Materials Characterization最新文献

{"title":"Revealing the mechanism of oxide film defects governing the anisotropic corrosion rate of austenitic stainless steel in supercritical carbon dioxide using (100), (110), and (123) oriented single crystals","authors":"Qiyin Zhou ,&nbsp;Huigang Shi ,&nbsp;Miao Song ,&nbsp;Lefu Zhang ,&nbsp;Ming Shu ,&nbsp;Zhaodandan Ma ,&nbsp;Yanping Huang ,&nbsp;Gen Zhang ,&nbsp;Yongfu Zhao ,&nbsp;Ling Li ,&nbsp;Xujia Wang ,&nbsp;Xianglong Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115273","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115273","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The dependence of corrosion rate on crystal orientation was studied using austenitic stainless steel single crystals ((100), (110) and (123)-oriented) in supercritical carbon dioxide, supported by <span>SEM</span>, XRD, TEM characterization and DFT calculations. The results show that a typical dual-layer structured oxide scale is formed on each sample, with the (110) and (123) orientations exhibiting significantly enhanced growth rates of 111.7 % and 137.4 %, respectively, relative to the (100) orientation. DFT analysis reveals that the (110) and (123) surfaces possess 4.5 % and 9.6 % higher surface energies, respectively, than the (100) surface, establishing a positive correlation between surface energy and oxide growth kinetics. The surface energy is positively correlated with the outward diffusion and oxidation rate of Fe, and determines the thickness of the outer magnetite layer. In the biphasic inner layer, the enhanced counter-diffusion of Fe and O in the spinel phase of high-surface-energy specimens facilitates the formation of elevated defect concentrations. This phenomenon is synergistically driven by accelerated outward Fe diffusion from the substrate matrix, thus providing additional pathways for inward oxygen diffusion. This continuously supplies oxygen to the oxidation front, thereby a thicker inner oxide layer with ultrafine duplex structure is formed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18727,"journal":{"name":"Materials Characterization","volume":"227 ","pages":"Article 115273"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144272557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on multi-mechanism collaborative optimization of mechanical and functional properties of NiTiNb shape memory alloys","authors":"Yidan Pang ,&nbsp;Xinkai Wang ,&nbsp;Jiaman Du ,&nbsp;Jianhui Li ,&nbsp;Huijun Wei ,&nbsp;Guangchun Wang ,&nbsp;Jie Zhu ,&nbsp;Shan Liu ,&nbsp;Xin Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115276","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115276","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In order to investigate the microstructure influence mechanism of NiTiNb shape memory alloys on the mechanical property and functional stability, various amounts of rolling deformation (30 %, 65 %, and 80 %) was designed to obtain different microstructures characterized by grain sizes, dislocation density, precipitates distribution, and deformation texture types, respectively. Multiple microscopic mechanisms, especially the synergistic relationships that improve the mechanical and functional properties of NiTiNb alloys, were explored via XRD, SEM, EBSD, TEM, STEM and DSC. The results indicate that compared to the as-cast state, the phase transformation temperature hysteresis, mechanical property, and shape memory effect of the hot-rolled NiTiNb alloy are markedly improved with an increase at least 20 %, after a severe rolling deformation of 80 %. The increase of the wide thermal hysteresis of the NiTiNb alloy is primarily attributed to the elastic strain relaxation of the martensite interface, which is influenced by the β-Nb phase. This relaxation reduces the driving force of the martensite reverse transformation and enhances the martensite stability. The favorable mechanical property is due to the obvious grain refinement and the substantial increase in dislocation density that introduced by rolling deformation. Additionally, the rolling deformation facilitates the precipitation of the β-Nb phases and promotes the fragmentation and spheroidization of the NiTi (Nb) eutectic structure. The notable enhancement of the shape memory effect is derived from the microstructure refinement and β-Nb spheroidization, as well as the density reduction of the deformation texture orientation and the evolution of the 〈111〉 texture. The above research shows that the excellent performances of NiTiNb alloys arise from the synergistic effects of multiple mechanisms. All the findings will offer a scientific foundation for the development of NiTiNb shape memory alloys, which exhibit outstanding comprehensive properties in aerospace fields.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18727,"journal":{"name":"Materials Characterization","volume":"227 ","pages":"Article 115276"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144272558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of material flow mechanisms and interface bonding in probeless friction stir spot welding of 2198-T8 aluminum-lithium alloy","authors":"Wenlong Fan ,&nbsp;Xiawei Yang ,&nbsp;Yu Su ,&nbsp;Tiejun Ma ,&nbsp;Qiang Chu ,&nbsp;Haiyu Xu ,&nbsp;Zhenguo Guo ,&nbsp;Shitong Ma ,&nbsp;Tingxi Meng ,&nbsp;Wenya Li","doi":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115266","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115266","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The probeless friction stir spot welding (P-FSSW) process of 2198-T8 aluminum‑lithium alloy was investigated to elucidate material flow mechanisms and their influence on joint interface bonding. A coupled numerical simulation and texture analysis approach revealed the complex flow behavior. Tracer particle simulations demonstrated a laminar, radially inward spiral flow pattern in the stirring zone, with weaker flow intensity along the thickness direction due to thermomechanical gradients. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis indicated that dynamic recrystallization was the primary mechanism for grain refinement, creating fine equiaxed grains and forming shear-dominated textures ({111} 〈110〉) that reflect localized material flow trajectories. The bonding mechanism at the joint interface was driven by the fracture of the surface oxide layers, atomic diffusion, and dynamic recrystallization, which facilitated void closure and grain coalescence. Grain boundary migration across the interface was observed, resulting in a metallurgical bond. These results provide an in-depth understanding of the coupling between material flow and the evolution of interface bonding. The research emphasizes the critical role of plastic deformation and recrystallization gradients, determined by the extent of downward material flow, in forming defect-free, metallurgically bonded interfaces.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18727,"journal":{"name":"Materials Characterization","volume":"227 ","pages":"Article 115266"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144261894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of partitioning time on the microstructure and properties of chemical heterogeneous quenched and partitioned steels","authors":"Dezhen Yang ,&nbsp;Youjing Zhang ,&nbsp;Hao Zhang ,&nbsp;Yingchun Wang ,&nbsp;Chao Zhang ,&nbsp;Xingwang Cheng ,&nbsp;Zhiping Xiong","doi":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115282","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115282","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Introducing chemical heterogeneity in high-temperature austenite has been proven to be an effective way to tailor retained austenite and achieve a good balance of strength and ductility. Here, we have studied the role of Mn heterogeneity in carbon diffusion from Mn-depleted martensite to Mn-enriched austenite in Si/Al-free quenching &amp; partitioning (Q&amp;P) steels. The Mn heterogeneity in high-temperature austenite is constructed through fast and short austenitization from Mn-partitioned pearlite; following quenching, alternative Mn-enriched film RA and Mn-depleted martensitic lath are obtained. The effect of partitioning time on carbon diffusion, microstructural evolution and tensile properties is systematically investigated. Interestingly, carbide precipitation is absent in Mn-depleted martensite; instead, carbon atoms diffuse from lath martensite to the neighboring austenite. After 5 min partitioning, the carbon distribution in austenite is uneven, making the austenite with low Mn concentration transform into martensite and forming untempered ghost pearlite. After 120 min partitioning, carbon distribution in austenite becomes more uniform, with average carbon concentration of 5.22 ± 0.22 at. %, which stabilizes the austenite at room temperature. This leads to the formation of tempered ghost pearlite. Consequently, increasing partitioning time from 5 to 240 min, the width of film RA increases from 42.1 ± 10.3 to 53.8 ± 14.1 nm; meanwhile, the RA fraction keeps around 20 %, which are beneficial to ductility. But the formation of fresh martensite after short-time partitioning and the decomposition of film RA after long-time partitioning are both detrimental to the ductility. Additionally, the decrease in yield strength with increasing partitioning time is attributed to the decrease in carbon concentration and dislocation density in martensitic matrix.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18727,"journal":{"name":"Materials Characterization","volume":"227 ","pages":"Article 115282"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144261896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distinct phase evolution and deformation instability pattern in a Ce-modified Al-5Mg alloy","authors":"Hesam Pouraliakbar ,&nbsp;Mohammad Reza Jandaghi ,&nbsp;Mark Gallerneault ,&nbsp;Andrew Howells ,&nbsp;Johan Moverare ,&nbsp;Vahid Fallah","doi":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115265","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115265","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a comparative analysis of the effects of Ce addition (1 wt%) on the rate-dependent deformation instability pattern of a Direct Chill (DC)-cast Al-5Mg, thoroughly linked to and explained by the corresponding phase and microstructural evolution. Microscopy results revealed the formation of a considerable volume of Ce-rich eutectic intermetallics (primarily of Al₁₁Ce₃ and Al₁₃CeMg₆ types) at higher temperatures, effectively suppressing the formation of the β-Al₃Mg₂ eutectic phase towards the final stages of solidification, a pattern further confirmed via Scheil simulations. Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) analysis revealed a coarser and less uniform grain size evolution in the Ce-modified alloy, attributed to the potential Ce<img>Ti reaction and, therefore, the neutralization of Ti-rich grain refiners used in the melt. Furthermore, the Ce-added alloy exhibited a stronger texture development in the as-cast state, primarily stemming from the reduced effectiveness of grain refiners and the pinning and stabilizing effect of Ce-rich intermetallics emerging alongside the α-Al primary phase crystallizing during solidification. The analysis of tensile deformation at various strain rates (10⁻⁴ to 10⁻² s⁻¹) revealed the development of distinct instability patterns, as characterized by the evolution of Portevin-Le Chatelier (PLC) bands. While similar types of bands were observed at each strain rate in both alloys, the Ce-modified alloy exhibited higher stress-drop magnitudes and lower frequencies of band formation, generally indicating a more localized strain development. Meanwhile, the Ce-added alloy exhibits a significantly higher critical strain, <em>ε</em>_<em>c</em> (strain at the onset of flow instability, 8.15 % vs 2.62 %) at the lower strain rate of 10⁻⁴ s⁻¹, thereby enabling extended uniform deformation and thus enhancing formability potential for sheet metal forming processes where flow stability and surface quality are critical (e.g., in stamping applications for automotive body panels).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18727,"journal":{"name":"Materials Characterization","volume":"227 ","pages":"Article 115265"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144253514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microstructural evolution and mechanical behavior in additively manufactured A205 alloy: as-built and heat-treated conditions","authors":"Ali Shojaei Zoeram ,&nbsp;Babak Shalchi-Amirkhiz ,&nbsp;Mohsen Mohammadi","doi":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115269","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115269","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A TiB2 nanoparticle-inoculated high-strength Al-Cu-Mg-Ag-(Ti) alloy known as A205 was employed to manufacture horizontal bars through laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) and post-processed with T7 heat treatment. The microstructural characteristics of both the fabricated and heat-treated samples were assessed using various advanced electron microscopy techniques. The findings indicated that increased thermal supercooling caused by laser powder-bed fusion induced the activation of a multitude of TiB2 inoculants facilitating heterogeneous nucleation. This process reduced the average grain size within the as-built samples, reaching a refinement level that allows the manufactured materials to be classified as ultra-fine grain materials. The application of T7 heat treatment, encompassing solution annealing and subsequent artificial aging, resulted in uneven grain growth and the formation of diverse strengthening elements within the microstructure including GP zones, θ”, θ’, and Ω phases. This intricate microstructural evolution had a notable impact on the mechanical properties. In the heat-treated samples, discontinuous yielding was no longer observed, and substantial enhancements in ultimate tensile strength of over 75 % were observed. However, these strength gains were accompanied by a reduction in ductility highlighting a trade-off between increased strength and decreased ductility. The significant decline in ductility observed in the heat-treated (HTed) samples (∼74 %) can be attributed to the emergence of intermetallic compounds (IMCs) within the precipitation-free zones (PFZs) along the grain boundaries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18727,"journal":{"name":"Materials Characterization","volume":"227 ","pages":"Article 115269"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144279744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Entire-servicing-temperature tensile behaviors of a Re-free Ni-based single crystal superalloy with balanced ductility and strength at intermediate temperature","authors":"Peisen Lv ,&nbsp;Lirong Liu ,&nbsp;Zhangrui Zhou ,&nbsp;Chuntao Ge ,&nbsp;Jian Zhang ,&nbsp;Yunsong Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115280","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115280","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To reduce the use of Re in single crystal (SX) superalloys, a low-cost <em>Re</em>-free SX superalloy has been developed in this work, and its tensile behaviors under entire-service-temperature conditions were delved in detail. According to the tensile test results, the yield strength (YS) of the experimental alloy exceeds the average level of 2nd-generation SX superalloys. Particularly, the YS and elongation of the experimental alloy at 760 °C is 1292 MPa and 16.9 %, respectively, showing a synergistic improvement in strength and ductility at intermediate temperature. By TEM characterization, stacking faults (SFs) expanding within γ' phase and penetrating γ/γ' phases are believed to improve the ductility, while dislocations cross-slipping and SFs interactions in γ' phase play a key role in improving YS and work hardening. At high temperatures, dislocations can climb over the degraded γ' phase with the help of thermal activation. Moreover, dislocation pairs dragging by APBs replace SFs in γ' phase under lower APB energy. As plentiful dislocations cut into γ' phase, the flow stress decreases with plastic accumulation. Overall, the strength-ductility equilibrium depends on the competition among various dislocation configurations and their interactions with γ/γ' phases. The findings from this work are helpful to provide mechanistic guidelines to design novel low-cost SX superalloys.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18727,"journal":{"name":"Materials Characterization","volume":"227 ","pages":"Article 115280"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144279810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic effect of the multi-factors and deformation mechanisms on the low-temperature impact toughness in Ti-6Al-4V-0.55Fe alloy","authors":"Feng Li ,&nbsp;Chao Zhan ,&nbsp;Cuntie Fan ,&nbsp;Zhenyuan Gao ,&nbsp;Liang Feng ,&nbsp;Hui Chang","doi":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115286","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115286","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The multi-factor effects impact property and deformation mechanisms with equiaxed microstructure (EM) and bimodal microstructure (BM) in Ti-6Al-4V-0.55Fe alloys were systematically investigated at −20 °C. The impact property of BM specimens was higher than that of EM specimens. The crack initiation zone of BM is larger than that of EM, indicating that BM has higher crack initiation energy. During crack propagation, the lamellar α_s and the spheroidization of α_p effectively deflect crack propagation and shorten the crack propagation length, forming a tortuous crack path. Tensile twinning, compressive twinning, and detwinning occur in BM, and these mechanisms effectively dissipate impact energy. As the solution temperature rises to 930 °C, a high density of geometrically necessary dislocations distributes uniformly near the crack region, combining with fractured α_p and highly kinked lamellar α_s, which dissipates more impact energy. Moreover, the coordination ability of deformation weakens due to the content of α_p decreases with rising solution temperature to 950 °C, leading to a reduction in impact energy. Spheroidization of α_p grains, lamellar α_s, crack path, twin kink deformation in α_p, the interaction between twins and α lamellar, and the α colony are the key factors influencing the impact toughness of BM.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18727,"journal":{"name":"Materials Characterization","volume":"227 ","pages":"Article 115286"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144261897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergy enhancement mechanism of strength and plasticity for superalloy foil by a strategy combining cryogenic and room-temperature rolling","authors":"Shu-nan Chen ,&nbsp;Xu Yang ,&nbsp;Guohao Liu ,&nbsp;Bingxing Wang ,&nbsp;Bin Wang ,&nbsp;Yong Tian","doi":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115281","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115281","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, a new method of foil preparation is proposed, adopting a strategy combining cryogenic rolling and room-temperature rolling, together with a short-time annealing treatment to achieve a superior synergy in strength and plasticity. Compared to the foils obtained by complete room-temperature rolling, the addition of the cryogenic rolling process increases the yield strength from 493 MPa to 563 MPa for samples annealing at 1000 °C, achieving excellent strength without sacrificing plasticity (12.33 %). The samples annealed at 950 °C exhibit superior yield strength (670 MPa), tensile strength (1023 MPa), and elongation (14.1 %). The microstructure characterization of each stage reveals that the cryogenic rolling process effectively suspends the dynamic recovery to limit the dislocation movement. The increased grain boundaries by severe plastic deformation reduce the average dislocation path and promote the interaction of dislocations. Meanwhile, the increased defects promote the precipitation of δ phase, which increases the hindering effect on dislocations and pinning the grain boundaries to obtain the fine-grained microstructure. Moreover, the synergistic effect of deformation twins, hierarchical SFs, and lomer-cottrell (L-C) locks, as well as extensive interactions between them contribute to the enhancement of the deformation resistance, which is rarely observed in room-temperature rolled foils. For the foils completely room-temperature rolled, the reduction of the deformation degree weakens the formation of defects and δ phase. The uneven deformation causes abnormal grain growth in local regions after annealing for a short time, resulting in poor mechanical properties. This study provides a new idea for foil preparation and microstructure regulation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18727,"journal":{"name":"Materials Characterization","volume":"227 ","pages":"Article 115281"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144253516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nucleation of equiaxed δ-ferrite grain by Oxide + TiN to improve tensile properties of ferritic stainless steel welds","authors":"Yuyang Hou ,&nbsp;Kota Kadoi","doi":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115270","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115270","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigated the tensile properties of ferritic stainless steel welds with Oxide+TiN and the crystal orientation relationship between oxides and TiN. It revealed that the ultimate tensile strength and elongation were improved by 15 % and 50 % in the equiaxed specimen nucleated by Oxide+TiN, respectively. The formation of TiN was accelerated on the oxides Ti₂O₃, Al₂O₃, Al₂Ti₇O₁₅, and MgAl₂O₄ for elucidating the δ-ferrite nucleation. Ti₂O₃ and Al₂O₃ exhibited {0001}oxide // {111}TiN and [1010]oxide // [110]TiN orientations, resulting in misfits of 0.6 % and 8.1 % with TiN, respectively. MgAl₂O₄ was fully parallel to TiN in all crystal orientations and exhibited a misfit of 4.8 % with TiN. Al₂Ti₇O₁₅ was newly discovered as a nucleation site for TiN, attributed to a 3.6 % misfit in the orientation relationships of {204}Al₂Ti₇O₁₅ // {002}TiN, [20−1]Al₂Ti₇O₁₅ // [1−10]TiN, and [020]Al₂Ti₇O₁₅ // [220]TiN. The brittle to ductile transition of the tensile fracture was promoted by formation of equiaxed grain, which greatly random the slip system for larger intragranular deformation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18727,"journal":{"name":"Materials Characterization","volume":"227 ","pages":"Article 115270"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144261898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}