Nanotechnology, Science and Applications最新文献

{"title":"Bacterial Biofilm Destruction: A Focused Review On The Recent Use of Phage-Based Strategies With Other Antibiofilm Agents.","authors":"Stephen Amankwah, Kedir Abdella, Tesfaye Kassa","doi":"10.2147/NSA.S325594","DOIUrl":"10.2147/NSA.S325594","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Biofilms are bacterial communities that live in association with biotic or abiotic surfaces and enclosed in an extracellular polymeric substance. Their formation on both biotic and abiotic surfaces, including human tissue and medical device surfaces, pose a major threat causing chronic infections. In addition, current antibiotics and antiseptic agents have shown limited ability to completely remove biofilms. In this review, the authors provide an overview on the formation of bacterial biofilms and its characteristics, burden and evolution with phages. Moreover, the most recent possible use of phages and phage-derived enzymes to combat bacteria in biofilm structures is elucidated. From the emerging results, it can be concluded that despite successful use of phages and phage-derived products in destroying biofilms, they are mostly not adequate to eradicate all bacterial cells. Nevertheless, a combined therapy with the use of phages and/or phage-derived products with other antimicrobial agents including antibiotics, nanoparticles, and antimicrobial peptides may be effective approaches to remove biofilms from medical device surfaces and to treat their associated infections in humans.</p>","PeriodicalId":18881,"journal":{"name":"Nanotechnology, Science and Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2021-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/13/7e/nsa-14-161.PMC8449863.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39437289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diamond Nanofilm Normalizes Proliferation and Metabolism in Liver Cancer Cells.","authors":"Malwina Sosnowska,&nbsp;Marta Kutwin,&nbsp;Barbara Strojny,&nbsp;Mateusz Wierzbicki,&nbsp;Dominik Cysewski,&nbsp;Jarosław Szczepaniak,&nbsp;Mateusz Ficek,&nbsp;Piotr Koczoń,&nbsp;Sławomir Jaworski,&nbsp;André Chwalibog,&nbsp;Ewa Sawosz","doi":"10.2147/NSA.S322766","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/NSA.S322766","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Surgical resection of hepatocellular carcinoma can be associated with recurrence resulting from the degeneration of residual volume of the liver. The objective was to assess the possibility of using a biocompatible nanofilm, made of a colloid of diamond nanoparticles (nfND), to fill the side after tumour resection and optimize its contact with proliferating liver cells, minimizing their cancerous transformation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>HepG2 and C3A liver cancer cells and HS-5 non-cancer cells were used. An aqueous colloid of diamond nanoparticles, which covered the cell culture plate, was used to create the nanofilm. The roughness of the resulting nanofilm was measured by atomic force microscopy. Mitochondrial activity and cell proliferation were measured by XTT and BrdU assays. Cell morphology and a scratch test were used to evaluate the invasiveness of cells. Flow cytometry determined the number of cells within the cell cycle. Protein expression in was measured by mass spectrometry.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The nfND created a surface with increased roughness and exposed oxygen groups compared with a standard plate. All cell lines were prone to settling on the nanofilm, but cancer cells formed more relaxed clusters. The surface compatibility was dependent on the cell type and decreased in the order C3A >HepG2 >HS-5. The invasion was reduced in cancer lines with the greatest effect on the C3A line, reducing proliferation and increasing the G2/M cell population. Among the proteins with altered expression, membrane and nuclear proteins dominated.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In vitro studies demonstrated the antiproliferative properties of nfND against C3A liver cancer cells. At the same time, the need to personalize potential therapy was indicated due to the differential protein synthetic responses in C3A vs HepG2 cells. We documented that nfND is a source of signals capable of normalizing the expression of many intracellular proteins involved in the transformation to non-cancerous cells.</p>","PeriodicalId":18881,"journal":{"name":"Nanotechnology, Science and Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2021-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/4c/2d/nsa-14-115.PMC8420805.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39407812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterising Vascular Cell Monolayers Using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy and a Novel Electroanalytical Plot [Retraction].","authors":"","doi":"10.2147/NSA.S326515","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/NSA.S326515","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>[This retracts the article DOI: 10.2147/NSA.S266663.].</p>","PeriodicalId":18881,"journal":{"name":"Nanotechnology, Science and Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2021-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8256385/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39161949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fast and Reliable Synthesis of Melanin Nanoparticles with Fine-Tuned Metal Adsorption Capacities for Studying Heavy Metal Ions Uptake.","authors":"Eman R Darwish,&nbsp;Haitham Kalil,&nbsp;Wafa Alqahtani,&nbsp;Sayed M N Moalla,&nbsp;Nasser M Hosny,&nbsp;Alaa S Amin,&nbsp;Heidi B Martin,&nbsp;Mekki Bayachou","doi":"10.2147/NSA.S296722","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/NSA.S296722","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose Adsorption and uptake of heavy metals by polymeric nanoparticles is driven by a variety of physicochemical processes. In this work, we examined heavy metal uptake by synthetic melanin nanoparticles and analyzed physicochemical properties that affect the extent of metal uptake by the nanoparticles. Methods Eumelanin nanoparticles were synthesized in a one-pot fast process from a 5,6-diacetoxy indole precursor that is hydrolyzed in situ into dihydroxy indole (DHI). The method allows the possibility of changing the level of sodium ions that ends up in the nanoparticles. Two variants of synthetic DHI–melanin (low-sodium and high sodium variants) were evaluated and demonstrated different relative adsorption efficiencies for heavy metal cations. Results and Discussion For the low-sodium DHI–melanin and in terms of percentages of metal ion removal, the relative order of extraction from 50 ppm solutions was Zn2+ > Cd2+ > Ni2+ > Co2+ > Cu2+ > Pb2+, with the extraction percentages ranging from 90% down to 76%, for a 30-minute adsorption time before equilibrium. The lower-sodium DHI–melanin consistently removed more Zn2+ than the higher-sodium variant. Electron microscopy (SEM) showed an increase in melanin particle size after metal ions uptake. In addition, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) of DHI–melanin particles with depth profiling after Zn ions uptake supported particle swelling and ion transport within the particles. Conclusion These initial studies showed the potential of this straightforward synthesis to obtain synthetic DHI–melanin nanoparticles similar to those from biological sources with the possibility to fine-tune their metal adsorption capacity. These synthetic nanoparticles can be used either for the removal of a variety of metal ions or to mimic and study mechanisms of metal uptake by melanin deriving from biological sources, with the potential to understand, for instance, differential heavy metal uptake by various melanic pigments.","PeriodicalId":18881,"journal":{"name":"Nanotechnology, Science and Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2021-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/fc/f5/nsa-14-101.PMC8163724.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39055519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contactless Nanoparticle-Based Guiding of Cells by Controllable Magnetic Fields.","authors":"Peter Blümler,&nbsp;Ralf P Friedrich,&nbsp;Jorge Pereira,&nbsp;Olga Baun,&nbsp;Christoph Alexiou,&nbsp;Volker Mailänder","doi":"10.2147/NSA.S298003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/NSA.S298003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Controlled and contactless movements of magnetic nanoparticles are crucial for fundamental biotechnological and clinical research (eg, cell manipulation and sorting, hyperthermia, and magnetic drug targeting). However, the key technological question, how to generate suitable magnetic fields on various length scales (µm-m), is still unsolved. Here, we present a system of permanent magnets which allows for steering of iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) on arbitrary trajectories observable by microscopy. The movement of the particles is simply controlled by an almost force-free rotation of cylindrical arrangements of permanent magnets. The same instrument can be used to move suspended cells loaded with SPIONs along with predetermined directions. Surprisingly, it also allows for controlled movements of intracellular compartments inside of individual cells. The exclusive use of permanent magnets simplifies scaled up versions for animals or even humans, which would open the door for remotely controlled in vivo guidance of nanoparticles or micro-robots.</p>","PeriodicalId":18881,"journal":{"name":"Nanotechnology, Science and Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2021-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/33/68/nsa-14-91.PMC8040695.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25590277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Water-Soluble Chitosan Conjugated DOTA-Bombesin Peptide Capped Gold Nanoparticles as a Targeted Therapeutic Agent for Prostate Cancer.","authors":"Theeranan Tangthong,&nbsp;Thananchai Piroonpan,&nbsp;Velaphi C Thipe,&nbsp;Menka Khoobchandani,&nbsp;Kavita Katti,&nbsp;Kattesh V Katti,&nbsp;Wanvimol Pasanphan","doi":"10.2147/NSA.S301942","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/NSA.S301942","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Functionalization of water-soluble chitosan (WSCS) nanocolloids with, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), and LyslLys3 (1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid)-bombesin 1-14 (DOTA-BBN) peptide affords an innovative pathway to produce prostate tumor cell-specific nanomedicine agents with potential applications in molecular imaging and therapy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The preparation involves the production and full characterization of water-soluble chitosan (WSCS), via gamma (γ) rays (80 kGy) irradiation, followed by DOTA-BBN conjugation for subsequent use as an effective template toward the synthesis of tumor cell-specific AuNPs-WSCS-DOTA-BBN.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The WSCS-DOTA-BBN polymeric nanoparticles (86 ± 2.03 nm) served multiple roles as reducing and stabilizing agents in the overall template synthesis of tumor cell-targeted AuNPs. The AuNPs capped with WSCS and WSCS-DOTA-BBN exhibited average Au-core diameter of 17 ± 8 nm and 20 ± 7 nm with hydrodynamic diameters of 56 ± 1 and 67± 2 nm, respectively. The AuNPs-WSCS-DOTA-BBN showed optimum in vitro stability in biologically relevant solutions. The targeted AuNPs showed selective affinity toward GRP receptors overexpressed in prostate cancer cells (PC-3 and LNCaP).</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The AuNPs-WSCS-DOTA-BBN displayed cytotoxicity effects against PC-3 and LNCaP cancer cells, with concomitant safety toward the HAECs normal cells. The AuNPs-WSCS-DOTA-BBN showed synergistic targeting toward tumor cells with selective cytotoxicity of AuNPs towards PC-3 and LNCaP cells. Our investigations provide compelling evidence that AuNPs functionalized with WSCS-DOTA-BBN is an innovative nanomedicine approach for use in molecular imaging and therapy of GRP receptor-positive tumors. The template synthesis of AuNPs-WSCS-DOTA-BBN serves as an excellent non-radioactive surrogate for the development of the corresponding ¹⁹⁸AuNPs theragnostic nanoradiopharmaceutical for use in cancer diagnosis and therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":18881,"journal":{"name":"Nanotechnology, Science and Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2021-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/5e/06/nsa-14-69.PMC7987316.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25524968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Graphene Oxide and Stabilized Ortho-Silicic Acid as Modifiers of Amnion and Burn Affected Skin: A Comparative Study.","authors":"Anna Pielesz,&nbsp;Janusz Fabia,&nbsp;Włodzimierz Biniaś,&nbsp;Ryszard Fryczkowski,&nbsp;Beata Fryczkowska,&nbsp;Andrzej Gawłowski,&nbsp;Alicja Machnicka,&nbsp;Rafał Bobiński,&nbsp;Henk-Maarten Laane,&nbsp;Wioletta Waksmańska","doi":"10.2147/NSA.S294412","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/NSA.S294412","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Oxidative tissue damage caused by reactive oxygen species results in a significant decrease in the total antioxidant capacity of the biological system. The aim of this interdisciplinary study was to answer the question of whether active antioxidants modify, at a molecular and supramolecular level, the tissue of pathological amnion and the necrotic eschar degraded in thermal burn.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A Nicolet 6700 Fourier-transform spectrophotometer with OMNIC software and the EasiDiff diffusion accessory were used in the FTIR spectroscopic analysis. A NICOLET MAGNA-IR 860 spectrometer with FT-Raman accessory was used to record the Raman spectra of the samples. The samples were exposed to bacteria capable of causing nosocomial infections, ie Gram-positive <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> and Gram-negative <i>Escherichia coli</i> and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>. Whereas samples of hypotrophic amnion interacted with <i>Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli</i> and <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i>. The obtained flame retardant effect of placentas was evaluated using the method of the limiting oxygen index (LOI).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The infrared spectroscopy analysis proved that after modification of the amniotic samples in graphene oxide and ortho-silicic acid, the amide II band is split into two components. Incubation of samples in modifier solutions: graphene oxide, sodium ascorbate and L-ascorbic acid results in shifts and changes of intensity within the broadly understood lipid band 1743-1745-1747 cm^-1. The oxidising changes observed within the lipid and amide bands are affected by the incubation effect of graphene oxide as a modifier, possibly adsorbing on the surface of the amniotic membrane. On the basis of microbiological studies, pathogenic bacteria commonly causing amniotic infections and growing in burn wounds were found to have particularly good resistance to stabilized ortho-silicic acid (<i>E. coli</i>) and lactoferrin (<i>S.aureus</i>).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This thermogravimetric study found the highest stability of the analysed tissues (hypotrophic amnion and burnt epidermis) after modification with graphene oxide and sodium ascorbate.</p>","PeriodicalId":18881,"journal":{"name":"Nanotechnology, Science and Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2021-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/6c/44/nsa-14-49.PMC7955732.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25485085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Uptake and Intracellular Trafficking Studies of Multiple Dye-Doped Core-Shell Silica Nanoparticles in Lymphoid and Myeloid Cells.","authors":"Federica Sola,&nbsp;Barbara Canonico,&nbsp;Mariele Montanari,&nbsp;Angela Volpe,&nbsp;Chiara Barattini,&nbsp;Chiara Pellegrino,&nbsp;Erica Cesarini,&nbsp;Michele Guescini,&nbsp;Michela Battistelli,&nbsp;Claudio Ortolani,&nbsp;Alfredo Ventola,&nbsp;Stefano Papa","doi":"10.2147/NSA.S290867","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/NSA.S290867","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Since most biologically active macromolecules are natural nanostructures, operating in the same scale of biomolecules gives the great advantage to enhance the interaction with cellular components. Noteworthy efforts in nanotechnology, particularly in biomedical and pharmaceutical fields, have propelled a high number of studies on the biological effects of nanomaterials. Moreover, the determination of specific physicochemical properties of nanomaterials is crucial for the evaluation and design of novel safe and efficient therapeutics and diagnostic tools. In this in vitro study, we report a physicochemical characterisation of fluorescent silica nanoparticles (NPs), interacting with biological models (U937 and PBMC cells), describing the specific triggered biologic response.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Flow Cytometric and Confocal analyses are the main method platforms. However TEM, NTA, DLS, and chemical procedures to synthesize NPs were employed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>NT_B700 NPs, employed in this study, are fluorescent core-shell silica nanoparticles, synthesized through a micelle-assisted method, where the fluorescence energy transfer process, known as FRET, occurs at a high efficiency rate. Using flow cytometry and confocal microscopy, we observed that NT_B700 NP uptake seemed to be a rapid, concentration-, energy- and cell type-dependent process, which did not induce significant cytotoxic effects. We did not observe a preferred route of internalization, although their size and the possible aggregated state could influence their extrusion. At this level of analysis, our investigation focuses on lysosome and mitochondria pathways, highlighting that both are involved in NP co-localization. Despite the main mitochondria localization, NPs did not induce a significant increase of intracellular ROS, known inductors of apoptosis, during the time course of analyses. Finally, both lymphoid and myeloid cells are able to release NPs, essential to their biosafety.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>These data allow to consider NT_B700 NPs a promising platform for future development of a multifunctional system, by combining imaging and localized therapeutic applications in a unique tool.</p>","PeriodicalId":18881,"journal":{"name":"Nanotechnology, Science and Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2021-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/4d/74/nsa-14-29.PMC7954439.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25485084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lipid Nanosystems and Serum Protein as Biomimetic Interfaces: Predicting the Biodistribution of a Caffeic Acid-Based Antioxidant.","authors":"Eduarda Fernandes,&nbsp;Sofia Benfeito,&nbsp;Fernando Cagide,&nbsp;Hugo Gonçalves,&nbsp;Sigrid Bernstorff,&nbsp;Jana B Nieder,&nbsp;M Elisabete Cd Real Oliveira,&nbsp;Fernanda Borges,&nbsp;Marlene Lúcio","doi":"10.2147/NSA.S289355","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/NSA.S289355","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>AntiOxCIN₃ is a novel mitochondriotropic antioxidant developed to minimize the effects of oxidative stress on neurodegenerative diseases. Prior to an investment in pre-clinical in vivo studies, it is important to apply in silico and biophysical cell-free in vitro studies to predict AntiOxCIN₃ biodistribution profile, respecting the need to preserve animal health in accordance with the EU principles (Directive 2010/63/EU). Accordingly, we propose an innovative toolbox of biophysical studies and mimetic models of biological interfaces, such as nanosystems with different compositions mimicking distinct membrane barriers and human serum albumin (HSA).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Intestinal and cell membrane permeation of AntiOxCIN₃ was predicted using derivative spectrophotometry. AntiOxCIN₃ -HSA binding was evaluated by intrinsic fluorescence quenching, synchronous fluorescence, and dynamic/electrophoretic light scattering. Steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence quenching was used to predict AntiOxCIN₃-membrane orientation. Fluorescence anisotropy, synchrotron small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering were used to predict lipid membrane biophysical impairment caused by AntiOxCIN₃ distribution.</p><p><strong>Results and discussion: </strong>We found that AntiOxCIN₃ has the potential to permeate the gastrointestinal tract. However, its biodistribution and elimination from the body might be affected by its affinity to HSA (>90%) and by its steady-state volume of distribution (<i>VD_SS</i> =1.89± 0.48 L∙Kg^-1). AntiOxCIN₃ is expected to locate parallel to the membrane phospholipids, causing a bilayer stiffness effect. AntiOxCIN₃ is also predicted to permeate through blood-brain barrier and reach its therapeutic target - the brain.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Drug interactions with biological interfaces may be evaluated using membrane model systems and serum proteins. This knowledge is important for the characterization of drug partitioning, positioning and orientation of drugs in membranes, their effect on membrane biophysical properties and the study of serum protein binding. The analysis of these interactions makes it possible to collect valuable knowledge on the transport, distribution, accumulation and, eventually, therapeutic impact of drugs which may aid the drug development process.</p>","PeriodicalId":18881,"journal":{"name":"Nanotechnology, Science and Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2021-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/e4/43/nsa-14-7.PMC7882595.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25381969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Large and Local Magnetoresistance in a State-of-the-Art Perpendicular Magnetic Medium.","authors":"Morgan Williamson,&nbsp;Cheng Wang,&nbsp;Pin-Wei Huang,&nbsp;Ganping Ju,&nbsp;Maxim Tsoi","doi":"10.2147/NSA.S289055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/NSA.S289055","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Magnetotransport properties of granular oxide-segregated CoPtCr films were studied on both macroscopic and microscopic length scales by performing bulk and point-contact magnetoresistance measurements, respectively. Such a perpendicular magnetic medium is used in state-of-the-art hard disc drives and, when combined with magnetotransport phenomena for read/write operations, may lead to a novel concept for magnetic recording with high areal density.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The CoPtCr films were deposited by an epitaxy-like sputtering and contained several perpendicularly magnetized granular-media layers with different coercivities; they are very much like the state-of-the-art perpendicular magnetic medium, which can be found in today's hard disc drives. Magnetoresistive properties of bulk films were assessed by measuring the film resistance in the standard Van der Pauw geometry, while the local transport was probed by the point-contact technique.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The bulk measurements showed only a negligible magnetoresistance of less than 0.02%. In contrast, the local point-contact measurements revealed giant-magnetoresistance-like changes Δ<i>R</i> in local resistance of the contact <i>R</i> with more than 10,000% ratio Δ<i>R/R</i>.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The observed large and local magnetoresistive effect could be tentatively attributed to a tunnel magnetoresistance between oxide-segregated CoPtCr grains with different coercivities. The tunneling picture of electronic transport in our granular medium was confirmed by the observation of tunneling-like current-voltage characteristics of the contacts and bias dependence of the contact magnetoresistance - both the local point-contact resistance and magnetoresistance were found to decrease with the applied dc bias.</p>","PeriodicalId":18881,"journal":{"name":"Nanotechnology, Science and Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2021-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/b0/5a/nsa-14-1.PMC7810671.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38839502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}