resources in the geological subsurface, by examining the processes of hydrogen generation, migration, accumulation and preservation. Natural hydrogen is generated within the continental crust by two key mechanisms, water–rock reactions where Fe2+, dominantly in ultramafic rocks, is oxidized to Fe3+, and by radiolysis of water via radioactive elements U, Th and K found in upper-crustal rocks. These two generation reactions operate on very different timescales, ranging from thousands to millions of years for water–rock reactions in highly fractured rocks, to tens to hundreds of millions of years for water-limited water–rock and radiolysis reactions. Different globally widespread terrane types have the potential for hydrogen accumulations: continental margin ophiolite complexes, alkaline granite terranes, large igneous provinces, and Archaean greenstone belts and tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite granitic batholiths. Exploitation of natural hydrogen would have a low-carbon footprint, but continental systems do not provide a regenerating system on decadal to centennial timescales, and should not be considered a renewable resource. Calculating hydrogen generation by water–rock reactions is subject to more uncertainty than radiolysis reactions, but improving these estimates should be a priority for future research. Natural hydrogen is generated through chemical and radioactive processes in the Earth’s crust, and could be an important future clean chemical feedstock and energy resource. This Review examines the processes of geological hydrogen generation, migration, accumulation and preservation that enable the development of exploitable reserves.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 5","pages":"342-356"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145122690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Using cosmogenic nuclide dating to constrain glacier models 使用宇宙核素定年来约束冰川模型

Nature Reviews Earth & Environment Pub Date : 2025-05-13 DOI: 10.1038/s43017-025-00684-9

Josep Bonsoms

引用次数: 0

Timing of initial collision and suturing processes in the Himalaya and Zagros 喜马拉雅和扎格罗斯地区初始碰撞和缝合过程的时间

Nature Reviews Earth & Environment Pub Date : 2025-05-01 DOI: 10.1038/s43017-025-00669-8

Chao Wang, Lin Ding, Zhongyu Xiong, Mark B. Allen, Andrew K. Laskowski, Eduardo Garzanti, Qinghai Zhang, Fulong Cai, Houqi Wang, Peiping Song, Yipeng Li, Fan Ping, Alex Farnsworth, Daniel J. Lunt, Paul J. Valdes, Zhenyu Li, Chen Wu, Muhammad Qasim

{"title":"Timing of initial collision and suturing processes in the Himalaya and Zagros","authors":"Chao Wang, Lin Ding, Zhongyu Xiong, Mark B. Allen, Andrew K. Laskowski, Eduardo Garzanti, Qinghai Zhang, Fulong Cai, Houqi Wang, Peiping Song, Yipeng Li, Fan Ping, Alex Farnsworth, Daniel J. Lunt, Paul J. Valdes, Zhenyu Li, Chen Wu, Muhammad Qasim","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00669-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00669-8","url":null,"abstract":"The Tibetan and Iranian plateaus are the two most prominent orogenic plateaus on the present Earth built by continental collision. However, the timings of initial collision and suturing in the Himalaya and Zagros remain debated. In this Review, we summarize the timings, similarities and differences between the India–Eurasia collision and the Arabia–Eurasia collision, by comparing their sedimentary, magmatic, metamorphic, structural and palaeomagnetic records. The India–Eurasia collision is tightly constrained to have initiated in the central Himalaya at 65–59 Ma, possibly progressing towards the western and eastern Himalayas by 55–50 Ma. By contrast, the initial collision in the Zagros is loosely constrained to ~34 Ma, with a possibility of diachronous collision, younging to the southeast. Similarities between the two collisions include pre-collisional accretionary tectonism and magmatism, syn-collisional deformation and sedimentation, and crustal thickening. Apparent differences in lithospheric dynamics, deformation styles and metamorphism are attributed to variations in convergence rates, durations and magnitudes. Future research should focus on data-driven modelling and geophysical imaging beneath the Tibetan and Iranian plateaus to further quantify the geodynamic processes and driving forces contributing to continuous plate convergence, plateau formation and their surface impacts. The collision of the Indian, Arabian and Eurasian plates formed the Tibetan and Iranian plateaus, but its timing and processes remain debated. This Review explores the evidence behind initial collision estimates and discusses the tectonic and geodynamic implications.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 5","pages":"357-376"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145122693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0