Nature Reviews Earth & Environment最新文献

{"title":"China’s net-zero budget","authors":"Zhu Liu, Piyu Ke, Zhu Deng, Philippe Ciais, Robbie Andrew, Ana Bastos, Yan Bai, Josep G. Canadell, Dabo Guan, Xinyu Dou, Steven J. Davis, Fan Dai, Pierre Friedlingstein, Xiaoting Huang, Yifan Hu, Robert B. Jackson, Greet Janssens-Maenhout, Matthew W. Jones, Daniel M. Kammen, Yun Li, Tao Li, Shunlin Liang, Laibao Liu, Benjamin Poulter, Glen P. Peters, Stephen Sitch, Lixing Wang, Wei Wei, Fengming Xi, Xiaofan Gui, Jiang Bian, Yuan Wang, Jinjun Xue, Jinyue Yan, Xu Yue, Ning Zhang, Xian Zhang, Xiaoling Zhang, Yonglong Lu, Hans Joachim Schellnhuber, Xiaoye Zhang, Minhan Dai, Peng Gong, Kebin He, Guangqian Wang","doi":"10.1038/s43017-026-00791-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-026-00791-1","url":null,"abstract":"Efforts to mitigate CO2 emissions in China are central to achieving global carbon neutrality. In this Perspective, we compile bottom-up and top-down estimates to provide a comprehensive regional carbon budget for China between 1970 and 2024. This framework closes the regional budget by explicitly accounting for lateral fluxes with rivers and trade, while also separately tracking avoided emissions (termed scope 4) to assess progress towards net zero. In 2024, China’s regional CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion and industrial processes were 11.64 ± 1.71 Gt per year, which were partially offset by land carbon sinks (0.86 ± 0.33 Gt per year) and land-use change sinks (0.49 ± 0.05 Gt per year). Marginal-sea sinks accounted for 0.05 ± 0.09 Gt per year but are not considered to offset fossil-fuel emissions. Between 2019 and 2023, scope 4 emissions averaged about 2.87 Gt CO2 per year but are projected to cumulatively avoid 163 Gt CO2 between 2025 and 2060 owing to fossil fuel replacement and efficiency improvements, which will reduce emissions to about 1.6 Gt CO2 per year by 2060. Although natural sinks and anthropogenic carbonation sinks have the potential to remove about 1.7 Gt CO2 per year, their long-term stability is uncertain and so gigaton-scale deployment of negative-emission technologies and enhanced mineral carbonation are needed to ensure carbon neutrality. Future research should prioritize improved measuring, reporting and verification of regional carbon budget components to better inform China’s strategies towards net zero. Reducing China’s CO2 emissions is crucial to achieving global carbon neutrality. This Perspective synthesizes bottom-up and top-down estimates to develop a regional CO2 budget for China and evaluate pathways and uncertainties towards net zero.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"7 6","pages":"392-406"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148247873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing impurity-driven snowmelt with mini-lysimeters","authors":"Javier Bandrés","doi":"10.1038/s43017-026-00799-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-026-00799-7","url":null,"abstract":"Javier Bandrés explains how a mini-lysimeter field device can be used to investigate impurity driven snowmelt processes.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"7 7","pages":"411-411"},"PeriodicalIF":74.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148434153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decarbonizing global steel production","authors":"Peng Wang \u0000 (, ), Yi-Long Yin, Zhenxi Li, Chris Bataille, Daniel M. Franks, Takuma Watari, Max Åhman, Lars J. Nilsson, Xiao-Dong Ma, Jing Meng, Qi Zhang, Timothy M. Smith, Yi Yang","doi":"10.1038/s43017-026-00786-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-026-00786-y","url":null,"abstract":"The steel industry emits 2,400–2,713 Mt CO2 and 12 Mt of fugitive methane globally each year, yet progress towards decarbonization has been limited. In this Review, we examine the potential, feasibility and barriers to decarbonization of the steel sector. The blast furnace–basic oxygen furnace (BF–BOF) accounts for ~72% of global steel production and has the highest carbon emission intensity of existing production routes (~2.3 t CO2 tsteel−1). Conversely, the scrap-based electric arc furnace (EAF) route, which contributes ~23%, has the lowest carbon intensity (~0.68 t CO2 tsteel−1). China, Japan and others rely heavily on BF–BOF whereas the EAF route is favoured in a limited number of nations such as the USA. Established process-level solutions, such as enhanced energy efficiency and waste heat recovery, can reduce carbon intensities by up to 20%. Whereas reductions of over 80% can be achieved with emerging hydrogen-based and electrolysis-based technologies. For example, the carbon intensity of steel produced with hydrogen-based iron reduction technologies is ~0.4 t CO2 tsteel−1 at a cost of over US$800 tsteel−1 (compared to ~US$450 tsteel−1 for BF–BOF). These high costs, together with regional resource limitations and low technical readiness, limit widespread near-term deployment. System-wide measures, such as material efficiency, circular economy and industrial symbiosis, could contribute 30–65% of the required total emissions reduction in line with the 1.5°C target. Future work should prioritize implementing a coordinated, multi-scale approach that combines process-level innovations with system-wide strategies and region-specific policies. The steel sector is a major greenhouse gas emitter, and decarbonizing steel production is critical to meeting climate targets. This Review outlines the environmental impacts of steel production and discusses process-level and system-wide decarbonization strategies, their technological and regional feasibility, and policy frameworks required to support a globally coordinated transition.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"7 6","pages":"374-391"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148247877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Floods in 2025","authors":"Augusto Getirana, Elyssa Collins, Enner Alcântara, Gianpaolo Balsamo, Paul Bates, Timothy Dube, José Antônio Marengo, Taikan Oki, Conrad Wasko","doi":"10.1038/s43017-026-00779-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-026-00779-x","url":null,"abstract":"2025 featured geographically concentrated flood anomalies shaped by shifting large-scale atmospheric circulation and ocean–atmosphere variability, with antecedent hydrologic conditions and topography amplifying impacts in several regions. The year ranked in the lower tier of the past two decades for flood exposure, totalling over US$ 28 billion in damages and 4,200 flood-related fatalities globally.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"7 5","pages":"270-273"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147924367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dating past landscape evolution with volcanic ash layers","authors":"Emily Topness","doi":"10.1038/s43017-026-00788-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-026-00788-w","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"7 6","pages":"333-333"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148247875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Broad bidirectional effects of global food production on the environment","authors":"José M. Mogollón, Michalis Hadjikakou, Oliver Taherzadeh, Esther N. Ngumbi, Hannah H. E. van Zanten, Nandita B. Basu, Anniek J. Kortleve, Paul Behrens","doi":"10.1038/s43017-026-00778-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-026-00778-y","url":null,"abstract":"As the largest driver of nutrient imbalances, water use and biodiversity loss, and as a major contributor to climate change, global food production poses a threat to the long-term environmental stability of the planet. Excessive use of fertilizers in agriculture causes eutrophication and hypoxia; land use change has led to an unprecedented loss of soil carbon and biodiversity; water use is stressing regions and affecting local crop productivity and food security. These impacts are all exacerbated by increasing demand for resource-intensive foods and international trade that shifts environmental impacts beyond national borders. In this Review, we synthesize the vast literature describing the food system and its bidirectional effects with environmental pressures. We examine the major impacts of the food system on the environment and then explore how these impacts affect cropland production, livestock systems and production from aquatic environments (blue foods). We conclude with a summary of strategies that help to tackle food system pressures and inefficiencies and provide suggestions for future research and policy. Food production systems have negative effects on the environment, and environmental changes threaten global food production and security. This Review discusses the bidirectional effects of food production on the environment and outlines supply-side and demand-side transformations of food systems that are needed to mitigate and adapt to environmental change.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"7 5","pages":"280-293"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147924369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global drought extremes in 2025","authors":"Chiyuan Miao, Qi Zhang, Xin Li, Jinlong Hu, Mojtaba Sadegh, Amir AghaKouchak","doi":"10.1038/s43017-026-00785-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-026-00785-z","url":null,"abstract":"In 2025, global annual drought affected ~30% of the global land surface. Near-record warming substantially increased evaporative demand, triggering widespread meteorological and soil moisture drought, even in regions where precipitation deficits were relatively intermediate.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"7 5","pages":"277-279"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147924370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulating planetary interiors with a diamond anvil cell","authors":"R. Valli Divya","doi":"10.1038/s43017-026-00787-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-026-00787-x","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"7 7","pages":"410-410"},"PeriodicalIF":74.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148434159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measuring mangrove root exudation with sealed cuvettes","authors":"Lea Hanemann","doi":"10.1038/s43017-026-00783-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-026-00783-1","url":null,"abstract":"Lea Hanemann explains how sealed cuvettes can be used to quantify the release of organic compounds from living mangrove roots.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"7 5","pages":"269-269"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147924368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global carbon emissions and decarbonization in 2025","authors":"Zhu Deng, Biqing Zhu, Steven J. Davis, Philippe Ciais, Zhu Liu","doi":"10.1038/s43017-026-00780-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-026-00780-4","url":null,"abstract":"Global CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion and industrial processes increased by +0.7% within 2025. However, large-scale deployment of clean electricity sources during the year avoided 10.3 Gt of global CO2 emissions, so that power sector emissions declined by –0.9% relative to 2024. As the remaining carbon budget for limiting global warming to 1.5 °C is projected to be exhausted by 2029 at a 50% likelihood, further accelerating the shift away from fossil fuels is essential for staying within the 2 °C temperature rise limit.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"7 5","pages":"274-276"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147924374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}