Nature Reviews Earth & Environment最新文献

{"title":"A quantitative comparison of the physical supply and biological uptake of new nitrogen in the Arctic Ocean","authors":"Anya M. Waite, Alice Lane, Eddy Carmack, Seth L. Danielson, Ingrid Ellingsen, Ilker Fer, Yueng-Djern Lenn, Laurent Oziel, Benjamin Rabe, Achim Randelhoff, Eric J. Raes, Andreas Rogge, Jean-Éric Tremblay, Sinhué Torres-Valdés, Sarah-Sophie Weil, Wilken-Jon von Appen","doi":"10.1038/s43017-026-00769-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-026-00769-z","url":null,"abstract":"Nitrogen constrains biomass across the Arctic Ocean, with nitrate (NO3) supply to the surface waters fuelling new primary production and net carbon drawdown. In this Review, we explore the physical mechanisms driving NO3 fluxes to the euphotic zone across the Arctic Ocean and how biological processes respond. The volume and inflow depth of Atlantic and Pacific Ocean waters, together with sea ice and halocline dynamics, govern internal physical mixing of NO3. Respectively, these inflows supply ~34 ± 5 kmol NO3 s−1 and 9 ± 1 kmol NO3 s−1, spreading at mid-depth. NO3 from below the euphotic zone is mixed upwards via several mechanisms. Overall, NO3 fluxes associated with diffusive and turbulent mixing, submesoscale fronts and cyclonic mesoscale eddies are relatively low (on the order of ~0.1–0.7 mmol m−2 per day) but cover a large area, with peaks associated with wind events or individual strong eddies. By comparison, upwelling-driven fluxes are much stronger (on the order of ~1 mmol m−2 per day) but are more localized. Near-inertial and tidal mixing over the Arctic Ocean’s complex bathymetry drives perhaps the strongest NO3 fluxes, for example, reaching 4.5 mmol m−2 per day in the Barents Sea. Comparing these fluxes with observed biological NO3 uptake rates indicates that the internal physical supply of NO3 only limits primary productivity in 9 of the 17 cases considered. Thereafter, light limitation and lagged growth responses can result in excess NO3 remaining in the surface waters. Future research should prioritize linking NO3 supply and uptake at corresponding spatiotemporal scales. Vertical nitrate fluxes to sunlit surface waters have an important role in supporting primary production in the Arctic Ocean. This Review explores the contributions of various physical mixing mechanisms in supplying nitrate to the Arctic euphotic zone and compares them to the biological uptake rates.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"7 5","pages":"294-311"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147924372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tracking past alpine cave glaciations","authors":"Gabriella Koltai, Hannah Hatcher","doi":"10.1038/s43017-026-00772-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-026-00772-4","url":null,"abstract":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment interviewed Gabriella Koltai about their project investigating past cave glaciations in the European Alps.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"7 5","pages":"267-267"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147924373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Saline permafrost in Arctic coastal environments","authors":"Michael Angelopoulos, Hannah Hatcher","doi":"10.1038/s43017-026-00771-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-026-00771-5","url":null,"abstract":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment interviewed Michael Angelopoulos about his project investigating saline permafrost in Arctic coastal environments.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"7 4","pages":"203-203"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147669047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Uncertainties of enhanced rock weathering for climate-change mitigation","authors":"Marcus Schiedung, Kirsty J. Harrington, Xavier Dupla, Benjamin Möller, Ennio Facq, Tim Sweere, Axel Don, Robert G. Hilton, Sebastian Doetterl, Jordon D. Hemingway","doi":"10.1038/s43017-026-00761-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-026-00761-7","url":null,"abstract":"Enhanced rock weathering (ERW) on agricultural soils is under consideration as a long-term carbon dioxide removal (CDR) strategy. In this Perspective, we evaluate uncertainties related to ERW around feedstock availability, plant–soil system impacts, CDR efficiency along the land–ocean continuum and socio-economic considerations. The composition of (ultra)mafic rocks places constraints on the availability of suitable feedstock when considering their potential for CDR and toxic element contents. For ERW application at scale, dedicated mining for suitable feedstock seems unavoidable. ERW can positively and negatively affect soil structure, hydrology, and overall carbon and nutrient cycles, and so optimal ERW will require site-specific assessment of effective CDR and mitigation of potential negative impacts. Additionally, the fate of weathering products along the land–ocean continuum in rivers remains poorly constrained, which is a challenge for verifying successful CDR. The socio-economic effects and constraints of ERW regarding financing and risk responsibility are also uncertain. Ultimately, large-scale ERW deployment seems limited by substantial challenges throughout its application, from its initial set-up to final CDR. Future research prioritizing site-specific assessments, long-term monitoring along the land–ocean continuum, and system modelling to constrain uncertainties and address socio-economic factors is needed to ensure that ERW deployment is effective, equitable, and sustainable. Enhanced rock weathering (ERW) is a carbon dioxide removal (CDR) strategy that converts atmospheric CO2 to stable carbonates by applying minerals to agricultural land. This Perspective discusses the potential difficulties in scaling ERW, covering feedstock availability, impacts on soil–plant systems, uncertainties around CDR efficiency along the land–ocean continuum and socio-economic challenges.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"7 4","pages":"253-266"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147669052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Persistence of coral reef structures into the twenty-first century","authors":"Christopher E. Cornwall, Orlando Timmerman, Andreas Andersson, Denisa M. Berbece, Oscar Branson, Steeve Comeau, Travis A. Courtney, Simon D. Donner, Ian Enochs, Ben P. Harvey, Ashtyn L. Isaak, Holly E. Koch, Cheryl A. Logan, Chris T. Perry, Verena Schoepf, Lauren T. Toth, Alice Webb","doi":"10.1038/s43017-026-00764-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-026-00764-4","url":null,"abstract":"Coral reefs provide important socioecological services but are vulnerable to climate change, which shifts the balance between the production and erosion of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). In this Review, we summarize understanding of reef accretion, describe the mechanisms of carbonate production and erosion, and consider the effects of future ocean warming and acidification on key reef-building and eroding taxa. The combined stressors of climate change substantially reduce net carbonate production, with a more pronounced effect on calcifying algae than corals. However, declining coral cover driven by marine heatwaves and mass bleaching will probably be the dominant determinant of future reef carbonate budgets, and thus only reefs with thermally adapted populations are predicted to maintain the ability to sustain positive CaCO3 production under climate change, even if calcareous algal cover increases. As carbonate budgets become net negative in the future, the longevity of pre-existing reef frameworks remains unknown and understudied owing to the timescales required to meaningfully assess framework removal rates. Improving estimates of the rates of biologically driven framework loss and chemical dissolution will also be important in better predicting future reef persistence. Key knowledge gaps exist in understanding the effects of deoxygenation on coral reefs, as well as the influence of climate change on understudied sediment-producing taxa such as foraminifera and tropical molluscs. Carbonate production and accretion is negatively affected by ocean warming and acidification, threatening coral reef persistence. This Review synthesizes understanding of environmental impacts on reefs, highlighting the dominant role of heatwaves in reef decline and the importance of thermal adaption for future reef persistence.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"7 3","pages":"151-161"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147570418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Glacier surging and surge-related hazards in a changing climate","authors":"Harold Lovell, Douglas I. Benn, Hester Jiskoot, Chris R. Stokes, Gwenn E. Flowers, Gregoire Guillet, Erik Schytt Mannerfelt, Daniel Falaschi, Andreas Kääb, Owen King, Ívar Örn Benediktsson, Rakesh Bhambri, Mingyang Lv \u0000 (, ), Sher Muhammad, Adrian Luckman","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00757-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00757-9","url":null,"abstract":"Glacier surges are ice flow instabilities characterized by periods of acceleration, during which mass is rapidly transferred from high to low elevations and the glacier front often advances. In this Review, we outline global trends in glacier surging and the influence of climate on the distribution and behaviour of surge-type glaciers and surge-related hazards. Glaciers exhibit diverse surging behaviours and typically recur at intervals that range from 5 years to over 100 years, with all surges largely driven by a reduction in basal friction. Most of the ~3,100 surge-type glaciers identified globally are clustered in the Arctic and Subarctic (48.3%) and High Mountain Asia (50.5%), where climate conditions are conducive to the development of surge instabilities, and there is emerging evidence that climate warming is changing surge behaviour. At least 81 surge-type glaciers globally have caused hazards such as ice-dammed glacial lake outburst floods, which can lead to infrastructure damage and loss of life. Future research should acquire spatiotemporally high-resolution remote-sensing data and direct observations of basal processes during all stages of surges, develop numerical models to better capture surge mechanisms and diversity, and project the impact of future climate warming on surge-type glacier behaviour and distribution. Glacier surges are rapid ice flow acceleration and mass transport events, which can threaten nearby communities, infrastructure and habitats. This Review discusses the global distribution, behaviour and associated hazards of glaciers that are prone to surging and how these are being affected by climate change.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"7 3","pages":"162-180"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147570472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changing marine lightscapes","authors":"Oliver Zielinski, Hannah Hatcher","doi":"10.1038/s43017-026-00766-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-026-00766-2","url":null,"abstract":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment interviewed Oliver Zielinski about their project investigating changes in marine light environments.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"7 3","pages":"148-148"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147570469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monitoring organic contaminants in aquatic systems with liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry","authors":"Zixiao Wu","doi":"10.1038/s43017-026-00767-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-026-00767-1","url":null,"abstract":"Zixiao Wu explains how liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry can simultaneously quantify and identify organic contaminants in complex mixtures.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"7 4","pages":"204-204"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147669042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tracing coral reef pollution using beachrocks","authors":"Liuwei Wang","doi":"10.1038/s43017-026-00768-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-026-00768-0","url":null,"abstract":"Liuwei Wang outlines how intertidal beachrocks provide long-term records of coastal contamination.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"7 4","pages":"205-205"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147669048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Imaging flow cytometry for palaeoclimate reconstruction","authors":"Edward C. G. Forman","doi":"10.1038/s43017-026-00760-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-026-00760-8","url":null,"abstract":"Edward Forman explains how imaging flow cytometry can quickly count particulates in samples from natural climate archives, such as sediment cores, to reconstruct past environmental conditions.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"7 3","pages":"149-149"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147570471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}