Development and characterization of reference environmentally relevant micro-nano-plastics for risk assessment studies

IF 5.5 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
Milton Das , Leonardo Calderon , Dilpreet Singh , Satwik Majumder , Lila Bazina , Nachiket Vaze , Una Trivanovic , Glen DeLoid , Nubia Zuverza-Mena , Mandeep Kaur , Jakub Konkol , Nassifatou Koko Tittikpina , George Tsilomelekis , Omowunmi Sadik , Jason C. White , Philip Demokritou
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Abstract

Micro- and nano-plastics (MNPs) have become ubiquitous environmental pollutants. Extensive toxicological studies of MNPs have been conducted in recent years. However, because of the difficulties involved in extraction and collection of MNPs from environmental media, most of these studies have employed simplistic, pristine, spherical, micro- or nano-sized commercial MNPs, whose properties, including morphology, surface chemistry, and size, do not adequately approximate those of environmentally relevant MNPs. Here, we describe the development and use of methods for the synthesis of well characterized, environmentally relevant MNPs across the life cycle of a plastic material, in a property-controlled manner. Multiple degradation scenarios, including mechanical fragmentation (cryogenic milling), UV weathering, and thermal disintegration (incineration) were applied to virgin plastic materials (polyvinyl chloride, PVC; polyethylene terephthalate, PET; High density polyethylene, HDPE; Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, ABS; polycarbonate, PC; and polypropylene, PP) to simulate the life cycle pathways that likely occur in the environment over time. The MNPs generated from these degradation processes were size fractionated using both “dry” and “wet” separation methods. Detailed physicochemical characterization of the size fractionated reference MNPs was performed to determine size, morphology, chemical and elemental compositions, and hydrophobicity. Microbiological sterility and endotoxin content of reference MNPs were also assessed. Protocols for storage of reference MNPs in controlled oxygen and moisture conditions for future use in toxicological studies are also described. The methodology developed in this study can be used to synthesize environmentally relevant reference MNPs across the life cycle of plastic materials for use in risk assessment studies.

Abstract Image

用于风险评估研究的参考环境相关微纳米塑料的开发和特性
微纳米塑料已成为普遍存在的环境污染物。近年来对MNPs进行了广泛的毒理学研究。然而,由于从环境介质中提取和收集MNPs的困难,这些研究大多采用了简单的、原始的、球形的、微或纳米尺寸的商业MNPs,其性质,包括形态、表面化学和尺寸,不能充分接近与环境相关的MNPs。在这里,我们以一种属性控制的方式描述了在塑料材料的整个生命周期中合成具有良好特征的、与环境相关的MNPs的方法的开发和使用。多种降解方案,包括机械破碎(深冷碾磨),紫外线风化和热解体(焚烧)应用于原始塑料材料(聚氯乙烯,PVC;聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯;PET;高密度聚乙烯;丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯;聚碳酸酯、电脑;和聚丙烯(PP)来模拟随着时间的推移,环境中可能发生的生命周期路径。由这些降解过程产生的MNPs使用“干”和“湿”分离方法进行粒度分馏。对粒径分级参考MNPs进行了详细的物理化学表征,以确定粒径、形态、化学和元素组成以及疏水性。对参考MNPs的微生物无菌性和内毒素含量也进行了评估。还描述了在控制氧气和湿度条件下储存参考MNPs的方案,以便将来在毒理学研究中使用。本研究开发的方法可用于在塑料材料的整个生命周期中合成与环境相关的参考MNPs,以用于风险评估研究。
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来源期刊
NanoImpact
NanoImpact Social Sciences-Safety Research
CiteScore
11.00
自引率
6.10%
发文量
69
审稿时长
23 days
期刊介绍: NanoImpact is a multidisciplinary journal that focuses on nanosafety research and areas related to the impacts of manufactured nanomaterials on human and environmental systems and the behavior of nanomaterials in these systems.
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