Materials Characterization最新文献

{"title":"Anisotropy-induced nonuniform deformation behavior in polysynthetically twinned TiAl bicrystals at 900 °C","authors":"Yunlu Ma ,&nbsp;Jieren Yang ,&nbsp;Zedong Liu ,&nbsp;Chuan Rong ,&nbsp;Ying Liu ,&nbsp;Ruirun Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115299","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115299","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Polysynthetically twinned (PST) TiAl crystals exhibit remarkable high-temperature mechanical properties, and their well-aligned lamellar orientations via directional technology enable a potential increase in service temperature to 900 °C. To address the strong deformation anisotropy of PST single crystals, this study explores deformation coordination between two PST crystals to achieve the strength-ductility trade-off via tailored orientation composition. Focusing on two bicrystals B1 (65°, 8°) and B2 (20°, 15°) with distinct orientation compositions, EBSD examined their orientations, and the misorientation Δθ₁₂ is confirmed to be similar, as 61° and 66° respectively, while introducing a single crystal of S1 (23°) as a reference. SEM and EBSD analyses elucidate deformation behaviors, including crack propagation, dislocation slip, and potential twinning, and the further interfacial failure mechanism and dislocation mechanism were discussed via TEM observation. Results demonstrate that the deformation of bicrystals always initiates at the relatively softer grain and propagates to harder counterparts. Bicrystals' deformation compatibility determines whether the nonuniform deformation occurs and whether the work hardening effect or the strain coordination effect is the dominant strengthening mode. Elevated temperatures facilitate γ-phase twinning (γ variant-dependent) and α₂-phase dislocation slip (related to α₂ cylindrical slip tendency). Further discussion on the dislocation bahaviors indicates that ordinary dislocations significantly affect the initial deformation capacity, while the ability to activate newborn twins and superlattice dislocations affects the interfacial failure tolerance capacity and subsequent deformation coordination. A further understanding of bicrystals' deformation anisotropy facilitates achieving the strength-ductility trade-off by designing appropriate lamellae composition.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18727,"journal":{"name":"Materials Characterization","volume":"227 ","pages":"Article 115299"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144306328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microstructure and properties of Ti-6Al-4V/Ni-Ti heterogeneous structure with CuNi interlayer fabricated by wire-arc directed energy deposition","authors":"Jian Han ,&nbsp;Meiqing Meng ,&nbsp;Xinya Chen ,&nbsp;Hanzhao Zhu ,&nbsp;Jun Lan ,&nbsp;Zhetao Liang ,&nbsp;Yinbao Tian","doi":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115278","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115278","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The fabrication of a Ti-6Al-4V/Ni-Ti heterogeneous structure encounters significant challenges, primarily owing to the formation of brittle Ti<img>Ni intermetallic compounds (IMCs) at the interface, inducing stress concentration and reducing the interfacial joining strength. To address this issue, the present study employs the wire-arc directed energy deposition technology and introduces a Cu<img>Ni interlayer to optimize the interfacial microstructure and mechanical properties. The results indicate that the Cu<img>Ni interlayer effectively suppresses the formation of brittle Ti<img>Ni IMCs and promotes the formation of Ti<img>Cu and Ti-Ni-Cu phases, thus enhancing the interfacial strength. The microhardness of the interlayer attains a value of 570 HV_0.2, while the as-built wall achieves an average ultimate tensile strength of 279.9 ± 15 MPa and a strain of 5.6 % ± 2 %. The developed strategy is effective for the interfacial optimization of heterogeneous structures and has significant potential for applications in the aerospace industry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18727,"journal":{"name":"Materials Characterization","volume":"227 ","pages":"Article 115278"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144471999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced galvanizing properties in advanced high-strength steel by introducing higher aluminum contents in the zinc bath","authors":"Sang-Hoon Shin ,&nbsp;Shin-Wook Seo ,&nbsp;Chang-Gon Jeong ,&nbsp;Young-Ha Kim ,&nbsp;Yoon-Uk Heo","doi":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115284","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115284","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The optimum aluminum (Al) content in a zinc (Zn) bath was investigated to enhance galvanizing properties through a comparative study in three steel grades: interstitial free (IF), low silicon-containing (0.3Si/Mn, Si/Mn = 0.3), and high silicon-containing (1.0Si/Mn, Si/Mn = 1.0) steels. Wettability was evaluated based on wetting force and Fe₂Al_5-xZn_x inhibition layer coverage. IF steel exhibited the best wettability at 0.25 wt% Al-containing Zn bath. However, higher Al concentrations led to the formation of coarse Fe₂Al_5-xZn_x particles at the Zn/steel interface, reducing the wetting force. In contrast, 0.3Si/Mn and 1.0Si/Mn steels showed a steady increase in wetting force with higher Al contents. In Si- and Mn-containing steels (0.3Si/Mn and 1.0Si/Mn), surface oxides formed during annealing were reduced by the aluminothermic reaction during immersion, consuming Al at the Zn/steel interface. This Al consumption suppressed abnormal Fe₂Al_5-xZn_x crystal growth, improving wettability at higher Al levels. Additionally, as Fe₂Al_5-xZn_x grew, it trapped residual oxides, further enhancing wettability. However, 1.0Si/Mn steel exhibited lower wettability due to a continuous oxide film that suppressed Fe dissolution, making Fe₂Al_5-xZn_x formation more difficult. These findings provide valuable insights for optimizing Al content in the Zn bath to improve the wettability of advanced high-strength steels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18727,"journal":{"name":"Materials Characterization","volume":"227 ","pages":"Article 115284"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144313231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surface morphology, plastic deformation and phase transformation in single crystal superalloys under laser shock peening without coating","authors":"Shuang Hu ,&nbsp;Mo Lang ,&nbsp;Guangni Zhou ,&nbsp;Huailin Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiaoqing Liang ,&nbsp;Sihai Luo ,&nbsp;Weifeng He","doi":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115283","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115283","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Laser shock peening without coating (LSPwC) as a surface treatment has been demonstrated the ability to enhance the fatigue performance while maintaining the grain boundary-free nature of single crystal superalloys. The evolution of morphology and microstructure in the peened surface, however, still remains puzzled for the superalloys under varying technical parameters. This investigation explores the progression of surface topography, plastic deformation, phase transformation, as well as microhardness increment in the LSPwC affected layer. The laser pulses endue the target surface with a specific morphology and increase the roughness initially, while it diminishes gradually after multiple thermal-mechanical cycles. Experimental findings indicate that a stratified structure comprising a recast layer and a deformation layer is formed underneath the surface due to the thermal-mechanical effects during the peening process. The recast layer exhibiting an average depth of 1 μm, is composed of γ matrix and amorphous nano-particles rich in Al and O element, while these particles are capable of impeding dislocation glide in the subsequent peening. Additionally, the diffusion owing to high temperature and strain gradient causes elemental segregation and phase transformation of γ' → γ at the interface between the recast and the deformation layer. Accompanied by the severe plastic deformation, the crystalline orientation exhibits a noticeable local deviation across the slip bands in the deformed layer. Finally, as a result of γ' dissolution, nano-particles formation and dislocations multiplication, the LSPwC treated specimens exhibit a maximum hardness of approximately 600 HV at surface and a hardness gradient extending to around 350 μm at depth.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18727,"journal":{"name":"Materials Characterization","volume":"227 ","pages":"Article 115283"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144322617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interfacial carbides enhance dispersion and grain refinement in melt-processed SiC nanowhisker reinforced magnesium AZ91 alloy","authors":"Zhuocheng Xu ,&nbsp;Anne Bonnin ,&nbsp;Benjamin Watts ,&nbsp;Xinyi Hao ,&nbsp;Yuting Dai ,&nbsp;Christopher Gourlay ,&nbsp;Christian Kübel ,&nbsp;Milo S.P. Shaffer ,&nbsp;Qianqian Li","doi":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115300","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115300","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>β-SiC nanowhiskers (SiC_wh) are promising reinforcements for magnesium matrix nanocomposites (MgMNCs) due to their high strength and compatibility with Mg<img>Al alloys. In this study, SiC_wh were successfully incorporated into AZ91 alloy via melt stirring. Synchrotron-based phase contrast tomography (PCT) was employed to characterise their three-dimensional dispersion. Notably, the formation of T2-Al₂MgC₂ ternary carbides was observed at the SiC_wh–matrix interface, indicating interfacial reactions during processing. Atomic-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed nanoscale segregation within these carbides, suggesting a complex growth mechanism. The integration of TEM, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) further identified crystallographic orientation relationships (ORs) between SiC_wh, T2-Al₂MgC₂, and α-Mg. These ORs suggested that T2-Al₂MgC₂ promotes heterogeneous nucleation and grain refinement in the matrix. Moreover, interfacial reactions were found to enhance wetting and dispersion of SiC_wh, improving their distribution throughout the matrix. These findings provide new mechanistic insights into interfacial phase formation and its influence on microstructure evolution. Controlled interfacial reactions can be leveraged to optimize dispersion and refine grain structure in MgMNCs. Given the simplicity and scalability of melt stirring, this approach offers a promising route for industrial production of SiC-reinforced Mg composites with enhanced properties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18727,"journal":{"name":"Materials Characterization","volume":"227 ","pages":"Article 115300"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144500977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ti-Modified additively manufactured 316L stainless steel: microstructural refinement and superior mechanical properties","authors":"T. Nong ,&nbsp;Y.C. Guo ,&nbsp;T. Xiong ,&nbsp;Z.C. Lu ,&nbsp;L. Yu ,&nbsp;X.D. Nong","doi":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115295","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115295","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the effect of Ti modification on the microstructure and mechanical properties of 316L stainless steel fabricated by laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF), aiming to enhance its mechanical strength for structural applications. The incorporation of Ti led to a pronounced refinement in microstructure, primarily due to the formation of Ti(C,N,O) nanoparticles that served as heterogeneous nucleation sites. As a result, the yield strength of the Ti-modified L-PBF 316L increased to 637 ± 3 MPa, and the ultimate tensile strength reached 837 ± 5 MPa, representing enhancements of 11.56% and 15.77%, respectively, over the unmodified L-PBF 316L. Notably, the total elongation remained at a high level, indicating a balance between strength and ductility. The enhanced mechanical properties are primarily attributed to the combined effects of grain boundary strengthening and Orowan strengthening from the Ti(C,N,O) nanoparticles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18727,"journal":{"name":"Materials Characterization","volume":"227 ","pages":"Article 115295"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144329910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Notch tolerance of high-strength Cu-based nanocomposites","authors":"Rongmei Niu,&nbsp;Ke Han","doi":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115293","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115293","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding flaw tolerance in composites is critical for both the design and the application of reliable structural materials. Through uniaxial tension experiments, we explored notch-related plastic deformation mechanisms in both Cu-alumina and Cu-Ag-Zr composites via real-time strain mapping. Experiments demonstrated that, in samples under tensile loading with notch pairs from both materials, highly strained regions first emerged from notch tips and then developed into strain-concentration bands. Under further loading, each of these bands changed in shape from straight to elliptical as it formed a bridge across to its opposite notch tip. When any sample came under tension, its notch tip radius increased, and its strain-concentration bands gradually moved toward its notch segment center. High plastic strain became localized at the notch tips, of course, but also within the strain-concentration bands. Notch-strengthening, on the other hand, appeared mainly within the strain-concentration bands. The two composites showed different ductility within these bands. Alumina-particle-strengthened Cu had low elongation that eventually resulted in an abrupt fracture somewhere within these bands. By contrast, Ag-fiber-strengthened Cu-Ag-Zr nanocomposites had high elongation in strain-concentration bands, accompanied by clear notch blunting. In other words, Ag-fiber-strengthened Cu had higher flaw tolerance than alumina-particle-strengthened Cu, a difference we attributed to the differences between malleable fibers and hard particles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18727,"journal":{"name":"Materials Characterization","volume":"227 ","pages":"Article 115293"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144297296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of grain boundary irregularity on impact toughness in Inconel 718 alloy fabricated by laser powder bed fusion","authors":"Shuya Zhang ,&nbsp;Xuehao Gao ,&nbsp;Chunwen Guo ,&nbsp;Donghong Li ,&nbsp;Hongliang Zhao ,&nbsp;Yuheng Fan ,&nbsp;Xianglei Dong ,&nbsp;Xin Lin ,&nbsp;Weidong Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115298","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115298","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study comparatively evaluates the impact toughness of laser powder bed fusion (LPBF)-built and forged Inconel 718 alloys through instrumented Charpy impact testing, with particular emphasis on microstructural determinants of crack initiation and propagation resistance. The LPBF specimen exhibited significantly reduced impact energy (7.5 J) compared to its forged specimen (21.6 J), representing only 34.7 % of the wrought material's energy absorption capacity. Fracture energy partitioning analysis demonstrated that 85 % of the total energy in LPBF material was consumed during crack initiation, whereas 72 % of energy in forged alloy dissipated during propagation due to enhanced crack-tip blunting mechanisms. Microstructural characterization linked these disparities to grain morphology characteristics: the LPBF alloy's broad grain size distribution and low sphericity parameters promoted geometrically necessary dislocation (GND) accumulation at both fine-grained regions and large, irregular grains. Fractographic analysis identified distinct failure modes – quasi-cleavage fracture dominated by microvoid-limited coalescence in LPBF material versus ductile rupture through strain-hardening-assisted void growth in forged specimens. These findings provide critical insights for optimizing microstructure design in additively manufactured superalloys to enhance damage tolerance under impact loading conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18727,"journal":{"name":"Materials Characterization","volume":"227 ","pages":"Article 115298"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144365874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exceptional strength and ductility in 18Ni300/316 L heterogeneous bionic structures through laser additive manufacturing","authors":"Xinge Zhang ,&nbsp;Minglv Mao ,&nbsp;Wenquan Wang ,&nbsp;Jingwei Liang ,&nbsp;Xudong Liang ,&nbsp;Zhihui Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhimin Liang","doi":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115296","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115296","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Compared to single-phase materials, heterogeneous structural materials exhibit significant potential in achieving an excellent combination of strength and ductility. To harness this potential, 18Ni300/316 L layered heterogeneous structural materials were fabricated through a controlled laser direct energy deposition strategy. Samples with a higher content of the relatively softer 316 L exhibited fracture elongation of up to 31.7 %. In contrast, samples with a higher content of the relatively harder 18Ni300 exhibited higher tensile strength, reaching 812 MPa, with only a slight reduction in ductility (28.5 %). The microstructure of the 18Ni300/316 L samples transformed from dendritic, equiaxed grains to columnar grains, consisting of martensite and austenite phases. The austenite grains extended from the 316 L region into the 18Ni300 region, exhibiting characteristics of epitaxial growth. During tensile testing, the “soft” (316 L layer) and “hard” (18Ni300 layer) regions at the interface underwent uneven deformation. The harder region induced normal stress, while the softer region induced back stress, leading to heterogeneous deformation-induced strengthening of the material. The novel implementation of the heterogeneous structure process may provide a new solution for overcoming the trade-off between strength and ductility.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18727,"journal":{"name":"Materials Characterization","volume":"227 ","pages":"Article 115296"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144313230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temperature-dependent tribological behavior and interface evolution of plasma sprayed molybdenum coatings","authors":"Chao Liu ,&nbsp;Huwei Sun ,&nbsp;Shanhong Wan ,&nbsp;Gewen Yi ,&nbsp;Junyang Wang ,&nbsp;Xing Zhao ,&nbsp;Fei Ma ,&nbsp;Jingkai Liu ,&nbsp;Xiao Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115294","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115294","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present study investigates the dry sliding tribological characteristics and interfacial architecture evolution of atmospheric plasma sprayed molybdenum (Mo) coating deposited on Inconel 718 alloy, over a temperature range of 25 °C (room temperature, RT) ∼ 500 °C. Comprehensive studies reveal that plasma sprayed Mo coating suffers increasing oxidation and strain transition when temperature exceeds 300 °C. <em>In-situ</em> mechanical measurement confirms the Mo coating maintains a desirable thermomechanical stability at the temperature range. The Mo/Al₂O₃ tribopair exhibits a parabolic trend in friction and wear rate. Specifically, the Mo coating attains a low wear rate (∼10⁻⁵ mm³/N·m) at both RT and 500 °C. However, severe wear happens at 300 °C. The worn Mo surface develops a tribolayer primarily composed of MoO₂ and MoO₃. Despite their presence, these two molybdenum oxides do not effectively reduce friction and mitigate wear when interacting with the Al₂O₃ surface. Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) and Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations demonstrate that the near-surface structure of the Mo coating transforms predominantly due to the compression-induced wear rather than dislocation evolution. Under combined friction and temperature effects, the Mo coating at RT, 300 °C, and 500 °C exhibits variations in crystallographic texture, dislocation density, and dislocation length. Compared to the subsurface characteristics at 300 °C, the near-surface architecture at RT and 500 °C shows higher different orientations under thermal shear stress: (104) at RT, (100) at 300 °C, (213) at 500 °C. It is precisely these dislocation characteristics and texture orientations that contribute to the enhancement of wear resistance at both RT and 500 °C. In conclusion, the coating exhibits temperature-dependent tribological behavior where optimal performance with low friction coefficient (0.39) and wear rate (8.8 × 10⁻⁵ mm³/N·m) is achieved at 500 °C due to protective MoO₃-dominated tribolayer formation, while severe wear occurs at 300 °C caused by brittle MoO₂. This study enhances our understanding of high-temperature tribology in Mo-coated mechanical components and the corresponding microstructural changes at tribo-surfaces and interfaces under unlubricated conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18727,"journal":{"name":"Materials Characterization","volume":"227 ","pages":"Article 115294"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144297293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}