NanoImpact最新文献

{"title":"Assessing safety and sustainability performance of advanced nanomaterials: A tiered approach along the innovation process.","authors":"Arianna Livieri, Sarah Devecchi, Lisa Pizzol, Alex Zabeo, Stella Stoycheva, Maria José López-Tendero, Andrea Brunelli, Elena Badetti, Elena Semenzin, Danail Hristozov","doi":"10.1016/j.impact.2025.100573","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.impact.2025.100573","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recently there has been an increasing policy drive towards adopting the EC-JRC Safe and Sustainable by Design (SSbD) framework for chemicals and materials. The European Green Deal policy ambitions, as outlined in the Chemicals Strategy for Sustainability and the Zero Pollution Action Plan, have determined this path. The H2020 SUNSHINE project has developed an approach for SSbD assessment and decision making, tested in the case of products enabled by advanced multi-component nanomaterials (MCNMs). The SUNSHINE approach enables a comprehensive assessment of safety and sustainability aspects, considering the entire lifecycle of a material/product development. The SSbD approach is tiered and encompasses qualitative (Tier 1) and quantitative (Tier 2) assessment methods. Tier 1 consists of a self-assessment questionnaire to evaluate safety, functionality, and sustainability during the early R&D phases of chemical and material lifecycles to identify potential hotspots of concern. Once potential hotspots are identified, they are further evaluated through the application of Tier 2 using established quantitative methodologies such as the REACH Chemical Safety Assessment (CSA), Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), Life Cycle Costing (LCC), and Social LCA (S-LCA). However, Chemical Safety Assessment (CSA) is not included in Tier 2 in this paper, as the focus is primarily on sustainability. The development and application of Tier 1 to one of SUNSHINE case study, a novel PFAS-free anti-sticking coating for the bakery industry, was already published. This paper focuses on applying Tier 2 to the same case study and identifying strategies for increasing safety and sustainability already at the design phase. The findings suggest that this innovative product is highly likely to surpass conventional benchmark materials in terms of safety and sustainability.</p>","PeriodicalId":18786,"journal":{"name":"NanoImpact","volume":" ","pages":"100573"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144718207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Occupational exposure to printer toner-emitted nanoparticles at printing facilities influences air and airway microbiomes","authors":"Fransiskus Xaverius Ivan ,&nbsp;Micheál Mac Aogáin ,&nbsp;Nur A'tikah Binte Mohamed Ali ,&nbsp;Pei Yee Tiew ,&nbsp;Tuang Yeow Poh ,&nbsp;Magdiel Inggrid Setyawati ,&nbsp;Dhimiter Bello ,&nbsp;Philip Demokritou ,&nbsp;Kee Woei Ng ,&nbsp;Sanjay H. Chotirmall","doi":"10.1016/j.impact.2025.100575","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.impact.2025.100575","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Workplace exposure to printer toner-emitted nanoparticles at commercial printing facilities poses respiratory health risks to workers on the printing floor, however, its impact on environmental and airway microbiomes and how this relates to worker health remains unknown. To investigate this, we prospectively evaluated five printing centres in Singapore, collecting air samples from office areas and printing floors and airway specimens from workers stationed in office or printing floor areas. All specimens were subjected to targeted amplicon sequencing to determine bacteriome and mycobiome profiles. Relationships between nanoparticle exposure levels, air and airway microbiomes were assessed. We reveal that nanoparticle exposure at printing facilities was significantly associated with shifts in air microbiome profiles in high-exposure printing areas relative to low-exposure office areas. Microbiome correlates of indoor air chemical exposures, mainly polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and trace elements, were identified. Lung function and airway microbiomes were influenced by nanoparticle exposure where printing floor workers demonstrate reduced lung function, independent of exposure level, with airway microbiomes characterized by enrichment of <em>Chryseobacterium</em>, <em>Porphyromonas</em> and <em>Candida</em>. Assessment of potential air-airway microbial crossover at each site, accounting for nanoparticle exposure levels, reveals significant increases in bacterial but not fungal crossover in printing floor workers. Taken together, this study demonstrates altered environmental and airway microbiomes at commercial printing facilities and in printing floor workers. Further research is needed to assess the long-term health impacts of such exposure including the potential for microbial profiling in printing facility design and operation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18786,"journal":{"name":"NanoImpact","volume":"39 ","pages":"Article 100575"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144708197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simultaneous detection of nanoplastics and adsorbed pesticides by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy","authors":"Bárbara Rani-Borges,&nbsp;Clara de Jesus Rangel,&nbsp;Rômulo Augusto Ando","doi":"10.1016/j.impact.2025.100584","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.impact.2025.100584","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Plastic particles, including nanoplastics, can serve as carriers for various contaminants such as pesticides, leading to considerable environmental hazards. Herein, we used Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) to specifically detect pesticides adsorbed onto nanoplastic particles at environmentally relevant concentrations. By utilizing common silver and gold nanoparticles (AgNPs, 15 nm; AuNPs, 30 nm) as SERS substrates, we enhanced the Raman signals of Diquat adsorbed to polystyrene (PS) nanoplastics surface (nanoPS, 100 nm). Notably, the technique successfully detected both the polymer and pesticide simultaneously at concentrations as low as 20 μg/L for the polymer and 66 μg/L for the pesticide—levels frequently found in environmental samples. The significant signal enhancement observed at these low concentrations highlights SERS as a powerful tool for monitoring pollutants attached to nanoplastic surfaces in environmental contexts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18786,"journal":{"name":"NanoImpact","volume":"39 ","pages":"Article 100584"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145044390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microplastics impair wound healing via NAT10-mediated epigenetic dysregulation of FASN-PI3K/AKT signaling","authors":"Feng-Jie Shen ,&nbsp;Wei-Nan Cao ,&nbsp;Xue-Chun Han ,&nbsp;Qiu-Yue Pan ,&nbsp;Yuan Wang ,&nbsp;Rong Zhang ,&nbsp;Gang Wei ,&nbsp;Jin-Kui Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.impact.2025.100580","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.impact.2025.100580","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microplastics (MPs) are environmental pollutants with potential health risks. This study examined the effect of MPs on wound healing in both diabetic and non-diabetic mice. MPs exposure significantly delayed wound healing, particularly in diabetic mice, with reduced epidermal thickness and impaired collagen deposition. Mechanistically, MPs suppressed cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and increased apoptosis. Transcriptomic analysis identified dysregulation of critical wound healing pathways, especially those involved in inflammation, extracellular matrix remodeling, and lipid metabolism. Notably, the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway was inhibited. In vitro experiments using human dermal fibroblasts confirmed that MPs disrupted the PI3K/AKT pathway, reducing cell proliferation and migration. Further investigation revealed that MPs suppressed <em>N</em>-acetyltransferase 10 (NAT10) expression, leading to reduced ac4C-dependent stabilization of <em>Fasn</em> mRNA, which in turn diminished lipid synthesis and further inhibited the PI3K/AKT pathway. Our findings reveal a novel interaction between MPs and diabetes in impairing wound healing and suggest the NAT10-FASN-PI3K/AKT axis as a potential therapeutic target.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18786,"journal":{"name":"NanoImpact","volume":"39 ","pages":"Article 100580"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144961679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-throughput screening of combined toxicity of nanoplastics and scoexisting pollutants using luminescent bacterium","authors":"Xinyi Liao ,&nbsp;Zhihao Xue ,&nbsp;Yunbu Dai ,&nbsp;Jie Hou ,&nbsp;Daohui Lin ,&nbsp;Luqing Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.impact.2025.100582","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.impact.2025.100582","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Micro/nanoplastics (MNPs) commonly coexist with contaminants such as heavy metals and antibiotics in aquatic environments, potentially inducing complex joint toxicity. However, conventional approaches for MNP-pollutant combined toxicity assessment are typically challenged by inefficiencies, high costs, and labor-intensive procedures. In this study, a high-throughput platform using microplate-based inhibition assays with a luminescent bacterium (<em>Vibrio qinghaiensis</em> sp.<em>-</em>Q67), was applied to systematically evaluate the combined toxicity of four polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs), varying in size and surface functionalization, with seven heavy metals and five antibiotics. Results showed that metal cations (Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺, Pb²⁺, Cd²⁺, and Cr³⁺) and chlortetracycline combined with PS-NPs primarily induced antagonistic or additive toxicity, whereas anions (<span><math><msub><mi>Cr</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><msubsup><mi>O</mi><mn>7</mn><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>−</mo></mrow></msubsup></math></span> and <span><math><mi>As</mi><msubsup><mi>O</mi><mn>2</mn><mo>−</mo></msubsup></math></span>) and antibiotics (tetracycline, oxytetracycline, norfloxacin, and ciprofloxacin) exhibited synergistic or additive toxicity. Smaller PS-NPs (50 nm) amplified the toxicity interactions compared to 100 nm PS-NPs. Carboxyl-modified PS-NPs exhibited the most pronounced antagonistic effects with cations, while amino-modified PS-NPs favored amplified synergistic effects with <span><math><msub><mi>Cr</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><msubsup><mi>O</mi><mn>7</mn><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>−</mo></mrow></msubsup></math></span>. The combined effects were intensified at higher PS-NP concentrations and at moderate co-contaminant concentrations (i.e., 1/5 or 1 × the median effect concentration). Antibiotics with higher water solubility exhibited more pronounced synergistic effects with PS-NPs, and the antagonism intensities for metal cations followed an order of Pb²⁺ &gt; Cu²⁺ &gt; Cr³⁺ &gt; Zn²⁺ &gt; Cd²⁺. This high-throughput strategy efficiently assessed multifactorial impacts on combined toxicity, providing systematic insights into the toxic interaction patterns between MNPs and pollutants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18786,"journal":{"name":"NanoImpact","volume":"39 ","pages":"Article 100582"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144895307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microplastic-induced hypertension in rats: A two-hit model exploring oxidative stress and gut microbiota","authors":"Yu-Chun Cheng ,&nbsp;Wei-Ling Chen ,&nbsp;Hong-Ren Yu ,&nbsp;Ching-Yi Tsai ,&nbsp;Jiunn-Ming Sheen ,&nbsp;Mao-Meng Tiao ,&nbsp;Chien-Ning Hsu ,&nbsp;You-Lin Tain","doi":"10.1016/j.impact.2025.100586","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.impact.2025.100586","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microplastic particulates (MPs) accumulate widely in ecosystems and pose health risks to both pregnant women and their offspring. Studies have detected MPs in the kidneys and fetal tissues, but it remains unclear whether maternal MP exposure worsens postnatal MP-induced hypertension and kidney disease. This study examined male rat offspring (<em>n</em> = 8/group) divided into four exposure groups: control, indirect (maternal exposure to 1 mg/L MPs during gestation and lactation), direct (offspring exposure to 1 mg/L MPs from 3 to 16 weeks), and combined exposure. By 16 weeks, both maternal and postnatal MP exposure elevated blood pressure (BP), with a synergistic effect observed in the combined exposure group. Maternal MP exposure also increased plasma creatinine levels, indicating kidney dysfunction. Oxidative kidney damage was associated with both direct and indirect MP exposure. Additionally, combined exposure disrupted gut microbiota, reducing species richness and evenness, and downregulated renal angiotensin II type 2 receptor expression, a key regulator of BP. These findings underscore the long-term health risks of MPs, emphasizing their role in the developmental origins of hypertension and kidney disease.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18786,"journal":{"name":"NanoImpact","volume":"39 ","pages":"Article 100586"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145033676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of natural organic matter on ecotoxicity, ingestion and depuration of MXenes (Ti3C2Tx) in D. magna and R. subcapitata","authors":"M. Ahl,&nbsp;M.B. Nielsen,&nbsp;A. Baun,&nbsp;L.M. Skjolding","doi":"10.1016/j.impact.2025.100579","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.impact.2025.100579","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The two-dimensional inorganic advanced materials MXenes (M_n+1X_nT_x) have been gaining traction due to their unique characteristics making them chemically and mechanically stable with diverse applications for, e.g., energy storage, water purification, and photocatalysis. Although the properties and potential applications of MXenes have been widely researched, a need for more information regarding the potential ecotoxicological effects of the materials remains due to their possible widespread use. The purpose of this study was to assess the short-term toxicity of Ti₃C₂T_x-MXenes towards the freshwater algae (<em>Raphidocelis subcapitata</em>) and the crustacean (<em>Daphnia magna</em>)<em>,</em> as well as their bioaccumulation behaviour in ingestion and depuration studies with <em>D. magna.</em> The ecotoxicity of MXenes was investigated in different test setups, including a 24 h aging experiment of MXenes following exposure to the water accommodated fraction with and without the presence of the chemical pentachlorophenol (PCP) and natural organic matter (NOM). Generally, it was found that MXenes (aged and not aged) did not affect the mobility of <em>D. magna</em> in the concentration range tested (highest test concentration: 100 mg/L) while algal growth was affected (EC₅₀-values of 81 mg/L and 41 mg/L, with and without aging, respectively). Furthermore, the results indicated that the presence of MXenes did not affect the toxicity of PCP towards algae. Contrastingly, daphnia tests of PCP solutions with MXenes present showed lower toxicity than solutions without MXenes, suggesting a decrease in bioavailability of PCP in the presence of MXenes. Addition of NOM to algal tests resulted in decreased toxicity of MXenes. Additionally, the ingestion and depuration tests with <em>D. magna</em> indicated that the presence of NOM lowered the organisms ingestion of MXenes. In the presence of a food source (algae) <em>D. magna</em> depurated the residual MXenes faster than in experiments where no food was present.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18786,"journal":{"name":"NanoImpact","volume":"39 ","pages":"Article 100579"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144760474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CdTe quantum dots induce apoptosis in RSC96 cells by disrupting calcium homeostasis and triggering subcellular structural dysfunction","authors":"Changcun Bai ,&nbsp;Meng Tang","doi":"10.1016/j.impact.2025.100572","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.impact.2025.100572","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The toxic effects at the subcellular level of RSC96 cells after CdTe QDs exposure was still unclear. Meanwhile, whether the two classical mechanisms, oxidative stress and calcium ion overload, were involved in CdTe QDs-induced subcellular structural and functional dysfunction of RSC96 cells, which ultimately triggered cell death, remained to be verified. This research focused on the study of CdTe QDs exposure-induced oxidative stress in RSC96 cells, as well as the changes in intracellular calcium ion levels and intra-mitochondrial calcium ion levels. The subcellular structural and functional impairments of RSC96 cells induced by CdTe QDs exposure and the correlation of these impairments were further explored. In addition, the role of antioxidants and calcium chelators in maintaining RSC96 cell homeostasis under CdTe QDs exposure was also investigated. The results showed that 0–80 μM CdTe QDs exposure for 24 h induced oxidative stress and elevated Ca²⁺ concentration in RSC96 cells, which further caused endoplasmic reticulum expansion and mitochondria structural damage such as rupture of mitochondrial cristae and disappearance of cristae. Exposure to CdTe QDs in RSC96 cells induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial impairment, characterized by enhanced production of mtROS and a notable reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential. Intracellular Ca²⁺ overload and elevated mtROS concentration in mitochondria were closely associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death triggered by exposure to CdTe QDs. Preincorporation of Mito-TEMPO mitigated the apoptosis rate of RSC96 cells and up-regulated the cellular ATP synthesizing capacity. Preincorporation of the Ca²⁺ chelator BAPTA-AM partially restored the cellular mitochondrial membrane potential, while decreasing the apoptosis rate of RSC96 cells.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18786,"journal":{"name":"NanoImpact","volume":"39 ","pages":"Article 100572"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144308042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impacts of particle size and surface charge of ZnO on horizontal transformation of antibiotic resistance genes","authors":"Chenyang Zhu ,&nbsp;Yong Han ,&nbsp;Zhong Lu,&nbsp;Huaiying Yao","doi":"10.1016/j.impact.2025.100571","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.impact.2025.100571","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The ever-growing antibiotic resistance in bacteria poses an enormous threat to public health and the environment. The horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) is a major pathway for disseminating antibiotic resistance. As an inexpensive, nontoxic, and biocompatible material, ZnO with diverse sizes and surface properties have been prepared for widespread use. However, the effects and mechanisms of ZnO particles with different structural properties on the horizontal transfer of ARGs are not comprehensively understood. In this study, two groups of ZnO particles, one with the same size (93 nm) and different charge types (−9.5 and + 17.4 mV), and the other homogeneously positively charged but of different sizes (93, 215, and 2381 nm), were prepared. Their impacts on the horizontal transformation of ARGs mediated by plasmid pUC19 into <em>E coli</em> DH5α were investigated. In the positively charged group, the smallest ZnO nanoparticles at concentrations of 0.1–100 μg/mL induced 1.04–1.35 and 1.37–1.71-fold increases in transformation frequency when compared with that of the medium-sized and largest particles, respectively. In the similar-sized groups, positive ZnO promoted 1.06–1.32-fold increases than negative ZnO. Further investigation suggested that smaller and positive ZnO adsorbed more plasmids and correspondingly increased the uptake by recipient bacteria than that of larger and/or negative ZnO. In addition, the enhanced bacterial membrane permeability, ATP synthesis, and DNA replication were also accounted for the increased transformation. These results suggest that smaller-sized and positive ZnO poses a high environmental risk of spreading antibiotic resistance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18786,"journal":{"name":"NanoImpact","volume":"39 ","pages":"Article 100571"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144317487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fine-tuning protocols for accurate study of nanoparticle adhesion and uptake after foliar deposition","authors":"Mickael Wagner ,&nbsp;Ilan Minerva ,&nbsp;Aude Calas ,&nbsp;Fadoua Sallem ,&nbsp;Françoise Maubé ,&nbsp;Camille Larue ,&nbsp;Astrid Avellan","doi":"10.1016/j.impact.2025.100568","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.impact.2025.100568","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding the interactions between plant leaves and nanoparticles (NPs) is crucial for advancing both environmental and the safety of plant protection products. Recent studies showed how the fate of NPs on leaf surfaces is influenced by NP properties, plant surface, and environmental factors. Yet, inconsistent methods for exposing leaves and measuring NPs uptake hinder reproducibility and comparability across studies.</div><div>This work investigates how exposure and rinsing protocols affect NPs dose control, distribution, and element remobilization from leaf surfaces. Four exposure approaches commonly used in the literature were tested: drop-deposition, spraying, dipping, and brushing. Sequential rinsing strategies were evaluated using diluted ethanol (EtOH), diluted nitric acid (HNO₃), and ultra-pure-water (UPW). Gold (Au) and copper oxide (CuO) NPs were used, as models presenting contrasting solubilities. These protocols were assessed on tomato leaves (<em>Solanum lycopersicum</em> var. micro-tom).</div><div>Results indicate that drop-deposition yielded the most consistent NPs dosing, while others introduced variability in dose, coverage and aggregation. Regarding rinsing protocols, CuO NPs, being more soluble, were efficiently rinsed by HNO₃–2 %, whereas EtOH-3 % rinsing failed to remobilize Cu, indicating strong leaf attachment of CuO NPs to the leaf surface. Conversely, Au NPs were better rinsed with ethanol-based solvents, possibly due to solvent low polarity, lowered surface tension and/or wax disruption.</div><div>These findings underline the critical impacts of exposure and rinsing methods on experimental outcomes, and how it could impair the interpretation of the fate of NPs on leaves. Tailoring rinsing solvent sequences can contribute to probe NP-leaf attachment fractions and their interaction nature. Further, this study provides an exposure and rinsing framework to better tackle specific research questions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18786,"journal":{"name":"NanoImpact","volume":"39 ","pages":"Article 100568"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144294121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}