Materials Characterization最新文献

{"title":"Regulation of interfacial intermetallic compounds growth and void defect formation in Sn-9Zn-0.02Al/Cu solder joint by balancing interfacial elemental diffusion: An effect of Pt alloying","authors":"Zhihang Zhang ,&nbsp;Zida Wang ,&nbsp;Jinghao Xu ,&nbsp;Wei Shao ,&nbsp;Jihua Huang ,&nbsp;Shuhai Chen ,&nbsp;Zheng Ye ,&nbsp;Wanli Wang ,&nbsp;Jian Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115057","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115057","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>While micro-alloying with Al has resolved poor wettability of Sn-Zn (SZ) solder alloys, suppressing interfacial void defects in Sn-Zn-Al (SZA)/Cu joints during service remains a critical reliability challenge. Previous studies on Pt-alloying SZA alloys demonstrated enhanced mechanical reliability but lacked mechanistic insights into the role of Pt in regulating Cu diffusion (the key influence factor of void formation) and failed to establish dynamic correlations between intermetallic compound (IMC) growth and void formation. Building on this foundation, this study integrated aging experiments, atomic-scale microstructure observation, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations to reveal dual-path suppression mechanism of Pt. The addition of 0.25 wt% Pt increased the Cu₅Zn₈ layer thickness by 19 % (from 7.02 to 8.38 μm) and reduced void area by 76 % (from 25.8 to 6.1 μm²) after 240 h aging. A three-stage model elucidates the relationship between Cu₅Zn₈ growth and void formation: (I) Zn-sufficient rapid growth with balanced diffusion, (II) Zn-depletion transition initiating localized voids (&lt;80 h), and (III) Cu-dominated void expansion via vacancy extensions (&gt;80 h). Crucially, Pt suppresses Cu diffusion through grain boundary blocking and elevates intragranular diffusion barriers through lattice distortion and crystallographic orientation optimization. These atomic-scale mechanisms relieve the Cu/Zn interdiffusion imbalance, offering a transformative strategy for designing high-performance solder joints in high-density microelectronics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18727,"journal":{"name":"Materials Characterization","volume":"224 ","pages":"Article 115057"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143859933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Grain boundary susceptibility to liquid metal embrittlement during wire arc additive manufacturing of a bronze/stainless steel bimetallic structure","authors":"Mahdi Mahmoudiniya ,&nbsp;Marcel J.M. Hermans ,&nbsp;Leo A.I. Kestens","doi":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115058","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115058","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the present study, the crystallography aspects of the liquid metal embrittlement (LME) phenomenon are investigated in a bi-metallic bronze-stainless steel structure, produced using wire arc additive manufacturing. Most of the LME cracks were found to be propagated along high-angle grain boundaries of the austenitic structure. Surprisingly, it was observed that in some cases, LME cracks propagated transgranularly in austenite grains, which is a rare phenomenon in LME of steels. The Ʃ3-coincidence site lattice (CLS) boundaries showed the highest resistance to LME compared to other CLS types. It was also found that the presence of elongated grains in additively manufactured microstructures can accelerate the LME phenomenon.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18727,"journal":{"name":"Materials Characterization","volume":"224 ","pages":"Article 115058"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143845051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanism of crack formation of the butt joint between UMCo50A and Inconel 600","authors":"Haitao Xue ,&nbsp;Wenjie Mu ,&nbsp;Yang Jia ,&nbsp;Zheng Wan ,&nbsp;Weibing Guo ,&nbsp;Cuixin Chen ,&nbsp;Wenzhao Li ,&nbsp;Yaojie Li","doi":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115061","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115061","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The burner nozzle serves as the core component in pressurized coal-water slurry gasification systems. During the butt welding process between the nozzle and a nickel-based alloy cooling water coil, cracks were observed in the Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) of the welded joint. To address technical and safety concerns in industrial applications, this study systematically investigated the crack formation mechanism through microstructural characterization. Results indicate that liquation cracks originate from partial liquefaction of M₂₃C₆ carbides along grain boundaries during the welding thermal cycle. The liquefied carbides combine with low-melting eutectic phases to form discontinuous liquid films at grain boundaries. As the material approaches its solidification temperature, these viscous liquid films exhibit limited fluidity. Subsequent welding tensile stresses induce liquid film decohesion from grain boundaries, ultimately generating microvoids that coalesce into macroscopic cracks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18727,"journal":{"name":"Materials Characterization","volume":"224 ","pages":"Article 115061"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143850307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic recrystallization induced adiabatic shear failure of dual-phase 93W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe alloy during high-speed dynamic loading","authors":"Jiatao Zhou ,&nbsp;Jingxuan Sun ,&nbsp;Lei Zhang ,&nbsp;Baishan Chen ,&nbsp;Juan Wang ,&nbsp;Yunzhu Ma ,&nbsp;Yufeng Huang ,&nbsp;Wensheng Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115063","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115063","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Adiabatic shear failure is the key mechanism for the “self-sharpening” effect of tungsten alloy kinetic energy penetrators during high-speed penetration. This process involves complex mechanical responses and significant microstructural evolution, which have a decisive impact on the penetration performance of armor-piercing projectiles. This study investigates the adiabatic shear failure mechanism of 93W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe (93W) alloy under high-speed dynamic loading conditions by examining its mechanical properties and microstructural changes. Experimental findings show that the 93W alloy exhibits significant strain-rate hardening, with its yield strength increasing dramatically from 643 MPa (0.001 s⁻¹) to 2030 MPa (6000 s⁻¹). Under high-speed dynamic loading, when the strain reaches 50 %, the deformation mode transitions from uniform plastic deformation to localized shear deformation, resulting in the formation of adiabatic shear bands. During this process, the deformation mechanism of the γ-(Ni,Fe) phase changes from dislocation slip to twinning, while W particles retain dislocation slip as the primary deformation mode. When the strain reaches 70 %, the temperature within the adiabatic shear band reaches 1565 K, inducing dynamic recrystallization of the 93W alloy via a rotation mechanism. Stress concentration causes microvoids to preferentially nucleate at the recrystallized grain boundaries of W particles within the adiabatic shear band, which subsequently coalesce into microcracks. These microcracks propagate along the W/γ-(Ni,Fe) phase interfaces, ultimately leading to adiabatic shear failure of the 93W alloy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18727,"journal":{"name":"Materials Characterization","volume":"224 ","pages":"Article 115063"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143852324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of particle reinforcements on the texture and dislocation activities of magnesium matrix composites","authors":"JiaYuan Liu ,&nbsp;Junjun Deng ,&nbsp;Tianci Zhu ,&nbsp;Gaoming Zhu ,&nbsp;Jie Wang ,&nbsp;Hailong Jia ,&nbsp;Bijin Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115052","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115052","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The introduction of ceramic particles into magnesium (Mg) alloys not only leads to a grain refinement effect but also influences their texture. However, dislocation activities within the Mg matrix resulting from these effects remain unclear. In this study, in-situ tensile testing combined with synchrotron radiation techniques was utilized to investigate the microstructure, load partitioning, and dislocation density evolution of SiC_p/Mg–5Zn and Mg–5Zn samples under different tensile strain conditions. It was found that more dislocation slip systems were involved in the SiC_p/Mg–5Zn composite during deformation, whereas the Mg–5Zn alloy exhibited a higher capacity for dislocation accumulation. By an elasto-plastic self-consistent (EPSC) model and a full-field crystal plasticity finite element method (CPFEM) simulation, the pyramidal &lt;c + a &gt; dislocation activity was identified after a 2 % strain in the SiC_p/Mg–5Zn composite. This was accompanied by the load transfer between α-Mg grains as well as regions with different SiC_p volume fractions. Additionally, a novel texture formation mechanism was proposed to explain the texture characteristics of Mg matrix composites (MMCs). The strengthening mechanisms induced by reinforcements were also quantified.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18727,"journal":{"name":"Materials Characterization","volume":"224 ","pages":"Article 115052"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143848567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microstructural analysis of tungsten single crystals irradiated by MeV W ions: The effect of irradiation dose and temperature","authors":"J. Zavašnik ,&nbsp;A. Šestan ,&nbsp;T. Schwarz-Selinger ,&nbsp;K. Hunger ,&nbsp;E. Lu ,&nbsp;F. Tuomisto ,&nbsp;K. Nordlund ,&nbsp;E. Punzón-Quijorna ,&nbsp;M. Kelemen ,&nbsp;J. Predrag ,&nbsp;M.L. Crespillo ,&nbsp;G. García López ,&nbsp;P. Zhang ,&nbsp;X. Cao ,&nbsp;S. Markelj","doi":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115050","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115050","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We investigated the microstructural evolution of W(111) single crystals under high-energy self-ion irradiation at 290 K and 800 K, using complementary characterization techniques, including Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Rutherford backscattering spectrometry in channelling regime (RBS-C), Positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS), and Nuclear reaction analysis (NRA). Irradiation with MeV W ions allowed for controlled defect formation, with dose and temperature significantly affecting defect type and distribution. At 290 K, interstitial defects evolved from dislocation loops at low doses (0.02 dpa) to dislocation networks at higher doses (0.2 dpa). In contrast, at 800 K, lower dislocation densities were observed, with nm-sized dots and isolated lines forming at 0.02 dpa and developing into longer dislocation lines (∼30 nm) at 0.2 dpa. RBS-C spectra support these findings, showing a trend of increasing dislocation density with dose but decreasing with temperature. PAS analyses revealed mono-vacancies and small vacancy clusters (V₂–V₄) at 290 K, coalescing into larger clusters (V₂₅–V₅₀) at 800 K. NRA measurements indicated greater deuterium retention at 290 K than at 800 K, consistent with lower vacancy mobility at the lower temperature. Combined TEM, RBS-C, PAS, and NRA observations highlight increased vacancy mobility and defect recombination with temperature, forming larger vacancy clusters at 800 K. This comprehensive study provides quantitative insights into defect formation and evolution in W single crystals, presenting a comparative analysis of defect distributions across multiple techniques and revealing temperature-dependent mechanisms of microstructural change.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18727,"journal":{"name":"Materials Characterization","volume":"224 ","pages":"Article 115050"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143864955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of thermal history control on mechanical properties of laser powder bed fusion maraging steel","authors":"Jingguang Du ,&nbsp;Jinhui Huang ,&nbsp;Chaolin Tan ,&nbsp;Xusheng Yang ,&nbsp;Linqing Liu ,&nbsp;Yan Wang ,&nbsp;Jing Sang ,&nbsp;Di Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115049","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115049","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The mechanical properties of maraging steel produced by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) are influenced by the fractions of martensite and austenite phases. In this study, a Fe-20.8Ni-6.2Ti-1.7Al novel maraging steel (NMS), which is sensitive to thermal history, is used to explore the effect of thermal history during the LPBF process on the microstructure and corresponding properties of the NMS. The microstructural evolution, mechanical properties and tribological behaviors of NMS were investigated. As increasing the preheating temperature, the content of retained austenite in NMS was reduced. Compared with the LPBF-processed NMS at room temperature, the NMS-200 showed a better strength-ductility combination, achieving a tensile strength of 1405 MPa and a ductility of 12.9 %. The improved mechanical properties can be primarily attributed to grain boundary strengthening, dislocation strengthening and precipitate strengthening. Furthermore, NMS-200 showed a lower wear rate (1.41 × 10⁻⁵ mm³/Nm) than that of the NMS sample. This approach highlights the potential for controlling microstructure and enhancing the mechanical properties of materials via the tuning of thermal history during the LPBF process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18727,"journal":{"name":"Materials Characterization","volume":"224 ","pages":"Article 115049"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143845054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancement of mechanical properties and toughening mechanisms in high-entropy RETaO4 (RE = Y, Gd, Yb, Dy, Sm) ceramics","authors":"Qian Wen ,&nbsp;Xiaopeng Hu ,&nbsp;Junyao Wu ,&nbsp;Qing Liu ,&nbsp;Sai Liu ,&nbsp;Duzhong Zhu ,&nbsp;Jinwei Guo ,&nbsp;Wang Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115025","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115025","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Medium-high entropy RETaO₄ (RE = Y, Gd, Yb, Dy, Sm) ceramics are prepared by high-temperature solid-state reaction. Results show that doping rare earth ions into the A site improves the hardness, elastic modulus, fracture toughness, and fracture strength of the ceramics. As the solid solution components increase, hardness rises from 5.19 GPa to 7.43 GPa, elastic modulus from 55.2 GPa to 88.8 GPa, fracture toughness from 1.10 MPa·m^1/2 to 2.05 MPa·m^1/2, and fracture strength from 31.8 MPa to 58.6 MPa. This enhancement is attributed to higher lattice distortion, increased internal energy, and stronger bonding. The proportion of transgranular fracture increases with solid solution content. Ferroelastic domain structures cause crack tip deflection, leading to greater fracture energy absorption. Furthermore, high-entropy and lattice distortion effects in (5RE_1/5)TaO₄ ceramics promote high-density dislocation regions under stress, enhancing dislocation toughening.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18727,"journal":{"name":"Materials Characterization","volume":"224 ","pages":"Article 115025"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143838996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The influence of Mo and Nb on liquid phase sintering and mechanical properties of W-Ni-Fe-Co based tungsten heavy alloy","authors":"Indeevar Singh ,&nbsp;Vikram Dabhade ,&nbsp;Mayadhar Debata ,&nbsp;Ajit Panigrahi","doi":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115034","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115034","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Efforts to enhance the self-sharpening properties of tungsten heavy alloy based kinetic energy penetrators have led to innovations in its compositions and processing techniques. Mo and Nb are the two potential alloying elements for tungsten heavy alloys (WHA) due to their grain refinement capabilities and lower thermal properties respectively. Accordingly, this research investigates the influence of Mo and Nb addition to a WHA of composition 90 W- (6,2,2)(Ni:Fe:Co) in concentrations of 1.25, 2.5 and 3.75 wt%. The alloys were sintered at 1500 °C in a reducing hydrogen atmosphere for 60 min. The results demonstrated tungsten grain refinement with Mo addition, whereas Nb addition resulted in a slight grain growth. Ni-Nb binary eutectic reactions at 1175 °C lead to an early liquid phase formation expanding the time regime for tungsten grain growth. Additionally, Nb addition caused NbO₂ formation and Nb–rich Fe–lean strips and channels to form in the matrix. Increase in contiguity and dihedral angle was observed with increase in Mo and Nb concentration due to higher undissolved tungsten in the alloy. Mo addition resulted in enhanced compressive strength due to refined tungsten grain size, matrix solid solution strengthening and increased tungsten contiguity. Whereas Nb addition resulted in poor compressive strength at lower Nb concentrations due to pore formation, however the compressive strength was found to increase at higher Nb concentration due to solution strengthening, increase in contiguity and minimized porosity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18727,"journal":{"name":"Materials Characterization","volume":"224 ","pages":"Article 115034"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143859925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tailoring microstructure and oxidation resistance in directed energy deposited Inconel 625 alloy by the addition of submicron-ZrC particles","authors":"Xiaofan Ma ,&nbsp;Chong Wang ,&nbsp;Runhua Li ,&nbsp;Junjie Duan ,&nbsp;Mingxuan Cao ,&nbsp;Jiangling Luo ,&nbsp;Xiaodong Zou ,&nbsp;Lianyi Shao ,&nbsp;Linlin Pan","doi":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115017","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115017","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study developed a nickel-based composite material by adding varying amounts of submicron-ZrC into Inconel 625 (IN625) using plasma arc-directed energy deposition (DED). The evolution of microstructure, transformations in precipitates, and high-temperature oxidation behavior were systematically investigated. The addition of submicron-sized ZrC particles leads to the formation of complex precipitates with Y₂Zr₂O₇ particles as the core. These unique precipitates serve as heterogeneous nucleation sites, promoting the equiaxed grain transformation and grain refinement. Furthermore, unlike the precipitation behavior in IN625, this distinctive precipitation mechanism enhances the size and quantity of precipitates. Moreover, the incorporation of submicron-ZrC particles enhanced the oxidation resistance of IN625 at 1000 °C for 150 h. This improvement is attributed to the refined microstructure, which promotes the rapid formation of a dense Cr₂O₃ oxide scale. Additionally, the formation of a Y₂Zr₂O₇ protective layer hinders the outward diffusion of cations such as Ni, Fe, and Nb, thereby improving the alloy's high-temperature oxidation performance of the alloy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18727,"journal":{"name":"Materials Characterization","volume":"224 ","pages":"Article 115017"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143838993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}