Materials Characterization最新文献

{"title":"Deformation response analysis of Ti-6.5Al-3.5Mo-1.5Zr-0.3Si alloy under electromagnetic shock treatment via nanoindentation","authors":"Jian Zhou ,&nbsp;Xia Li ,&nbsp;Chaoyi Ding ,&nbsp;Fanrong Zhang ,&nbsp;Yan Wen ,&nbsp;Liqiang Wang ,&nbsp;Lai-Chang Zhang ,&nbsp;Lechun Xie ,&nbsp;Lin Hua","doi":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115551","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115551","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The microscale mechanical properties play a crucial role in determining the service life and fatigue performance of components. In this work, A novel electromagnetic shock treatment (EST) method aims to homogenize the microstructure and improve the microscale mechanical properties of Ti-6.5Al-3.5Mo-1.5Zr-0.3Si alloy, with its effectiveness validated through array-based nanoindentation technology. The experimental results indicated that, after 0.12 s of EST, the secondary α phase (α_s) disappeared, and numerous needle-like martensitic phases (α_M) precipitated. Force-displacement (<em>P</em>-<em>h</em>) curve indicated that the matrix resistance to deformation was enhanced and the elastic recovery capability was reduced. The microhardness <em>H</em> increased from 4.81 GPa to 5.43 GPa and the standard deviation <em>σ</em> decreases from 0.20 to 0.19, whereas the elastic modulus <em>E</em>_<em>IT</em> decreased from 116.10 GPa to 111.56 GPa and the <em>σ</em> decreases from 2.49 to 2.24. The indentation imprint morphology showed that the consistency of the indentation imprints was significantly improved, and the average value of the indentation imprint size decreases by 10.5 %. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) results revealed the height difference of the three-dimensional indentation imprint decreased. EST suppressed the occurrence of localized hardening phenomenon and exhibited pronounced size effect. These findings confirmed that EST was an effective method for homogenizing the microstructure and enhancing the microscale mechanical response behavior. Moreover, EST could provide theoretical guidance on the strengthening mechanisms of metallic alloys through electromagnetic coupling methods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18727,"journal":{"name":"Materials Characterization","volume":"229 ","pages":"Article 115551"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145105081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Process-structure-property relationships of binder jetted 17–4 PH stainless steel","authors":"Meisam Khademitab ,&nbsp;Sooraj Patel ,&nbsp;Joseph Agyapong ,&nbsp;Solomon Hanson Duntu ,&nbsp;Julian E.C. Sabisch ,&nbsp;Mike Heim ,&nbsp;Antonio J. Gradi ,&nbsp;Solomon Boakye-Yiadom ,&nbsp;Iman Ghamarian ,&nbsp;Amir Mostafaei","doi":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115539","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115539","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the microstructural evolution of binder jetted 17–4 PH stainless steel, focusing on the effects of sintering temperature on grain and pore development, phase transformation, and Cu precipitation. Fully densified specimens (&gt;99.5 %) underwent solution annealing (1055 °C for 2 h) and aging (482 °C for 1 h) to assess microstructure refinement and mechanical property enhancements. Sintered samples above 1380 °C exhibited a continuous δ-ferrite network along α՛-martensitic grains, with Cu-rich precipitates localized in the ferritic phase. Solution annealing redistributed alloying elements, reducing ferrite network continuity and improving ductility (3.4 % in sintered vs. 20.5 % in aged) and yield strength (875 MPa in sintered vs. 995 MPa in aged) with minimal impact on ultimate tensile strength (1274 MPa in sintered vs. 1241 MPa in aged). Solution and aging treatments promoted formation of coherent Cu nano-precipitate (&lt;5 nm) and increased dislocation distribution density after tensile testing, as observed via transmission electron microscopy. Vickers microhardness enhanced from 380 HV₁ in sintered condition to 431 HV₁ after solution and aging treatments. Fracture analysis revealed brittle, intergranular failure in specimens sintered at 1400 °C, whereas those sintered at 1360 °C exhibited a mixed brittle-ductile fracture. Aging refined microstructure, promoting ductile fracture with well-defined dimples, as confirmed by electron microscopy and micro-computed tomography observations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18727,"journal":{"name":"Materials Characterization","volume":"229 ","pages":"Article 115539"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145044071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structure, microstructure and compositional analysis of electrodeposited Cu-Ni-W/ZrO2 metal matrix nanocomposite coatings","authors":"Himanshu Saini ,&nbsp;Sunil Gangwar ,&nbsp;C.S. Yadav ,&nbsp;M.S. Khatri","doi":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115542","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115542","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The study explored the impact of deposition parameters, particularly the amount of ZrO₂ particles and current density, on structure, microstructure and compositional attributes of Cu-Ni-W/ZrO₂ metal matrix nanocomposite coatings for their formulation as advanced materials. Nanocomposite coatings composed of Cu-Ni-W alloy matrix, reinforced with 8 mol% yttria-stabilized ZrO₂ ceramic particles, were successfully synthesized using the direct current electrodeposition method. The selected area electron diffraction patterns obtained from high-resolution transmission electron microscopy analysis have confirmed the presence of multiple crystallographic phases of ZrO₂ within the composite matrix. The diffraction spots were assigned to the (101), (002), (222), (331), and (114) crystallographic planes of the tetragonal phase, whereas the monoclinic phase was identified by the (−202) and (031) diffraction planes. Additionally, the (420) diffraction plane was associated with the cubic phase of ZrO₂. The X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the presence of characteristic diffraction peaks at 2θ values of 43.7°, 50.9°, and 74.2°, which were attributed to the (111), (200), and (220) planes of the face-centred cubic structure of Cu-Ni-W. The field emission scanning electron microscopy images indicated that coatings consist of a highly refined, compact, and crack-free morphology with thickness of ∼340 to 420 nm. The findings from Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy confirmed that coatings were rich in copper, containing Cu 69–90 wt%, Ni 2–19 wt%, and W 1–5 wt%. Additionally, the concentration of incorporated ZrO₂ ceramic particles was found to vary between 1 and 9 wt% in the composite coatings. The Cu–Ni–W/ZrO₂ MMNC coatings demonstrated improved mechanical characteristics, as evidenced by a reduction in indentation depth from 76 to 51 nm and an increase in hardness to 5.5 GPa with the rise in ZrO₂ concentration from 5 to 30 g/L in the electrolyte. The maximum elastic modulus of 110 GPa, was attributed to phase multiplicity, grain refinement, and the rigid reinforcement of the ZrO₂ nanoparticles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18727,"journal":{"name":"Materials Characterization","volume":"229 ","pages":"Article 115542"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145044070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of sintering temperature on the superconducting properties of mechanically alloyed Ru– and Y–doped Nb3Sn","authors":"Nitin Srivastava ,&nbsp;Guillaume A.B. Matthews ,&nbsp;Susannah Speller ,&nbsp;Chris Grovenor ,&nbsp;Sangeeta Santra","doi":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115549","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115549","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present work attempts to study the effect of sintering temperature on shaping the microstructure and its effects on the functional properties of Ru and Y-doped Nb₃Sn superconducting bulk. Further, we have studied the effect of sintering time on grain size to understand its role in bulk densification and the basis for determining an optimized sintering time. The sintering temperature of 1200 °C resulted in higher bulk densification with a sintering time of 2 min as an optimum for desirable microstructural evolution for better functional properties for the doped Nb₃Sn samples studied in this work. This study also indicates that the dopant yttrium has shown better functional properties than ruthenium-doped ones at higher applied field ranges due to the formation of additional flux pinning centers. This work also highlights the interplay between the grain size variation with sintering time and temperature and the resulting functional properties with suitable underlying reasons.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18727,"journal":{"name":"Materials Characterization","volume":"229 ","pages":"Article 115549"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145044073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of the Y2O3 addition on the microstructure and ablation behavior of C/C-ZrC-SiC composites with in-situ formed Y-doped ZrC-SiC-ZrSi2 coating","authors":"Kaiyue Hu ,&nbsp;Juanli Deng ,&nbsp;Yuan Wang ,&nbsp;Jingchao Ma ,&nbsp;Sijie Kou ,&nbsp;Shangwu Fan","doi":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115548","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115548","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this work, C/C-ZrC-SiC composites with in-situ formed Y-doped ZrC-SiC-ZrSi₂ coatings were fabricated via reactive melt infiltration (RMI), with varying Y₂O₃ contents (5 wt%, 10 wt%, and 15 wt%). The influence of Y₂O₃ doping on phase composition, microstructure, and ablation behavior was systematically investigated under oxyacetylene flame conditions. Among all samples, the composite with 10 wt% Y₂O₃ exhibited the most favorable ablation performance, achieving mass and linear ablation rates of −0.88 ± 0.11 mg/s and − 1.28 ± 0.11 μm/s, respectively. The enhanced performance is primarily attributed to the formation of a thermally stable, partially stabilized ZrO₂ phases and a robust, hierarchical oxide architecture that effectively inhibits oxygen ingress and thermal degradation. In contrast, both insufficient and excessive Y₂O₃ additions resulted in microstructural defects detrimental to ablation resistance. These findings demonstrate that optimized Y₂O₃ doping effectively tailors phase stability and structural integrity of ZrC-based coatings, offering a promising route for developing advanced thermal protection materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18727,"journal":{"name":"Materials Characterization","volume":"229 ","pages":"Article 115548"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145010130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electroless deposition and surface analysis of cupro‑nickel coated bio-char for vapor adsorption applications","authors":"C.K. Pon Pavithiran,&nbsp;S. Arulvel,&nbsp;P. Kumaravelu,&nbsp;D. Sakthivadivel","doi":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115537","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115537","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study comprehensively explores the advanced morphological, thermal, and adsorption properties of cupronickel-coated bio-char, emphasizing its potential for ammonia-based vapor adsorption refrigeration applications. A novel pre-treatment approach has been implemented on bio-char prior to the Electroless process. Through an electro-less deposition process, the bio-char's porous architecture is transformed into a dense nodular morphology, resulting in remarkable enhancements to its thermal and mechanical properties. The coated bio-char demonstrates a substantial 42.9 % increase in thermal conductivity (from 0.203 W/mK to 0.290 W/mK) and a significant 45.9 % rise in specific heat capacity (reaching 1.283 MJ/m³·K). Although the coating process reduces the surface area by 36.5 % (to 483 m²/g) and pore volume by 76.7 % (to 0.176 cc/g), these limitations are effectively counterbalanced by the introduction of catalytic properties, enabling highly efficient chemical adsorption of polar molecules like ammonia. Detailed morphological analyses using FESEM, EDS mapping, and micro-CT scanning revealed a notable reduction in porosity (12.49 %) and enhanced structural integrity, ensuring mechanical durability under harsh and corrosive conditions. Additionally, the cupronickel coating significantly modifies the surface energy, improving the hydrophobicity and optimizing its functionality for ammonia adsorption during refrigeration cycles. BET analysis highlights the coated bio-char's adaptability for chemical adsorption processes, while the un-coated variant excels in physical adsorption, benefiting from its high surface area and pore volume. By seamlessly integrating the enhanced thermal stability, catalytic efficiency, and exceptional mechanical robustness, the cupronickel-coated bio-char emerges as a ground breaking material for sustainable adsorption-based refrigeration systems, offering innovative solutions for critical applications such as cold storage and milk chilling, while advancing energy-efficient cooling technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18727,"journal":{"name":"Materials Characterization","volume":"229 ","pages":"Article 115537"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145018371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mo-Re alloys microstructure evolution during high-pressure torsion","authors":"Ivan A. Ditenberg","doi":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115538","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115538","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The features of the microstructure evolution of Mo-47 %Re alloys under severe plastic deformation by high-pressure torsion were studied. Using the dark-field analysis of discrete and continuous misorientations, depending on the plastic deformation degree, a quantitative certification of the parameters of highly defective structural states was carried out. The main mechanisms of formation of ultrafine-grained and nanocrystalline structural states were revealed. By measuring at different distances from the torsion axis in sections perpendicular to the anvil plane, the microhardness values of the studied alloys were determined, the maximum values of which reach more than 12 GPa. It was established that a decrease in microhardness in the peripheral part at maximum realized deformation values is associated with the formation of cracks along grain boundaries. An analysis of the microstructure transformation features of the studied alloys in a “high-strength state” formed during high-pressure torsion was carried out. It is assumed that under these conditions the dislocation-disclination mechanism and the mechanism of lattice reorientation by quasi-viscous flows of nonequilibrium point defects are the main mechanisms of structural transformation of Mo-47 %Re alloys at the submicrocrystalline and nanoscale levels, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18727,"journal":{"name":"Materials Characterization","volume":"229 ","pages":"Article 115538"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145018373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrosion behavior of (Al7.5Co21.9Cr10.9Ti5.0Fe21.9Ni32.8)100-xCux high-entropy alloys in 0.5 M H2SO4 solution","authors":"Junwei Fu ,&nbsp;Yonghe Cheng ,&nbsp;Yunfang Wan ,&nbsp;Qixin Tian ,&nbsp;Ruiyong Zhang ,&nbsp;Baorong Hou","doi":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115527","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115527","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Effect mechanism of Cu content on the microstructure and corrosion behavior of (Al_7.5Co_21.9Cr_10.9Ti_5.0Fe_21.9Ni_32.8)_100-xCu_x (x = 0.5, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, 15.0) high-entropy alloys (HEAs) in 0.5 M H₂SO₄ solution is discussed. The microstructure is composed of dendritic FCC phase and spherical ordered L1₂ phase for all the HEAs. For the HEAs with 0.5 and 2.5 at.% Cu addition, the dominant diffraction peak is (111). When Cu addition is increased to 5.0, 10.0 and 15.0 at.%, the dominant diffraction peak is transformed from (111) to (200), which suggests that the corrosion resistance will be reduced when Cu addition is higher than 5.0 at.% since for alloys with face-centered cubic (FCC) structure (111) is the close-packed plane. For the HEA with 2.5 at.% Cu, almost no element segregation between the spherical ordered L1₂ phase and the surrounding FCC matrix can be detected. However, for the HEAs with higher Cu content, Cu atoms segregate to interdendritic region to form L1₂ phase with strong Cu enrichment. Galvanic corrosion between L1₂ phase and surrounding FCC matrix will be generated, which will impair the corrosion resistance of interdendritic region. No pitting can be observed around the single TiN inclusions. Pitting corrosion only initiates at the interface between the outer TiC in the compound type inclusion and the surrounding FCC matrix. For the HEA with 2.5 at.% Cu, more bound water in the passivation film of can be found and the content ratio of the mixture of Cr and Ni oxides is higher than other HEAs. Immersion and electrochemical tests showed that the HEA with 2.5 at.% Cu displays the best corrosion resistance with the highest <em>R</em>_f = 5.8708 × 10⁴ Ω·cm² and the lowest <em>i</em>_corr = 4.38 × 10⁻⁷ A/cm².</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18727,"journal":{"name":"Materials Characterization","volume":"229 ","pages":"Article 115527"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145010129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insights into microstructures and mechanical properties of gigapascal-strength nitrogen-doping equiatomic VCoNi multicomponent alloys attained via annealing heat treatment","authors":"Zhe Li,&nbsp;Kefu Gan","doi":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115526","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115526","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study systematically investigates the effects of high-concentration nitrogen doping on microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of equiatomic VCoNi multi-component alloys (MCAs) treated using different annealing conditions. The results suggest that after a 900 °C annealing, the nitrogen content in the matrix promotes vanadium nitride formation through preferential V<img>N bonding. This depletes vanadium in the matrix, substantially facilitating κ-phase precipitation. Such nitrides exhibit a progressive tendency of dissolution into the alloy matrix with increasing annealing temperature and duration<strong>.</strong> Specifically, the 1000 °C-annealed specimen achieves exceptional strength-ductility synergy, namely a yield strength of ∼950 MPa, ultimate tensile strength of ∼1.3 GPa, and ∼ 26 % fracture elongation. This performance enhancement mainly originates from multiple strengthening effects caused by the introduction of nitrogen atoms. Furthermore, local chemical ordering (LCO) are also found in this 1000 °C-annealed specimen, which promotes planar dislocation slip behavior and generates high-density planar dislocation arrays in the alloy. This fact effectively accommodates plastic strain, facilitating the strength-and-ductility synergy. The present work provides meaningful perspectives for interstitial strengthening mechanisms and tailoring heat treatment processes in MCAs for real applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18727,"journal":{"name":"Materials Characterization","volume":"229 ","pages":"Article 115526"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145004117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the microstructure and mechanical properties of bimodal H62 brass via cold rolling and annealing","authors":"Lele Sun ,&nbsp;Xingfu Li ,&nbsp;Yulan Gong ,&nbsp;Xinkun Zhu ,&nbsp;Cong Li ,&nbsp;Zhilin Wu ,&nbsp;Shuwei Quan ,&nbsp;Zhengrong Fu ,&nbsp;Jingran Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115536","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115536","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the microstructure and mechanical properties of H62 brass through cold rolling and short-time annealing, with the aim of achieving a bimodal structure. The results demonstrate that cold rolling significantly enhances strength, with yield strength (YS) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) increasing by up to 6.6 times and 61.2 %, respectively, compared to the annealed sample, albeit at the expense of reduced ductility. Superior combination of strength and ductility is obtained under short-time annealing at 400 °C for 5 min. Specifically, the H62–2.99-400 °C(5 min) specimen achieves an YS of ∼334.0 MPa, UTS of ∼477.9 MPa, and UE of ∼29.6 %. Microstructure characterization reveals that cold rolling refines grains to ultrafine grain scale, while short-time annealing treatment promotes the formation of a bimodal structure comprising coarse and ultrafine grains. The strengthening mechanisms include high dislocation density, grain refinement, and heterogeneous deformation-induced (HDI) strengthening via geometrically necessary dislocations (GNDs) at soft/hard region interfaces. Additionally, the transformation of the β phase into the α phase during annealing further enhances ductility. This study provides valuable insights into the design of heterostructured materials, suggesting that controlling rolling and annealing processes can be optimized to achieve superior mechanical properties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18727,"journal":{"name":"Materials Characterization","volume":"229 ","pages":"Article 115536"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145044197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}