Nanotechnology, Science and Applications最新文献

{"title":"Target, Treat, and Track: Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (SPION) Driven Theranostic Delivery of Antimicrobials to the Lungs.","authors":"Gabriela Wyszogrodzka-Gaweł, Maciej Stróżyk, Marta Skoda, Magdalena Osial, Ewelina Baran, Aleksander Mendyk","doi":"10.2147/NSA.S539424","DOIUrl":"10.2147/NSA.S539424","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This review explores the emerging potential of theranostic approaches in the pulmonary delivery of antimicrobial agents, with particular attention to recent FDA warnings concerning inhaled antifungal therapies. Pulmonary infections remain difficult to treat effectively due to the limitations of systemic drug delivery, anatomical and physiological barriers within the lungs, and microbial strategies that promote colonization. Inhaled drug delivery offers a targeted alternative but faces significant challenges, including the inherent variability of lung anatomy, disease-induced pulmonary alterations, and host defence mechanisms. We examine the crucial role of lung imaging in enabling theranostic applications, emphasizing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as the most promising modality due to its ability to provide non-invasive, radiation-free, and repeatable assessments of drug deposition. Within this context, the use of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) as MRI contrast agents is critically assessed. SPIONs offer a safer alternative to gadolinium-based agents and hold considerable promise for improving the precision of imaging and treatment monitoring in the lungs. The article also outlines the significant regulatory barriers to the development and clinical adoption of inhaled antimicrobial therapies. These include the lack of standardized patient selection criteria, poorly defined clinical endpoints, and the inherent complexity of trial design for heterogeneous patient populations. To address these issues, we propose a conceptual framework for translating inhaled theranostic formulations into personalized antimicrobial therapies. This includes individualized dose adjustments based on imaging data and real-time monitoring of drug concentrations at the infection site. Such a tailored approach could significantly enhance treatment outcomes and meet the urgent clinical need for safer, more effective inhaled antimicrobial treatments.</p>","PeriodicalId":18881,"journal":{"name":"Nanotechnology, Science and Applications","volume":"18 ","pages":"405-421"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12467172/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145186351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Harnessing Cationic Bilosomes to Create a Green Light-Triggered Nanoplatform for Skin Melanoma Treatment.","authors":"Ewelina Waglewska, Julita Kulbacka, Urszula Bazylińska","doi":"10.2147/NSA.S531026","DOIUrl":"10.2147/NSA.S531026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Vesicular drug delivery systems, including bilosome-based nanoparticles containing bile salts, have revolutionized the field of colloid chemistry, nanomedicine, and nanobiotechnology. Due to their versatility and adaptability to various applications, they have gained considerable attention among researchers, thus offering a promising pathway to achieve effective and targeted delivery of miscellaneous drugs.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study presents a novel class of positively charged bilosomes with surface-associated poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-lipid, co-entrapped the anionic xanthene dye (Rose Bengal), and natural carotenoid pigment derived from the mold <i>Blakeslea trispora</i> (astaxanthin), as a safe and effective transdermal drug delivery system.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Bilosomal nanosystems were prepared using thin film hydration combined with sonication. The physicochemical properties of the vesicles were characterized, including particle size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, and morphology. Cellular uptake, cyto- and phototoxicity experiments were investigated in vitro against human melanoma cancer cells.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The multidrug bilosome formulation exhibited a particle size of less than 100 nm and a zeta potential of more than +40 mV, indicating beneficial properties for potential transdermal administration. In vitro biological experiments have shown remarkable antitumor efficacy against human skin epithelial (A375) and malignant (Me45) melanoma cell lines. After irradiating the samples with green light at a wavelength of 520-560 nm (10 J/cm² of total light dose), we observed a significant decrease in mitochondrial metabolic activity, ie, a reduction in cell viability below 30% compared to the control. Higher phototherapeutic activity, in contrast to the administration of non-encapsulated active agents, indicates shared synergistic effects through the simultaneous action of advanced bilosome-derived nanophotosensitizers and phyto-photodynamic therapy.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our encouraging results provide new potential candidates for preclinical development in innovative photodynamic therapy targeting melanoma and also pave the way for future therapeutic strategies with broad applications in many biological fields.</p>","PeriodicalId":18881,"journal":{"name":"Nanotechnology, Science and Applications","volume":"18 ","pages":"423-443"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474708/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145186331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trans-Cinnamaldehyde-Driven Silver Nanoparticles: Dual Role in Targeting Biofilm Disruption and Control of Biofilm‑Forming Pathogens via Impairing Ferrous Ion Uptake.","authors":"Patryk Strzelecki, Tom Ferté, Tomasz Klimczuk, Anna Zielińska-Jurek, Agnieszka Szalewska-Pałasz, Dariusz Nowicki","doi":"10.2147/NSA.S542528","DOIUrl":"10.2147/NSA.S542528","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Biofilm-related infections, especially those associated with medical devices like catheters, pose significant clinical challenges due to their resistance to conventional treatments. This study investigates a green chemistry-based approach to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) stabilized with trans-cinnamaldehyde (<i>t</i>-CA) and evaluates their potential for combating microbial biofilms and based on novel mechanism of action.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Silver nanoparticles (<i>t</i>-CA-AgNPs) were synthesized using <i>t</i>-CA as both a reducing and stabilizing agent. The NPs were then thoroughly characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron microscopy (TEM, SEM, STEM), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). We evaluated its antimicrobial potential against the most prevalence biofilm-forming pathogens including <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli</i> and <i>Candida albicans</i> using minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) assays. Moreover, we investigated the mechanism of action of <i>t</i>-CA-AgNPs underlying biofilm inhibition. Biofilm formation and structure were verified by SEM imagining.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>DLS analysis confirmed that <i>t</i>-CA-AgNPs had an average particle diameter of 2.5 nm, coupled with a notably negative zeta potential (-45 mV), indicative of good colloidal stability. <i>t</i>-CA-AgNPs displayed potent antimicrobial properties, with MIC values ranging from 26 to 412 µg/mL and MBC values from 103 to 825 µg/mL. Biofilm formation inhibitory properties reached 88.74% of inhibition for <i>P. aeruginosa</i> and 70.60% for <i>E. coli</i>. Moreover, we found potent metal ion-chelating capabilities, importantly, in binding and reducing ferrous ions, the crucial factor of biofilm formation. Furthermore, <i>t</i>-CA-AgNPs substantially impaired biofilm development on catheter surfaces, underscoring their robust antibiofilm potential.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Presented here <i>t</i>-CA-AgNPs exhibit significant antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity. By effectively targeting critical elements in biofilm formation, such as ferrous ions, coupled with antimicrobial potential of both active compounds, these green-synthesized NPs have potential applications in significantly improving the safety and effectiveness of medical devices. However, further studies are needed to ensure their efficacy in clinical use.</p>","PeriodicalId":18881,"journal":{"name":"Nanotechnology, Science and Applications","volume":"18 ","pages":"387-403"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12453053/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145131437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alternative Metallocenes in Floating Catalyst-CVD: Synthesis of Novel Carbon Nanostructures.","authors":"Sandra Lepak-Kuc, Agnieszka Lekawa-Raus, Malgorzata Jakubowska, Krzysztof Koziol","doi":"10.2147/NSA.S518220","DOIUrl":"10.2147/NSA.S518220","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The floating catalyst chemical vapour deposition (FC-CVD) method is widely used for synthesising carbon nanotubes (CNTs), typically with ferrocene as the catalyst. This study explores the use of alternative, nonferrous metallocenes to investigate their impact on carbon nanostructure formation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Six metallocenes - ferrocene, cobaltocene, ruthenocene, vanadocene, manganocene, and magnesocene - were tested under comparable FC-CVD conditions. The resulting materials were characterised using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS).</p><p><strong>Results and discussion: </strong>Ferrocene produced vertically aligned CNT carpets with high crystallinity. Cobaltocene and magnesocene also yielded CNTs, though less aligned and more defective. Ruthenocene and vanadocene resulted in disordered graphitic carbon without nanotube morphology, confirmed by the presence of broad D and G bands in Raman spectra. Notably, manganocene catalysed the formation of dendritic structures with oxidised and functionalised surfaces, exhibiting unique morphologies distinct from conventional CNTs.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These results highlight the ability of nonferrous metallocenes to direct the growth of unconventional carbon nanostructures. The findings suggest new possibilities for tailoring nanocarbon morphology through catalyst selection, particularly for applications requiring high surface area or chemical functionality.</p>","PeriodicalId":18881,"journal":{"name":"Nanotechnology, Science and Applications","volume":"18 ","pages":"377-386"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12426507/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145065273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and Evaluation of Trans-Resveratrol-Loaded Transfersomes: Role of Cholesterol in Formulation Design for Dermal Delivery.","authors":"Pattarakamol Sarotsumpan, I-Hui Chiu, Pao-Chu Wu, Nicholas Mun Hoe Khong, Celine Valeria Liew, Romchat Chutoprapat","doi":"10.2147/NSA.S529010","DOIUrl":"10.2147/NSA.S529010","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study investigated the development and characterization of trans-resveratrol-loaded transfersomes, with and without cholesterol, for potential non-irritating dermal applications.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Transfersomes were prepared using thin-film hydration combined with probe sonication, incorporating hydrogenated lecithin, cholesterol, and Tween^® 60 in six different ratios. The formulations were characterized for their physicochemical properties, including particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, morphology, in vitro release profiles, dermal permeation potential, and safety profile.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All formulations exhibited particle sizes below 150 nm and zeta potentials below -30 mV, indicating favorable characteristics for dermal delivery. Cholesterol incorporation significantly increased particle size and enhanced zeta potential (p<0.05). Formulations containing 3-3.5% w/v hydrogenated lecithin achieved superior entrapment efficiency (>90%) compared to those with lower lecithin content (p<0.05), regardless of cholesterol incorporation. Transfersomes containing cholesterol displayed morphology with well-defined edges compared to cholesterol-free formulations. In vitro release studies revealed distinct release profiles, with cholesterol-free formulations releasing 70-83% of trans-resveratrol over 24 hours, compared to only 0-30% for cholesterol-containing formulations. Strat-M^® membrane-based permeation studies confirmed enhanced trans-resveratrol delivery across all transfersomal systems compared to the saturated solution (p<0.05), though cholesterol showed no significant impact on permeation efficiency. These findings indicate that cholesterol influences release profile but has limited effect on permeation efficiency. Safety assessment using the Hen's Egg Test-Chorioallantoic Membrane (HET-CAM) assay classified the developed transfersomes as weak irritants, indicating their dermal safety. Notably, formulation F3, with a hydrogenated lecithin to cholesterol to Tween 60 ratio of 6:0:4, emerged as the optimal candidate, achieving the highest release rate (80.24% over 24 hours) while maintaining favorable permeation compared to control.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings feature the potential of transfersomal systems, particularly cholesterol-free variants, as promising carriers for the effective and safe dermal delivery of trans-resveratrol.</p>","PeriodicalId":18881,"journal":{"name":"Nanotechnology, Science and Applications","volume":"18 ","pages":"359-375"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12323873/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144789600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the Effect of Formulation Composition and Physicochemical Properties of Omeprazole and Bisoprolol Hemifumarate on Electrospun Nanofibers Characteristics.","authors":"Justyna Srebro, Ewelina Łyszczarz, Witold Brniak, Dorota Majda, Aleksander Mendyk","doi":"10.2147/NSA.S535362","DOIUrl":"10.2147/NSA.S535362","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Electrospinning enables the formation of nanofibers by elongating a polymer solution droplet in a high-voltage electrostatic field. The drug substance incorporated into nanofibrous matrix exhibits unique dissolution characteristics, modifiable by polymers selection. The physicochemical properties of the drug substance may also influence structural and functional attributes of the nanofibers. This study aimed to produce nanofibers loaded with small-molecule drugs - omeprazole (OMZ) and bisoprolol hemifumarate (BIS) to investigate how drug and polymer properties influence fiber formation and drug release. The effect of compression into minitablets on dissolution parameters was also assessed.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Ethanolic solutions of Eudragit^® RL (ERL), Eudragit^® RS (ERS), and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) were mixed in 13 combinations. OMZ or BIS was dissolved in each mixture and electrospun. Selected nanofibers were compressed into minitablets. Nanofiber morphology, diameter, drug crystallinity and content uniformity were assessed. Dissolution profiles and release kinetics were evaluated for nanofibers and minitablets.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Nanofibers morphology depended on the API and polymers composition. The BIS fibers were nanosized, while OMZ fibers showed heterogeneous thicknesses ranging from 0.54 µm to 5.7 µm. The drug substances were amorphous in nanofibers. OMZ formulations exhibited a sustained release except OMZ_PVP fibers, which released OMZ immediately. The BIS-loaded nanofibers demonstrated a rapid and nearly complete drug release, except for the BIS_ERL+ERS_7+3 formulation, which exhibited prolonged release. Compression of fibers into minitablets preserved the sustained drug release for both drug substances.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study proves that nanofibers based on Eudragit RL/RS and PVP can be obtained by the electrospinning method. BIS properties such as good solubility, balanced hydrophobic-lipophilic nature, surface charge, and amorphous form contributed to its rapid release, unlike OMZ.</p>","PeriodicalId":18881,"journal":{"name":"Nanotechnology, Science and Applications","volume":"18 ","pages":"295-318"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12315909/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144775835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Safety Profile of Intravenous Ferulic Acid Nanoparticles: Acute Toxicity and Neurological Effects in Sprague-Dawley Rats.","authors":"Hao Huang, Yan Xuan, Zeng-Chun Ma","doi":"10.2147/NSA.S500407","DOIUrl":"10.2147/NSA.S500407","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Ferulic acid (FA) exhibits therapeutic potential for various disorders, but its clinical application is hindered by poor bioavailability and solubility. This study aimed to develop and evaluate FA-loaded lipid nanoparticles (FA-LNPs) as a safe and efficient drug delivery system.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>FA-LNPs were prepared via an optimized active loading method. The Morris water maze test was conducted to evaluate FA efficacy against LPS-induced cognitive impairment in rats. Comprehensive neurotoxicity assessment was performed in three brain regions (striatum, hippocampus, and cerebellum-brain stem) using multiple staining techniques (LFB, GFAP, IBA-1, and Fluoro-Jade) to evaluate myelin integrity, glial activation, and neuronal degeneration. Acute toxicity, pharmacokinetics, and network pharmacology analysis were conducted to assess safety profiles and potential mechanisms.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>FA-LNPs were successfully prepared using an optimized active loading method, achieving high drug loading (≥4 mg/mL), superior encapsulation efficiency (EE%) ≥80%, and uniform particle size distribution (<200 nm, PDI=0.053), zeta potential of +5.97 mV (Quality Factor = 1.701), excellent storage stability over two weeks, and was scaled up for batch production. The Morris water maze test revealed an effective FA concentration of 50 mg/kg, with FA-LNPs achieving 46.5 mg/kg through active loading method. Toxicological studies demonstrated favorable safety profiles. Pharmacokinetic analysis showed a prolonged elimination half-life (12.8 ± 1.88 hours) and moderate systemic clearance (0.535 ± 0.0851 L/h/kg). Short-term administration did not elicit significant neuroprotection. Network pharmacology analysis identified 141 potential therapeutic targets and five key proteins (EGFR, ESR1, PTGS2, CTNNB1, and STAT3), with molecular docking confirming favorable binding energies (-7.6 to -5.2 kcal/mol).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>FA-LNPs enhanced FA's bioavailability without apparent systemic toxicity or neurotoxicity. While safe for short-term use, longer treatment durations may be necessary to observe potential neuroprotective benefits and toxicity. This study provides a foundation for further investigation of FA-LNPs as a promising drug delivery system for neurological disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":18881,"journal":{"name":"Nanotechnology, Science and Applications","volume":"18 ","pages":"319-358"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12315901/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144775847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From Nature to Nanotechnology: The Bioactivities of Mangiferin Explored.","authors":"Haitham Al-Madhagi","doi":"10.2147/NSA.S525423","DOIUrl":"10.2147/NSA.S525423","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mangiferin, a naturally occurring C-glucosylxanthone derived from various parts of the mango tree (<i>Mangifera indica</i>), has gained significant attention for its diverse pharmacological properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, and anti-diabetic activities. This mini-review provides an updated overview of the phytochemistry, pharmacokinetics, and medicinal properties of mangiferin. However, the low solubility (0.111 mg/mL) and oral bioavailability (less than 2%) of mangiferin pose significant challenges for its clinical application. To address these issues, the development of nanoformulations such as nanoparticles, micelles, and liposomes has been explored, which was proven to improve mangiferin's solubility, stability, and targeted delivery. These nanocarriers enhance the bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy of mangiferin, making it a promising candidate for various therapeutic applications. The review ends with the discussion of the safety of mangiferin and its formulations in addition to the potential for clinical translation.</p>","PeriodicalId":18881,"journal":{"name":"Nanotechnology, Science and Applications","volume":"18 ","pages":"277-294"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12258238/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144637592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intracellular Uptake of Magnetic Nanocapsules with Ionic Chitosan Shells and Magnetically Triggered Cargo Release.","authors":"Elżbieta Gumieniczek-Chłopek, Joanna Odrobińska-Baliś, Adriana Gilarska, Gabriela Opiła, Manuel Ricardo Ibarra, Czesław Kapusta, Szczepan Zapotoczny","doi":"10.2147/NSA.S515639","DOIUrl":"10.2147/NSA.S515639","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Drug delivery systems typically need to be equipped with targeting moieties in order to be efficiently internalized by cells. Alternatively, magnetic nanoparticles (MNs) combined with active compounds may be driven by magnetic field to the site of action. Delivery of hydrophobic drugs using this approach is challenging as it would require coupling of MNs and hydrophobic environment within nanocarriers and triggering of the drug release.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We propose an approach enabling a magnetically induced forced uptake of core-shell nanocapsules carrying hydrophobic actives together with hydrophobized MNs. Such capsules, formed in a facile emulsification process, are composed of amphiphilic cationic or anionic chitosan (shell) and oil-dispersible MNs (oil core). The capsules were characterized using DLS, cryo-TEM. They were loaded with a model fluorescent dye, Nile Red, and pulled into cells applying a static magnetic field. Then, they were treated with an alternating magnetic field to disrupt the capsules thanks to the action of MNs.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Cryo-TEM imaging confirmed the presence of MNs inside the capsules (d≈200 nm). Confocal microscopy imaging showed the efficient capsules' intracellular uptake only after exposition to static magnetic field (some spontaneous uptake was observed for anionic capsules). Then, application of alternating magnetic fields induced rapture of the capsules inside the cells and release of the cargo.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>This approach is very versatile as various lipophilic compounds could be encapsulated, then transported to desired tissues without active or passive targeting and kept there using static magnetic field, limiting undesired side effects of a therapy to the whole organism. The proposed capsules with MNs respond efficiently to magnetic field stimulation - they can be magnetically navigated into the cells and release their cargo after application of alternating magnetic field. This approach opens opportunities for controlled intracellular delivery of hydrophobic actives using easily applicable magnetic stimuli for both delivery and release.</p>","PeriodicalId":18881,"journal":{"name":"Nanotechnology, Science and Applications","volume":"18 ","pages":"263-275"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12153966/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144275440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rapid Replenishment of Phylloquinone in the Plasma and Liver Using Hyaluronan-Based Nanocapsules Reverses Endothelial Dysfunction in Mice.","authors":"Anna Kieronska-Rudek, Agnieszka Kij, Anna Bar, Magdalena Sternak, Aleksandra Paterek, Filip Rolski, Izabela Czyzynska-Cichon, Filip A Fedak, Kamila Wojnar-Lason, Justyna Bednorz, Małgorzata Janik-Hazuka, Renata B Kostogrys, Magdalena Franczyk-Zarow, Katarzyna Z Czyżowska, Lenka Michalkova, Michał Mączewski, Szczepan Zapotoczny, Edyta Kus, Stefan Chlopicki","doi":"10.2147/NSA.S520030","DOIUrl":"10.2147/NSA.S520030","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>As vitamin K₁ (phylloquinone, PK) displays vasoprotective effect, low dietary intake and poor bioavailability of PK may result in insufficient systemic levels for maintaining vascular health. This study aimed to test whether PK in hyaluronan-based nanocapsules (PK-Oil-HyC12) improves PK pharmacokinetics and endothelial function compared to PK in oil emulsion (PK-Oil).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>PK pharmacokinetics in plasma, liver and aorta were analysed after single, oral administration of PK (10 mg/kg) in oil (PK-Oil) or encapsulated in hyaluronan-based nanocapsules with oil core (PK-Oil-HyC12) in mice using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization method. PK-Oil-HyC12 absorption and nanocapsules distribution in lymphatic system was determined using a cycloheximide-based chylomicron flow blockage and intravital confocal microscopy. The endothelial function was analyzed in vivo by MRI in mice with dietary PK deficiency after 7-day supplementation with PK-Oil or PK-Oil-HyC12 (0.5 mg PK/kg).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>After a single, oral dose of PK-Oil-HyC12 in mice total exposure of PK (AUC values) was 2-4 times higher as compared to PK-Oil in plasma and liver, with no difference in PK content in the aorta. The efficient absorption and distribution of nanocapsules occurred mainly via a chylomicron-independent lymphatic route. Importantly, 7-day PK-Oil-HyC12 supplementation restored impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation in the aorta of PK-deficient mice, while PK-Oil was ineffective.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The improved bioavailability of PK, when administered in the form of hyaluronan-based nanocapsules, afforded the rapid replenishment of systemic PK and the reversal of endothelial dysfunction induced by low PK levels.</p>","PeriodicalId":18881,"journal":{"name":"Nanotechnology, Science and Applications","volume":"18 ","pages":"245-262"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12151077/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144266659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}