Nature Reviews Earth & Environment最新文献

{"title":"Using pile burns to investigate the impacts of severe wildfires on soil","authors":"Julie A. Fowler","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00739-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00739-x","url":null,"abstract":"Julie Fowler explains how pile burns can be used to investigate wildfire impacts on soil biogeochemistry.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"7 1","pages":"6-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145958192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Weather and climate extremes in a changing Arctic","authors":"Xiangdong Zhang, Timo Vihma, Annette Rinke, G. W. K. Moore, Han Tang, Cecilia Äijälä, Alice DuVivier, Jianbin Huang, Laura Landrum, Chao Li, Jing Zhang, Linette Boisvert, Bin Cheng, Judah Cohen, Dörthe Handorf, Edward Hanna, Katharina Hartmuth, Marius O. Jonassen, Yong Luo, Sonja Murto, James E. Overland, Chelsea Parker, William Perrie, Kirstin Schulz, Axel Schweiger, Thomas Spengler, Michael Steele, Wen-wen Tung, Nicholas Tyrrell, Elina Valkonen, Hailong Wang, Zhuo Wang, Wilbert Weijer, Siiri Wickström, Yutian Wu, Minghong Zhang","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00724-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00724-4","url":null,"abstract":"Weather and climate extremes are increasingly occurring in the Arctic. In this Review, we evaluate historical and projected changes in rare Arctic extremes across the atmosphere, cryosphere and ocean and elucidate their driving mechanisms. Clear shifts occur in mean and extreme distributions after ~2000. For instance, pre-2000 to post-2000 observational probabilities of 1.5 standard deviation events increase by 20% for atmospheric heat waves, 76.7% for Atlantic layer warm events, 83.5% for Arctic sea ice loss and 62.9% for Greenland Ice Sheet melt extent — in many cases, low probability, rare extreme events in the early period become the norm in the latter period. These observed changes can be explained using a ‘pushing and triggering’ concept, representing interplay between external forcing and internal variability: long-term warming destabilizes the climate system and ‘pushes’ it to a new state, allowing subsequent variability associated with large-scale atmosphere–ocean–ice interactions and synoptic systems to ‘trigger’ extreme events over different timescales. Ongoing anthropogenic warming is expected to further increase the frequency and magnitude of extremes, such that simulated probabilities of 1.5 standard deviation events increase by 72.6% for atmospheric heat waves, 68.7% for Atlantic layer warm events and 93.3% for Greenland Ice Sheet melt rate between historic (1984–2014) and future (2069–2099) periods under a very high emission scenario. Future research should prioritize the development of physically based metrics, enhance high-resolution observation and modelling capabilities and improve understanding of multiscale Arctic climate drivers. Rare and extreme climate events have increasingly occurred in the Arctic since ~2000. This Review outlines the observed and projected changes in atmospheric, oceanic and cryospheric extremes and explains their increasing occurrence through a ‘pushing and triggering’ framework.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 11","pages":"691-711"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145450126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stakeholder asset-mapping of climate technology infrastructures","authors":"Marta Koch","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00737-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00737-z","url":null,"abstract":"Marta Koch explains how stakeholder asset-mapping can help identify emerging climate action technology solutions in the Arctic.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 12","pages":"771-771"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145695657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How do faults evolve into plate boundaries?","authors":"Laetitia Le Pourhiet","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00729-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00729-z","url":null,"abstract":"Lara (16, Turkey) asks Professor Le Pourhiet how faults evolve into plate boundaries.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 11","pages":"687-687"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145450116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impacts of rising atmospheric dryness on terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycle","authors":"Wenping Yuan, Jie Tian, Mei Wang, Shuo Wang, Wenfang Xu, Yin Wang, Zheng Fu, Martin P. Girardin, Julia K. Green, Sha Zhou, Jiali Shang, Bin He, Miao Huang, Menglong Liu, Haibo Lu, Shilong Piao, Yamin Qing, Meimei Xue, Chaoqing Song, Yongxian Su, Walid Sadok, Yao Zhang, Xiuzhi Chen","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00726-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00726-2","url":null,"abstract":"Rising atmospheric dryness is affecting the terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycle through its influence on plant physiology. In this Review, we synthesize historical and projected trends in atmospheric vapour pressure deficit (VPD), a proxy for atmospheric dryness, and the mechanisms by which it affects the terrestrial carbon cycle. Since the late 1990s, global mean VPD has increased at a mean rate of 0.0155 ± 0.0041 hPa yr−1. VPD-driven reductions in leaf area index (0.11 ± 0.07 m2 m−2 hPa−1, 1982–2015), gross primary production (13.82 ± 3.12 PgC hPa−1, 1982–2015), light use efficiency (0.04 ± 0.02 gC MJ−1 hPa−1, 2001–2020) and net ecosystem production (5.59 ± 1.15 PgC hPa−1, 1982–2013) have been observed globally. However, attributing changes in the terrestrial carbon cycle to VPD is still challenging, owing to the confounding influence of other environmental factors, such as soil moisture, temperature and radiation. The mechanisms underlying plant responses to VPD — which include stomatal closure, hydraulic failure, abscisic acid biosynthesis, and cascading effects on fires and soil moisture deficits — are also poorly constrained, limiting the predictive capabilities of terrestrial carbon cycle models. Future research should prioritize establishing global VPD-manipulation experiments to enhance understanding of feedbacks between VPD, plants and the carbon cycle, and these mechanisms should then be integrated into terrestrial carbon cycle models. Atmospheric dryness is increasing as air temperatures rise because of climate change. This Review explores temporal trends and spatial heterogeneity in global atmospheric dryness and the implications for plant growth, productivity and terrestrial carbon cycling.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 11","pages":"712-727"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145450127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ocean stratification in a warming climate","authors":"Lijing Cheng \u0000 (, ), Guancheng Li \u0000 (, ), Shang-Min Long \u0000 (, ), Yuanlong Li \u0000 (, ), Karina von Schuckmann, Kevin E. Trenberth, Michael E. Mann, John Abraham, Yan Du \u0000 (, ), Xuhua Cheng \u0000 (, ), Hailong Liu \u0000 (, ), Zhenhua Xu \u0000 (, ), Maofeng Liu \u0000 (, ), Qihua Peng \u0000 (, ), Xun Gong \u0000 (, ), Zhanhong Ma \u0000 (, ), Huifeng Yuan \u0000 (, )","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00715-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00715-5","url":null,"abstract":"The ocean is highly stratified. Warm, fresh water sits on top of cold, salty water, influencing vertical oceanic exchange of heat, carbon, oxygen and nutrients. In this Review, we examine observed and projected stratification shifts and their impacts. Changes in ocean temperature and salinity have altered the ocean density field, leading to a 0.8 ± 0.1% dec−1 (90% confidence interval) increase in stratification in the global upper 2,000 m since the 1960s. These increases are most pronounced in the tropics and are primarily temperature driven. Model simulations project ongoing stratification increases in the future, with global 0–2,000 m stratification increasing 0.7 [0.3,1.1; 13–87% confidence interval], 1.4 [0.9,1.8] and 2.9 [2.1,3.8]% dec−1 by 2090–2100 relative to 2010–2020 under Shared Socioeconomic Pathways SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5, respectively; regional patterns of projected stratification changes generally follow observed trends. These observed and projected ocean stratification changes have important climate and ecological consequences, including alterations in ocean heat uptake, ocean currents, vertical mixing, tropical cyclone intensity, marine ecosystems and elevation of marine extremes. Further research should better quantify stratification change at critical layers and understand their drivers and impacts. Ocean stratification — density-related layering of seawater — influences oceanographic and climatic processes. This Review outlines observed and projected changes in stratification, noting a 0.8% dec−1 increase in 0–2,000 m stratification from 1960–2024, and a further 1.4% dec−1 increase by 2100 under SSP2-4.5.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 10","pages":"637-655"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145243218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using lead isotopes as tracers of ocean pollution","authors":"Arianna Olivelli","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00728-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00728-0","url":null,"abstract":"Arianna Olivelli describes how lead isotope tracing can be used to track the progress of environmental efforts to curb lead pollution.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 11","pages":"690-690"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145450117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Embrace SST pattern nonlinearity to understand post-2100 climate changes","authors":"Kai Yang","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00721-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00721-7","url":null,"abstract":"Sea surface temperature response patterns to persistent greenhouse gas forcing are fundamentally nonlinear, contributing to uncertainties in long-term climate projections. A nonlinear framework is required for evaluating future climate changes under greenhouse warming.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 10","pages":"627-628"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145243219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Persistent inequities in global lake science","authors":"Qingsong Jiang, Yanxin Sun, Erik Jeppesen, John P. Smol, Donald Scavia, Robert E. Hecky, Thomas Mehner, Yue Qin, Yindong Tong, Boqiang Qin, K. David Hambright, Xiaowei Jin, Jincheng Li, Kaikui Cai, Zhen Wu, Yong Liu","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00722-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00722-6","url":null,"abstract":"Global lake research is skewed toward economically and socially developed regions, overlooking remote areas. Enhancing resilience and fostering synergistic approaches could help redress these inequities.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 10","pages":"629-631"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145243217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate extremes, unequal burdens","authors":"Eugenia Dinivitzer","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00731-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00731-5","url":null,"abstract":"An article in Nature Communications finds that low-income countries will face greater exposure to future climate extremes than high-income countries.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 10","pages":"636-636"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145243216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}