Materials Characterization最新文献

{"title":"Investigation of nucleation and growth of Mn-rich intermetallic phases during solidification of Al-Mn-Ni alloys using synchrotron X-ray and thermal analysis","authors":"Shengcheng Lu ,&nbsp;Yueling Xie ,&nbsp;Peng Tang ,&nbsp;Min Wang ,&nbsp;Dongfu Song","doi":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115216","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115216","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the impact of coarse, dendritic Mn-rich intermetallic compounds on the properties and performance of Al-Mn-Ni alloys. Synchrotron X-ray tomography and thermal analysis were employed to examine the morphology and distribution of Mn-rich intermetallic in alloys produced via the controlled diffusion solidification (CDS) process. The mechanisms of nucleation, growth, and phase transformation of these compounds were comprehensively analyzed. Results indicate that Mn solutes promote the formation of nucleation sites during melt mixing, with the O-phase (Al₆₀Mn₁₁Ni₄) transitioning into the κ-phase (Al_82.5Mn_2.8Ni_14.7) as solidification progresses. Mn depletion induces Ni redistribution and compositional undercooling, thereby hindering κ-phase growth. Tomographic analysis further revealed the evolution of the intricate, branching κ-phase structure from the dendritic O-phase. Notably, the volume fraction of the κ-phase in CDS-processed samples with an Al<img>Mn to Al<img>Ni ratio of 1:4 was significantly reduced compared to that in conventionally cast samples, resulting in enhanced mechanical properties and reduced feature dimensions. However, the dominance of the κ-phase depletes Ni solutes, suppresses Al₃Ni precipitation, and consequently reduces the alloy's elongation. These findings enhance the understanding of phase refinement in Al-Mn-Ni alloys and provide valuable insights for optimizing alloy composition and controlling the solidification process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18727,"journal":{"name":"Materials Characterization","volume":"226 ","pages":"Article 115216"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144170644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of structural differences in hot deformed Nd-Fe-B magnets——From the perspective of grain boundary plane distribution","authors":"Qian Li ,&nbsp;Hanxiao Zhou ,&nbsp;Yuan Teng","doi":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115222","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115222","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study used a five parameter analysis method to analyze the grain boundary plane distribution in different axial regions of anisotropic Nd-Fe-B magnets. The remanence exhibits a slight reduction from 12.8 kG at the surface to 12.7 kG at the middle, while coercivity shows a marginal decline from 16.3 to 15.8 kOe. Additionally, the maximum energy product decreases from 38.0 to 36.5 MGOe. Notably, Nd-Fe-B crystals tend to predominantly form a (001) orientation texture, though this texture varies considerably across different axial regions. Specifically, the intensity of the (001) orientation texture diminishes from 50.6 to 39.5 MRD (multiples of random distribution). The orientation of the grain boundary planes also exhibits significant non-uniformity along the axial regions. In the surface region, the misorientation angle of the 33°/[001] grain boundary plane is preferentially aligned with the (321) orientation, whereas in the middle region, this misorientation angle favors the (210) orientation. This study highlights the non-uniformity of grain boundary plane characteristics in anisotropic magnets subjected to hot deformation and explores how the crystal orientation texture across different axial regions can be leveraged to optimize the magnets' magnetic properties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18727,"journal":{"name":"Materials Characterization","volume":"226 ","pages":"Article 115222"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144170641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimized Synthesis of RP-Structured La₁.₈₅Ce₀.₁₅Ni₀.₉Cu₀.₁O₄ with Enhanced ORR Activity for SOFC Air Electrodes: A Multi-Approach Study Combining Molecular Dynamics, DFT, and Experimental Analysis","authors":"Maryam Bazgir ,&nbsp;Siavash M. Alizadeh ,&nbsp;Mohammad Golmohammad ,&nbsp;Mehrnoush Ali Ashrafi","doi":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115221","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115221","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Synthesizing materials with enhanced properties for solid oxide cell electrodes has been extensively studied over the last decades. In this study, RP-structured La_2-xCe_xNi_1-yCu_yO₄, co-doped with Ce and Cu was investigated. The maximum solubility of the dopants was estimated by molecular dynamics to be 0.16 and 0.43 mol for Ce and Cu, respectively. The total energy of the structures with varying dopant concentrations was calculated by density functional theory. The synthesis was carried out by Pechini method, employing nitrate salt precursors and citric acid as the complexing agent. Phase formation was examined through simultaneous thermal analysis and X-ray diffraction. The results showed the formation of a pure RP phase with no secondary phase upon calcination at 950 °C. Rietveld refinement confirmed the expected change in unit cell volume in accordance with the dopant concentrations and their respective ionic radii. Symmetrical cells were fabricated by screen-printing the electrode inks onto a GDC interlayer hosted by YSZ electrolyte. The microstructure of the screen-printed symmetrical cells was investigated by scanning electron microscopy. A higher concentration of Cu resulted in a denser microstructure due to its sintering aid effect. The catalytic activity was evaluated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and polarization resistances at different frequencies were analyzed by distribution of relaxtion time (DRT) analysis. Ionic conductivity was shown to be affected by the dopants, resulting inenhanced electrode performance. The sample La_1.85Ce_0.15Ni_0.9Cu_0.1O₄ as the appropriate sample, showed a total polarization resistance of 0.27 Ω.cm2 at 650 °C, representing a significant improvement compared to 0.9 Ω.cm² for the undoped pristine sample.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18727,"journal":{"name":"Materials Characterization","volume":"226 ","pages":"Article 115221"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144170640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolution of the O phase in SiCf/Ti2AlNb composites fabricated by hot isostatic pressing","authors":"Jiachen Jiang ,&nbsp;Mushi Li ,&nbsp;Yumin Wang ,&nbsp;Lina Yang ,&nbsp;Zhicong Gan ,&nbsp;Qiuyue Jia ,&nbsp;Jianan Hu ,&nbsp;Yuming Zhang ,&nbsp;Xu Zhang ,&nbsp;Rui Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115218","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115218","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The matrix microstructure of continuous SiC fiber-reinforced Ti₂AlNb composites (SiC_f/Ti₂AlNb) plays a critical role in determining their mechanical properties. Understanding the mechanisms behind the precipitation and evolution of the O phase in the matrix is crucial for optimizing processing parameters and enhancing composite performance. In this study, SiC_f/Ti₂AlNb composites were fabricated by preparing precursor wires from matrix-coated SiC fibers, followed by consolidation via hot isostatic pressing (HIP). The microstructure of both the precursor wires and the composite matrix including morphology, content, grain size, and phase evolution were systematically characterized. Results show that the precursor wire matrix contained nanoscale O, B2, and α₂ phases, where the O phase had the highest relative percentage. The magnetron sputtering process induced a specific orientation relationship between the nanoscale O, α₂, and B2 phases. After HIP processing in the three-phase region (O + B2 + α₂), microscale O, B2, and α₂ phases were observed in the composite matrix. The O phase exhibited the lowest relative percentage. The O phase in the composites undergoes transformation through the following three processes: (1) The α₂ phase transforms from α₂ → α₂ (Nb-lean) + O (Nb-rich) due to niobium diffusion; (2) the B2 phase transforms into the O phase through elemental diffusion at high temperatures, although some regions of the B2 phase do not precipitate into the O phase; (3) the O phase in the precursor wires grows and transforms into α₂ and B2 phases, with some untransformed O phase being retained. The O phase is a key reinforcing phase in the Ti₂AlNb matrix. However, the content of the O phase in the composite matrix is relatively low, making the regulation of its content through HIP processing or heat treatment a potential method for enhancing the composite's performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18727,"journal":{"name":"Materials Characterization","volume":"226 ","pages":"Article 115218"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144170643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the correlation between thermomechanical conditions and grain size in friction-stir-processed aluminum","authors":"A. Kalinenko ,&nbsp;I. Shishov ,&nbsp;V. Mishin ,&nbsp;P. Dolzhenko ,&nbsp;Yu Tkacheva ,&nbsp;S. Malopheyev ,&nbsp;I. Zuiko ,&nbsp;S. Mironov ,&nbsp;L. Shi ,&nbsp;C. Wu ,&nbsp;R. Kaibyshev","doi":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115189","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115189","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study was undertaken to quantify the correlation between thermomechanical conditions and the resulting microstructure in friction-stir-processed (FSP'ed) aluminum. To this end, the distribution of local temperatures, strains, and strain rates within the processed zone was simulated using finite element modeling (FEM), while the variation in microstructure and crystallographic texture was measured by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). From the generalization of the simulation and experimental data, it was deduced that the primary factor influencing grain refinement during FSP was the processing temperature, while the imposed strain and strain rate had only a secondary impact. The minor influence of the FSP strain on grain size was attributed to the saturation of grain refinement in the high strain range. Considering the relatively low sensitivity of microstructural changes to the strain rate, it was deduced that material flow during FSP involved no grain-boundary sliding.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18727,"journal":{"name":"Materials Characterization","volume":"225 ","pages":"Article 115189"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144139687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The precipitation of Ni₃Al reducing the corrosion resistance of alumina-forming austenitic (AFA) steels exposed to 600 °C lead‑bismuth eutectic (LBE) with 10−8 wt% oxygen","authors":"Decang Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiaoxin Zhang ,&nbsp;Xian Zeng ,&nbsp;Fanao Meng ,&nbsp;Chenxi Zhu ,&nbsp;Qingzhi Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115208","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115208","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigated the corrosion behavior of two AFA steels (Fe-24Ni-15Cr wt%) with 3Al and 4Al, exposed LBE containing 10⁻⁸ wt% oxygen at 600 °C. Unexpectedly, the 4Al steel exhibited much more severe corrosion than the 3Al steel. To explore the anomalous relationship between Al content and corrosion resistance, validation experiments were conducted using advanced high-resolution characterization techniques. The higher Al concentration in the 4Al steel promotes the early precipitation of Ni₃Al. These Ni₃Al nanoprecipitates undergo in-situ internal oxidation, forming alumina nanoparticles that inhibit the formation of external protective alumina scales and thereby result in extensive dissolution attack.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18727,"journal":{"name":"Materials Characterization","volume":"225 ","pages":"Article 115208"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144139685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unraveling the deformation-induced ferrite transformation mechanism and elemental partitioning behavior during hot deformation of medium Mn steel: A case study on Fe–6Mn–1Al–0.2C steel","authors":"H.T. Zhang ,&nbsp;N. Xiao ,&nbsp;T.C. Ma ,&nbsp;X.K. Gao ,&nbsp;H.L. Yan ,&nbsp;M.H. Cai ,&nbsp;Y.-K. Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115207","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115207","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the deformation–induced ferrite transformation (DIFT) mechanism and elemental partitioning behavior during hot deformation of Fe–6Mn–1Al–0.2C medium Mn steel. Hot compression tests, combined with electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and electron micro probe analyzer (EPMA) analysis, reveal that DIFT initiates at austenite grain boundaries and progresses to deformation bands within austenite grains as strain increases. Thermodynamics and kinetics results indicate that the <em>γ</em> → <em>α</em> transformation is governed by Mn diffusion under the partitioned local equilibrium (PLE). Hot deformation enhances <em>α</em>–ferrite nucleation by increasing the densities of dislocations and vacancies and expanding the effective interfacial area. DICTRA simulations and elemental distribution analysis confirm that Mn and C diffuse from <em>α</em>–ferrite into austenite, while Al preferentially accumulates in <em>α</em>–ferrite, facilitating nucleation of <em>α</em>–ferrite. Dynamic recovery is the predominant softening mechanism of <em>α</em>–ferrite grains, with no evidence of dynamic recrystallization. These findings provide a theoretical foundation for designing ultrafine–grained <em>α</em>–ferrite structures in high–strength medium Mn steel and advancing alloy design for next–generation high–strength steel.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18727,"journal":{"name":"Materials Characterization","volume":"225 ","pages":"Article 115207"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144135168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Elucidating deformation behavior of cementite and κ-carbide during friction stir welding of Fe-0.1C-xAl (x = 0.05 and 5 mass%) steels below A1","authors":"Junqi Chen,&nbsp;Takuya Miura,&nbsp;Kohsaku Ushioda,&nbsp;Hidetoshi Fujii","doi":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115205","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115205","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The deformation behavior of cementite and κ-carbide of Fe-0.1C-0.05Al and Fe-0.1C-5Al (mass%) steels at below <em>A</em>_<em>1</em> friction stir welding (FSW) was investigated. Quantitative nano-hardness measurements revealed that cementite exhibited high hardness (13.0 GPa) and strong resistance to deformation (0.22 μN/nm²), whereas κ-carbide had a lower hardness of 6.9 GPa and resistance force of 0.083 μN/nm² for the first time. During FSW under an axial load of 40 kN at a rotation rate of 80 rpm (peak temperatures ∼700 °C, below <em>A</em>_<em>1</em>), few dislocations were introduced into the structure of cementite, which is hard and brittle and is prone to fragmentation owing to the accumulation of dislocations at the ferrite/cementite interface. In contrast, κ-carbides, being softer, exhibited considerable plastic deformation and were presumed to be sheared by the high-density dislocations introduced under the same conditions. The shear processing plausibly triggers dynamic redistribution of the C atoms, where dislocations penetrate through the κ-carbides, disrupting Fe<img>C bonding. These phenomena enable the transfer of C atoms from the κ-carbides to the matrix and subsequent precipitation of fine cementite along part of the grain boundaries during the cooling stage after FSW. Furthermore, the introduced dislocations remain within the shearable κ-carbides and may serve as dislocation sources in subsequent deformation processes, thereby enhancing the ductility of the steels. The present study is the first to clearly reveal the internal dislocation features of carbides and analyze the distinct deformation behavior of different carbides during FSW below <em>A</em>_<em>1</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18727,"journal":{"name":"Materials Characterization","volume":"225 ","pages":"Article 115205"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144139686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Elucidating the contribution of deformation-induced martensitic transformation and deformation twinning to dynamic strain aging in Fe-Cr-Ni metastable austenitic stainless steel","authors":"Ang Xie ,&nbsp;Shenghu Chen ,&nbsp;Lijian Rong","doi":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115204","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115204","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A generally accepted long-range diffusion model based on dynamic strain aging (DSA) cannot explain the occurrence of the serrated flow below 200 °C in austenitic steels and other face-centered cubic (FCC) alloys. In this paper, new mechanisms for the serrated flow as a result of deformation-induced α′-martensitic transformation (DIMT) and deformation twinning (DT) are presented in a Fe-15Cr-9Ni metastable austenitic steel. Herein, uniaxial tensile tests were conducted at temperatures varying from 20 to 100 °C with different strain rates (1 × 10⁻⁶-1 × 10⁻³ s⁻¹). The dominant deformation modes evolved from DIMT to DT as the tensile temperature grew. Serrated flow does not occur during tensile deformation at 100 °C dominated by DT, owing to the slow diffusion of carbon (C) atoms in the austenite. The serrated flow during deformation at 20 °C depends on the interaction between the waiting time of dislocations at α′/γ interfaces and the diffusion time of C atoms from α′-martensite to the interfaces. DIMT can provide an accelerated diffusion path for C atoms, effectively reducing the diffusion time. The occurrence of DSA still requires the uniformly distributed fine α′-martensite at a strain rate lower than 1 × 10⁻⁵ s⁻¹ because the increased fraction of α′/γ interfaces provides abundant obstacles to dislocation motion. Although DIMT is significantly suppressed at 50–75 °C, the DSA effect can still be induced by the synergistic effect of DIMT and DT at a strain rate lower than 2.78 × 10⁻⁴ s⁻¹. DIMT providing obstacles to dislocation motion at α′/γ interfaces is a prerequisite, and then subsequent activation of twins at the α′/γ interface is required. The high-density deformation twins nucleated at α′/γ interfaces lead to an increase in waiting time of dislocations at the interfaces, which contributes to the DSA phenomenon.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18727,"journal":{"name":"Materials Characterization","volume":"225 ","pages":"Article 115204"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144134307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Automatic detection of L12 phase in L12-strengthened high entropy alloy based on efficient channel attention and convolutional black attention U2-net","authors":"Zhihong Liu ,&nbsp;Zhiming Gao ,&nbsp;Weimin Qin ,&nbsp;Chuantao Lv ,&nbsp;Wenbin Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115198","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115198","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The tensile strength of precipitation strengthened high entropy alloys is mainly affected by the size and distribution of L1₂ phase. Traditional manual annotation of L1₂ phases is often inefficient and easily influenced by subjective factors. To address this issue, this paper proposes a multi mechanism fusion U²-net model for identifying L1₂ phases at different magnifications and scales in complex backgrounds. The model was compared with mainstream semantic segmentation models such as U²-net, U-net, FCN, Lraspp, and Deeplab_v3. The experimental results show that the optimized model improves model performance with minimal cost, and performs best on both the validation and test sets. The IoU and F1 scores on the test set reached 0.912 and 0.954, respectively, with accuracy and recall exceeding 0.95. At the same time, the model can recognize nearly 16 SEM images per second, significantly higher than the speed of manual annotation. Further research shows that the optimized model maintains high performance within the contrast and brightness coefficient range of 0.5 to 1.5, indicating that the model has good generalization ability and robustness. The results of the ablation experiments indicate that adding either the ECA or CBAM modules individually can enhance the model's performance. The CBAM module performs slightly better than the ECA module as it can simultaneously attend to both the channel and spatial information of the feature maps. When both ECA and CBAM modules are added together, their synergistic effect results in the model achieving the best performance. In summary, the U²-net-ECA-CBAM model proposed in this article has significant advantages in L1₂ phase recognition tasks, providing a new solution for replacing manual annotation to achieve efficient automatic recognition of L1₂ phases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18727,"journal":{"name":"Materials Characterization","volume":"225 ","pages":"Article 115198"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144115740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}