Materials Characterization最新文献

{"title":"The impact of nickel concentration and stacking fault energy on deformation mechanisms in high-purity austenitic Fe-Cr-Ni alloys","authors":"Tingkun Liu ,&nbsp;Semanti Mukhopadhyay ,&nbsp;Cheng-Han Li ,&nbsp;Tianyi Li ,&nbsp;Yang Ren ,&nbsp;Prashant Singh ,&nbsp;Arun Devaraj","doi":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115046","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115046","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding how composition affects deformation mechanisms in austenitic stainless steels is essential for developing accurate predictive models of stress-induced failures and stress corrosion cracking. Nickel (Ni), an element classified as a critical element, plays a crucial role in these processes. It is important to examine how Ni concentration influences stacking fault energy (SFE) and, consequently, the deformation mechanisms of austenitic stainless steels. However, in commercial stainless steels, the effects of other alloying elements and impurities can obscure Ni's role, complicating efforts to isolate its impact. In this study, we use two high-purity Fe-Cr-Ni alloys to investigate how Ni concentration and SFE interact to alter deformation mechanisms and induce martensitic transformation. By combining in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD) tensile testing and post-mortem electron microscopy with density functional theory simulations, we gain precise insights into these phenomena. We find that the Fe18Cr10Ni (wt%) alloy, with its low SFE, exhibits higher stacking fault probability, deformation-induced martensitic transformation, and a lesser increase in dislocation density with plastic strain. In contrast, the Fe18Cr14Ni (wt%) alloy, with its higher SFE, shows enhanced deformation twinning and greater dislocation density with increasing strain. These findings from high-purity ternary alloys provide valuable insights that can guide the search for alternative elements to replace Ni while achieving similar effects on phase stability and deformation behavior.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18727,"journal":{"name":"Materials Characterization","volume":"224 ","pages":"Article 115046"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143881348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing the ultrasonic soldered joint of Cf/Al composite with TC4 alloy by forming a TiAl3 and carbon fiber synergistically reinforcing structures","authors":"Yang Xu ,&nbsp;Qiangang Fu ,&nbsp;Xiaoli Fan","doi":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115070","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115070","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this work, carbon fiber reinforced aluminum matrix composite (C_f/Al) and TC4 alloy were joined by ultrasonic soldering using ZnAl solder. To reduce the soldering temperature, TC4 alloy was initially hot-dipped in molten pure Al with ultrasonic assistance. Results show that a TiAl₃ particle-reinforced Al layer, 80 μm thick, forms on the TC4 surface after 10 s of ultrasonication and 30 min of holding. During soldering, the Al matrix of both the C_f/Al and the TiAl₃ reinforced layer dissolves, exposing the carbon fibers and TiAl₃ particles. These particles and fibers then migrate into the joint under the influence of acoustic vibration and solder squeezing. A fully reinforced joint, synergistically strengthened by both carbon fibers and TiAl₃ particles, is achieved using an ultrasonic power of 1000 W and an ultrasonication time of 12 s. This joint exhibits a shear strength of 30.2 MPa, comparable to the C_f/Al substrate.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18727,"journal":{"name":"Materials Characterization","volume":"224 ","pages":"Article 115070"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143859923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tailoring carbide evolution, strengthening, and plasticity in 45Cr9Si3 martensitic heat-resistant steel through optimized heat treatment strategies","authors":"Bowen Dai ,&nbsp;Xiaoxiao Niu ,&nbsp;Dezhi Yin ,&nbsp;Caixia Xia ,&nbsp;Yunsheng Chen ,&nbsp;Zhen Yang ,&nbsp;Bo Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115066","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115066","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The microstructural evolution and strengthening mechanisms of 45Cr9Si3 martensitic heat-resistant steel were systematically investigated using a combination of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), and atom probe tomography (APT). An L9 (3⁴) orthogonal heat treatment design was employed to optimize the mechanical properties, revealing that quenching and aging temperatures are the most significant factors affecting both room and high-temperature performance. The optimized heat treatment process (1000 °C/24 min/oil cooling +610 °C/1.5 h/air cooling +650 °C/2.0 h/air cooling) yielded a tensile strength of 1143 MPa, yield strength of 943 MPa, elongation of 18.5 %, and reduction of area of 45.3 % at room temperature. At 500 °C, the steel exhibited a tensile strength of 766.7 MPa and a yield strength of 661.7 MPa. The dissolution of coarse M7C3 carbides during quenching and the subsequent precipitation of fine M23C6 carbides during tempering were found to play critical roles in enhancing mechanical properties. The synergistic effect of precipitation hardening and dislocation strengthening accounted for approximately 65 % of the yield strength. Notably, APT analyses revealed nanoscale carbide precipitation along martensitic lath boundaries, effectively inhibiting dislocation motion and contributing to the observed strengthening. These findings provide new insights into the microstructural control of martensitic heat-resistant steels and establish a framework for optimizing heat treatment strategies to enhance their mechanical performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18727,"journal":{"name":"Materials Characterization","volume":"224 ","pages":"Article 115066"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143850331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancement of surface hardness and self-lubrication of CoCrFeNiMn high entropy alloy through laser boriding","authors":"Yufei Jia,&nbsp;Hongxing Wu,&nbsp;Yixuan Zhang,&nbsp;Shaochong Yin,&nbsp;Pengliang Ren,&nbsp;Ke Hua,&nbsp;Haifeng Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115064","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115064","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High entropy alloys (HEAs), such as CoCrFeNiMn, are garnering significant attention due to their exceptional mechanical properties. However, their relatively low hardness and wear resistance limit their applicability in demanding industrial environments. This study investigates the enhancement of the surface properties of CoCrFeNiMn HEA through laser boriding—a technique that combines laser cladding with boriding to create a hard laser boriding layer. FeB powder was employed as the boron source during the laser boriding process, where it reacted with the substrate to form boriding layer. The effects of various process parameters, including laser power and scan speed, on the microstructure, phase composition, mechanical properties, and tribological behavior of the modified surface were systematically evaluated. A laser boriding layer ranging from 472 to 1250 μm in thickness was successfully fabricated, exhibiting a biphasic reticulated structure consisting of Fe₂B-type and FCC phases. The surface hardness of the modified alloy increased up to seven times that of the original HEA. Additionally, the ratio of plastic work to total work (W_pl/W_total) of 54.9 % further suggested excellent plastic deformability, indicating superior mechanical properties of the laser boriding layer. Tribological testing demonstrated outstanding self-lubricating properties under water lubrication, with a 35.5 % reduction in the coefficient of friction and an 82.9 % decrease in wear rate. XPS analysis revealed the formation of a boron-containing tribofilm, which contributes to improved self-lubrication, reducing friction and wear. The findings provide a promising approach for rapidly modifying HEAs to improve their industrial performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18727,"journal":{"name":"Materials Characterization","volume":"224 ","pages":"Article 115064"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143868735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unravelling the subgrain stabilities of microstructures across P91 steel weld joint under creep-fatigue interaction loading waveforms through EBSD and synchrotron based XRD studies","authors":"P. Vaishali ,&nbsp;Vani Shankar ,&nbsp;Ashok Bhakar ,&nbsp;Sanjay Rai","doi":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115062","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115062","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The aim of the present work is to be able to explain the subgrain stability/changes in the perspective of statistically stored dislocations(SSDs) and geometrically necessary dislocations (GNDs) and the resultant dislocation characters due to their interactions in the various microstructural zones of P91 steel weld joint (WJ) under the effects of different types of creep-fatigue interaction (CFI) loading waveforms. Towards this, five different combinations of simultaneous creep and fatigue loadings in the CFI waveforms and one low cycle fatigue loading (i.e. with no creep hold) were utilized for experimentation. The susceptibility of the subgrains to coarsening depend upon the microstructural zone in consideration (i.e. hard zones (weld metal and coarse grain heat affected zone) or soft zones (base metal, intercritical heat affected zone and fine grain heat affected zone) of P91 steel WJ), asymmetricity/symmetricity of the CFI waveforms applied (i.e. application of either tensile or compressive hold alone or both tensile and compressive holds) and the extents of creep/fatigue contributions (short or long holds) in the CFI loadings. Since the resultant subgrains formed in the various microstructural zones across the P91 steel WJ under different cyclic loading waveforms are the complex interplay of dislocation-dislocation interactions among the initial dislocations, production and annihilations, the net dislocation densities have been determined in terms of GNDs and SSDs. The outcome of the study was that, while GNDs may primarily influence the overall cyclic softening of the P91 steel weld joint, the SSDs determined the resultant substructure sizes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18727,"journal":{"name":"Materials Characterization","volume":"224 ","pages":"Article 115062"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143868759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simultaneously increasing strength and plasticity of lamellar TA15 alloy via multi-step hot-rolling process","authors":"Ning Zhao ,&nbsp;Ming-Yang Li ,&nbsp;Xu-Wen Su ,&nbsp;Hai-Li Wang ,&nbsp;Ming-Jia Li ,&nbsp;Jun-Jie Xu ,&nbsp;Long-Long Dong ,&nbsp;Guo-Dong Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115053","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115053","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dual-phase titanium alloys are the most used Ti alloys in industries due to their extraordinary comprehensive mechanical properties. However, the enhancement of strength always sacrifices their ductility. In the present study, a dual-phase TA15 alloy with both high strength and ductility was developed through a multi-step hot rolling process. The tensile strength increased from 827 MPa to 1222 MPa with an increase of 47.76 %, while ductility increased by 18.84 %. The microstructures prior to and subsequent to the hot rolling were systematically characterized. The crystal orientations of the α phaseα-Ti grains rotated towards the favorable orientations, forming layered heterostructure. The proportion of low angle grain boundaries increased significantly from 2.1 % to 78.3 %. Additionally, the density of stored geometrically necessary dislocations raised dramatically from 2.0 × 10¹⁴ m⁻² to 5.26 × 10¹⁴ m⁻². During the multi-step hot deformation process, nano-scaled secondary α-Ti lamellae with an average thickness of 14 nm formed with a fully coherent interface {110}_BCC//{0002}_HCP. The formed favorable orientations and low-angle grain boundaries enlarged the dislocation activity and improve the ductility. The enhancement of strengthen was primarily contributed to the increased dislocation density and the hetero-phase boundaries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18727,"journal":{"name":"Materials Characterization","volume":"224 ","pages":"Article 115053"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143845042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of building-height-dependent heat accumulation on microstructure and properties of Super Invar alloy fabricated by laser powder bed fusion","authors":"Renjie Zhao ,&nbsp;Lu Shi ,&nbsp;Haihui Liu ,&nbsp;Lanting Zhang ,&nbsp;Kai Feng ,&nbsp;Zhuguo Li ,&nbsp;Renbiao Xie","doi":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115065","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115065","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The poor thermal conductivity of Super Invar alloy (Fe-32Ni-4Co) further enhances the intrinsic building-height-dependent heat accumulation during its laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) process, resulting in its non-negligible microstructural inhomogeneity and significant property variation. In this paper, a detailed study for the effect of heat accumulation on microstructures, and thermal, mechanical and magnetic properties within a 10 × 10 × 100 mm³ vertically-built Super Invar alloy bar sample was conducted. Overall, LPBF fabricated Super Invar alloy exhibits considerably high degree of deformation and suffers very similar building-height-dependent thermal histories to the typical annealing process. The Curie temperature and Vickers hardness show a negative correlation with the lattice constant but a positive correlation with compressive residual stresses within this LPBF-manufactured Super Invar alloy bar. The vertically-measured coercivity is negatively correlated with the columnar grain size on the side surfaces, notwithstanding the pore-defect-induced coercivity enhancement within first-built layers. The segment of the bar located at a height of 50–75 mm exhibits relatively high bending degrees of magnetic domains, resulting in an extremely low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE). In contrast, the 75–100 mm segment shows slightly higher CTE values compared to the 0–25 mm and 25–50 mm segments. The first-built segment of the Super Invar alloy bar sample contains coarse grains and significant small pores due to poor melting. This issue gradually diminishes as sufficient heat accumulates. As the building height increases further, a noticeable decline in dislocation density is observed without any change in grain size, indicating the occurrence of recovery at the building height of 30–40 mm. This recovery process causes a decrease in the Curie temperature and a reduction in hardness. Fine columnar grains can be achieved through heat accumulation processing, suggesting a critical recrystallization temperature range of approximately 316–408 °C at the building height of 40–50 mm. This recrystallization process leads to an increase in dislocation density and lattice contraction, which enhances the Curie temperature. When the building height reaches 50 mm, the microstructure, mechanical properties, and magnetic properties generally stabilize. However, when the surface temperature exceeds the recrystallization temperature (especially above 500 °C), grain growth, a decline in dislocation density, and an enhancement in saturation magnetization are observed in the last-built segment of the Super Invar alloy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18727,"journal":{"name":"Materials Characterization","volume":"224 ","pages":"Article 115065"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143852285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ti deficiency and its effect on synthesizing all-d-metal Heusler alloy powders via mechanical alloying","authors":"Hongguo Zhang ,&nbsp;Jinhao Shi ,&nbsp;Zhentao Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiangming Wang ,&nbsp;Ming Yue","doi":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115059","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115059","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study proposes and realizes the synthesis of powder and bulk Ni-Co-Mn-Ti-based all-d-metal Heusler alloys through mechanical alloying and powder metallurgy. Ti deficiency was found and recognized as a critical factor for the phase formation in similar compounds. By adjusting the Ti content, alloying and heat treatment process, L1₀, B2, and 5 M martensitic phases can be obtained. Martensitic phase transformation temperatures can also be adjusted through various factors involved in the process. The absence of a metamagnetic transition up to 3 T was observed in the bulk samples, which is related to the small magnetization difference during the phase transformation. A maximum magnetic entropy change comparable to alloys produced via rapid quenching was achieved. The present method is an effective and flexible route to fabricating powders of all-d-metal alloys with tailored structural and magnetic properties. It can serve as a pre-process for advanced manufacturing and provide new phase control choices in related systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18727,"journal":{"name":"Materials Characterization","volume":"224 ","pages":"Article 115059"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143874689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Achieving a significant enhancement of strength in Fe-24Mn-8Al-1C austenitic lightweight steels by aging treatment","authors":"Haokun Zhu ,&nbsp;Qihan Gao ,&nbsp;Yunpeng Tang ,&nbsp;Yuming Zou ,&nbsp;Hua Ding","doi":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115045","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115045","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Achieving an excellent combination of strength and ductility is a long-term topic for high strength steels, which is also important for the newly emerged austenitic lightweight steels. Here, we report a hetero-structured Fe-24Mn-8Al-1C austenitic lightweight steel with heterogeneous grain size. This type of heterogeneous microstructure was intentionally introduced into the lightweight steel through a short time annealing at 750 °C for 5 min. After short time aging treatment, we achieved a dramatic improvement (about 230 MPa) of yield strength in the aged hetero-structured samples, which is almost 5 times higher than the conventional aged homogeneous samples (about 50 MPa). In addition, the work hardening ability of the hetero-structured samples exhibits no loss after aging treatment. Eventually, a good combination of tensile strength (1135 MPa) and elongation (36 %) was achieved in the investigated hetero-structured samples. The key point of this work is utilizing κ carbides to amplify the incompatibility between different zones of heterogeneous microstructures. The amplified incompatibility within the microstructures enhanced the hetero deformation induced (HDI) hardening which can dramatically strengthen the mechanical properties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18727,"journal":{"name":"Materials Characterization","volume":"224 ","pages":"Article 115045"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143852323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polycrystal plasticity modeling of the anisotropy of Ti-6Al-4V under static & dynamic loadings","authors":"Rajib Halder ,&nbsp;Luca Corallo ,&nbsp;Patricia Verleysen ,&nbsp;Leo Kestens ,&nbsp;Anthony D. Rollett","doi":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115037","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115037","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Traditionally, sheet metal-forming involves deforming a thin metal sheet at relatively low strain rates. However, to enhance productivity and formability, the adoption of high strain rates in metal-forming processes has gained momentum in recent years. In this study, the visco-plastic self-consistent (VPSC) model was employed to investigate the evolution of the Lankford coefficients (<span><math><mi>r</mi></math></span>-values) in Ti-6Al-4V sheet metal, measured through tensile testing at 15° increments between the rolling and transverse directions, across three nominal strain rates: <span><math><mn>8</mn><mo>⋅</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>5</mn></mrow></msup></math></span>, 0.5, and 1000 s<span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></math></span>. The VPSC results demonstrated that optimizing latent hardening coefficients is an effective approach for modeling the evolution of <span><math><mi>r</mi></math></span>-values across different strain rates. The variations in slip system activities across different loading directions offer valuable insight into the evolution of <span><math><mi>r</mi></math></span>-values between low and high strain rates.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18727,"journal":{"name":"Materials Characterization","volume":"224 ","pages":"Article 115037"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143845048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}