Materials Characterization最新文献

{"title":"Notch tolerance of high-strength Cu-based nanocomposites","authors":"Rongmei Niu,&nbsp;Ke Han","doi":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115293","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115293","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding flaw tolerance in composites is critical for both the design and the application of reliable structural materials. Through uniaxial tension experiments, we explored notch-related plastic deformation mechanisms in both Cu-alumina and Cu-Ag-Zr composites via real-time strain mapping. Experiments demonstrated that, in samples under tensile loading with notch pairs from both materials, highly strained regions first emerged from notch tips and then developed into strain-concentration bands. Under further loading, each of these bands changed in shape from straight to elliptical as it formed a bridge across to its opposite notch tip. When any sample came under tension, its notch tip radius increased, and its strain-concentration bands gradually moved toward its notch segment center. High plastic strain became localized at the notch tips, of course, but also within the strain-concentration bands. Notch-strengthening, on the other hand, appeared mainly within the strain-concentration bands. The two composites showed different ductility within these bands. Alumina-particle-strengthened Cu had low elongation that eventually resulted in an abrupt fracture somewhere within these bands. By contrast, Ag-fiber-strengthened Cu-Ag-Zr nanocomposites had high elongation in strain-concentration bands, accompanied by clear notch blunting. In other words, Ag-fiber-strengthened Cu had higher flaw tolerance than alumina-particle-strengthened Cu, a difference we attributed to the differences between malleable fibers and hard particles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18727,"journal":{"name":"Materials Characterization","volume":"227 ","pages":"Article 115293"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144297296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of grain boundary irregularity on impact toughness in Inconel 718 alloy fabricated by laser powder bed fusion","authors":"Shuya Zhang ,&nbsp;Xuehao Gao ,&nbsp;Chunwen Guo ,&nbsp;Donghong Li ,&nbsp;Hongliang Zhao ,&nbsp;Yuheng Fan ,&nbsp;Xianglei Dong ,&nbsp;Xin Lin ,&nbsp;Weidong Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115298","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115298","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study comparatively evaluates the impact toughness of laser powder bed fusion (LPBF)-built and forged Inconel 718 alloys through instrumented Charpy impact testing, with particular emphasis on microstructural determinants of crack initiation and propagation resistance. The LPBF specimen exhibited significantly reduced impact energy (7.5 J) compared to its forged specimen (21.6 J), representing only 34.7 % of the wrought material's energy absorption capacity. Fracture energy partitioning analysis demonstrated that 85 % of the total energy in LPBF material was consumed during crack initiation, whereas 72 % of energy in forged alloy dissipated during propagation due to enhanced crack-tip blunting mechanisms. Microstructural characterization linked these disparities to grain morphology characteristics: the LPBF alloy's broad grain size distribution and low sphericity parameters promoted geometrically necessary dislocation (GND) accumulation at both fine-grained regions and large, irregular grains. Fractographic analysis identified distinct failure modes – quasi-cleavage fracture dominated by microvoid-limited coalescence in LPBF material versus ductile rupture through strain-hardening-assisted void growth in forged specimens. These findings provide critical insights for optimizing microstructure design in additively manufactured superalloys to enhance damage tolerance under impact loading conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18727,"journal":{"name":"Materials Characterization","volume":"227 ","pages":"Article 115298"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144365874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exceptional strength and ductility in 18Ni300/316 L heterogeneous bionic structures through laser additive manufacturing","authors":"Xinge Zhang ,&nbsp;Minglv Mao ,&nbsp;Wenquan Wang ,&nbsp;Jingwei Liang ,&nbsp;Xudong Liang ,&nbsp;Zhihui Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhimin Liang","doi":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115296","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115296","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Compared to single-phase materials, heterogeneous structural materials exhibit significant potential in achieving an excellent combination of strength and ductility. To harness this potential, 18Ni300/316 L layered heterogeneous structural materials were fabricated through a controlled laser direct energy deposition strategy. Samples with a higher content of the relatively softer 316 L exhibited fracture elongation of up to 31.7 %. In contrast, samples with a higher content of the relatively harder 18Ni300 exhibited higher tensile strength, reaching 812 MPa, with only a slight reduction in ductility (28.5 %). The microstructure of the 18Ni300/316 L samples transformed from dendritic, equiaxed grains to columnar grains, consisting of martensite and austenite phases. The austenite grains extended from the 316 L region into the 18Ni300 region, exhibiting characteristics of epitaxial growth. During tensile testing, the “soft” (316 L layer) and “hard” (18Ni300 layer) regions at the interface underwent uneven deformation. The harder region induced normal stress, while the softer region induced back stress, leading to heterogeneous deformation-induced strengthening of the material. The novel implementation of the heterogeneous structure process may provide a new solution for overcoming the trade-off between strength and ductility.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18727,"journal":{"name":"Materials Characterization","volume":"227 ","pages":"Article 115296"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144313230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temperature-dependent tribological behavior and interface evolution of plasma sprayed molybdenum coatings","authors":"Chao Liu ,&nbsp;Huwei Sun ,&nbsp;Shanhong Wan ,&nbsp;Gewen Yi ,&nbsp;Junyang Wang ,&nbsp;Xing Zhao ,&nbsp;Fei Ma ,&nbsp;Jingkai Liu ,&nbsp;Xiao Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115294","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115294","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present study investigates the dry sliding tribological characteristics and interfacial architecture evolution of atmospheric plasma sprayed molybdenum (Mo) coating deposited on Inconel 718 alloy, over a temperature range of 25 °C (room temperature, RT) ∼ 500 °C. Comprehensive studies reveal that plasma sprayed Mo coating suffers increasing oxidation and strain transition when temperature exceeds 300 °C. <em>In-situ</em> mechanical measurement confirms the Mo coating maintains a desirable thermomechanical stability at the temperature range. The Mo/Al₂O₃ tribopair exhibits a parabolic trend in friction and wear rate. Specifically, the Mo coating attains a low wear rate (∼10⁻⁵ mm³/N·m) at both RT and 500 °C. However, severe wear happens at 300 °C. The worn Mo surface develops a tribolayer primarily composed of MoO₂ and MoO₃. Despite their presence, these two molybdenum oxides do not effectively reduce friction and mitigate wear when interacting with the Al₂O₃ surface. Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) and Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations demonstrate that the near-surface structure of the Mo coating transforms predominantly due to the compression-induced wear rather than dislocation evolution. Under combined friction and temperature effects, the Mo coating at RT, 300 °C, and 500 °C exhibits variations in crystallographic texture, dislocation density, and dislocation length. Compared to the subsurface characteristics at 300 °C, the near-surface architecture at RT and 500 °C shows higher different orientations under thermal shear stress: (104) at RT, (100) at 300 °C, (213) at 500 °C. It is precisely these dislocation characteristics and texture orientations that contribute to the enhancement of wear resistance at both RT and 500 °C. In conclusion, the coating exhibits temperature-dependent tribological behavior where optimal performance with low friction coefficient (0.39) and wear rate (8.8 × 10⁻⁵ mm³/N·m) is achieved at 500 °C due to protective MoO₃-dominated tribolayer formation, while severe wear occurs at 300 °C caused by brittle MoO₂. This study enhances our understanding of high-temperature tribology in Mo-coated mechanical components and the corresponding microstructural changes at tribo-surfaces and interfaces under unlubricated conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18727,"journal":{"name":"Materials Characterization","volume":"227 ","pages":"Article 115294"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144297293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microstructure evolution and its correlations with mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of Mg-9Gd-3Y-2Zn-0.5Zr alloy fabricated by wire-arc directed energy deposition","authors":"Jikang Fan ,&nbsp;Baihao Cai ,&nbsp;Jie Li ,&nbsp;Pengfei Gao ,&nbsp;Dongqing Yang ,&nbsp;Yong Peng ,&nbsp;Kehong Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115262","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115262","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High-efficiency monolithic forming of large and complex components of Mg-RE (rare-earth) alloys using wire-arc additive manufacturing technology has been attracting much attention. In this work, a novel Mg-9Gd-3Y-2Y-0.5Zr (wt%, GWZ932K) alloy component was prepared via wire-arc directed energy deposition (WA-DED) technology. The microstructure, mechanical properties, and corrosion behavior of both the as-built and heat-treated samples were comprehensively analyzed. The results showed that the as-deposited alloy was mainly composed of equiaxed grains, eutectic (Mg, Zn)₃(Gd, Y) phases, stacking faults (SFs), and RE-rich phases. The specimen exhibits layered features characterized by alternating distributed coarse grains (CG) and fine grains (FG), low texture strength, and isotropic mechanical properties. After solution-aging treatment (520 °C × 8 h + 200 °C × 10 h), the eutectic phase and SFs transformed into the long-period stacking orders (LPSO) structures. The ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 279 MPa, yield strength (YS) of 141 MPa, and elongation (EL) of 18.7 % in the TD were obtained at room temperature (RT). Grain boundary strengthening and LPSO strengthening play an essential role in enhancing alloy properties. The electrochemical test was carried out in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution revealed that the T6-treated samples exhibited enhanced corrosion resistance compared to the as-deposited samples, which could be attributed to the corrosion barrier effect of the lamellar LPSO structure and X phase.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18727,"journal":{"name":"Materials Characterization","volume":"227 ","pages":"Article 115262"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144279741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Mo content on the microstructure and mechanical properties of (CoNi)80-xCr10Fe10Mox multi principal element alloys","authors":"Guoliang Pei ,&nbsp;Honghong Su ,&nbsp;Yixi Hou ,&nbsp;Qiyu Wang ,&nbsp;Kerui Yu ,&nbsp;Dawei Pang ,&nbsp;Luyan Yang ,&nbsp;Libo Fu ,&nbsp;Xiao Wei ,&nbsp;Shengcheng Mao ,&nbsp;Xiaodong Han","doi":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115277","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115277","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the field of multi-principal element alloys (MPEAs), developing face-centered cubic (FCC) structured alloys with optimized strength-plasticity balance remains a critical challenge. This study systematically explores the impact of Mo content on the microstructure and mechanical properties of (CoNi)_80-xCr₁₀Fe₁₀Mo_x alloys. With increasing Mo content, the alloy changes from a single phase to a dual phase structure. At the same time, the stacking fault energy decreases from 20.25 mJ/m² of C-Mo5 to 19.62 mJ/m² of C-Mo13. After thermomechanical processing, μ phase precipitates along grain boundaries in A-Mo13, which enhances the tensile strength of the alloy. Compared with the single-phase A-Mo9 alloy, the tensile strength of the A-Mo13 alloy increases by 300 MPa, with only an 8% loss in plasticity. The combined strengthening mechanisms primarily include grain refinement and second phase strengthening. Through the synergistic effects of thermo-mechanical treatment and μ-phase precipitation, the FCC grains were refined from 150 μm to 7.4 μm. Simultaneously, as a hard second phase, the Mo-rich phase impedes dislocation movement and alters the crack propagation path, thus improving the tensile strength and maintaining good plasticity. The findings of this study provide valuable theoretical and practical insights for the strengthening of FCC MPEAs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18727,"journal":{"name":"Materials Characterization","volume":"227 ","pages":"Article 115277"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144297295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improvement of superelasticity by controlling NiAl precipitates in polycrystalline Fe-Ni-Co-Al-based alloy","authors":"Xiyu Wang,&nbsp;Yang Zhang,&nbsp;Xinghao Li,&nbsp;Kang Du,&nbsp;Guangda Zhao,&nbsp;Zhongwu Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115288","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115288","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The superelastic effect (SE) in polycrystalline Fe-Ni-Co-Al-based alloys primarily arises from the growth and recovery of thermoelastic martensite. The martensitic transformation process is influenced by intragranular Ni₃Al nanoprecipitates and NiAl precipitates along grain boundaries. Highly coherent Ni₃Al plays a significant role in elastic accommodation during transformation process, whereas NiAl impedes the recovery of martensite. Low-energy grain boundaries (LEGBs) inhibit the nucleation of NiAl, and the greater the texture strength, the less likely for NiAl to accumulate at grain boundaries. This paper utilizes two methods to control the proportion and texture of LEGBs: cold rolling after hot rolling followed by rotary cold rolling (CT + RCR), and direct rotary cold rolling after hot rolling (RCR). The results show that the CT + RCR sample produces a RD∥〈100〉 texture, while the RCR sample obtains a {203}〈100〉 texture with a higher strength. The proportions of LEGBs for the CT + RCR and RCR are 24.8 % and 43.6 %, respectively. In the CT + RCR, the coarse NiAl precipitates at high-angle grain boundaries (HAGBs) restrict the recovery of most martensites, resulting in a SE of only 0.6 %. In the RCR, NiAl precipitates at HAGBs are smaller than those in the CT + RCR. Due to the combination of favorable texture orientation and a higher proportion of LEGBs, a large amount of stress-induced martensite can grow and recover during cyclic loading and unloading, achieving a 6 % SE.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18727,"journal":{"name":"Materials Characterization","volume":"227 ","pages":"Article 115288"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144261963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Atomic structure and molecular dynamics simulation of a symmetrical tilt [01¯1](511) Σ27 grain boundary in polysynthetically twinned TiAl crystals","authors":"Tian Yuan ,&nbsp;Neng He ,&nbsp;Shangyi Ma ,&nbsp;Yongxin Cheng ,&nbsp;Y.X. Jiang ,&nbsp;Lianlong He ,&nbsp;Chunlin Chen ,&nbsp;Yang Chen ,&nbsp;Hengqiang Ye","doi":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115275","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115275","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Clarifying the structural evolution of grain boundaries (GBs) during deformation is important to deeply understand the mechanical properties of intermetallic compounds. In this study, the atomic structure, formation mechanism, and deformation behavior of a symmetrical tilt [0<span><math><mover><mn>1</mn><mo>¯</mo></mover></math></span>1] (511) <span><math><mi>Σ</mi></math></span>27 GB in γ-TiAl with the L1₀ structure have been investigated by aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy and molecular dynamics simulations. The <span><math><mi>Σ</mi></math></span>27 GBs were formed to connect three 〈011〉 {111} <span><math><mi>Σ</mi></math></span>3 GBs in polysynthetically twinned TiAl crystals due to the twin-twin interactions during tensile deformation. The <span><math><mi>Σ</mi></math></span>27 GB was composed of periodically arranged GB structural units. There was a crystal displacement of (1/4) [0<span><math><mover><mn>1</mn><mo>¯</mo></mover></math></span>1] between two neighboring GB structural units due to the ordered atomic structure of γ-TiAl. The deformation behaviors of the Σ27 GBs at 300 K and 1000 K have been investigated by molecular dynamics simulations. The uniaxial tension loading was applied along the directions parallel and perpendicular to the GBs, respectively. It was found that the formation of stacking faults was the dominant deformation mechanism of the Σ27 GBs under both parallel and perpendicular tension loading. The stacking faults were easy to slide under parallel tension loading, while they were more stable under perpendicular tension loading due to the formation of stacking fault networks. The temperature significantly affected the density of stacking faults, while its role depended on the direction of tension loading.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18727,"journal":{"name":"Materials Characterization","volume":"227 ","pages":"Article 115275"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144279743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design strategy of graphene-reinforced metallic glass composites with simultaneous enhancement of strength and plasticity","authors":"Haojie Liang ,&nbsp;Tingyi Yan ,&nbsp;Biao Li ,&nbsp;Jianhua Bai ,&nbsp;Xudong Yuan ,&nbsp;Jinhe Wang ,&nbsp;Huameng Fu ,&nbsp;Hongwei Zhang ,&nbsp;Long Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115287","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115287","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bulk metallic glass composites (BMGCs) containing crystals exhibit enhanced ductility, overcoming the room-temperature brittleness of bulk metallic glasses (BMGs). However, the strength of BMGCs decreases significantly compared to BMGs. Here, an innovative strategy to strengthen BMGCs by adding <em>in-situ</em> graphene is proposed. In this study, graphene-reinforced BMGCs are prepared by a combination of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and high-vacuum melt infiltration (HVMI), which effectively solves the problems of graphene agglomeration and poor interfacial bonding commonly encountered with traditional fabrication methods. It is found that the <em>in-situ</em> formed graphene and TiC during CVD and HVMI exhibit a synergistic strengthening mechanism through simultaneous dislocation pinning in crystalline phases and shear band multiplication in the glass matrix. Furthermore, graphene promotes load transfer and energy dissipation, which reduces interfacial stress concentration and thus improves the plastic deformability of BMGCs. This work not only deepens the understanding of the deformation mechanisms of BMGCs, but also provides vital guidance for the development of light-weight and high-strength BMGCs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18727,"journal":{"name":"Materials Characterization","volume":"227 ","pages":"Article 115287"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144272559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Athermally-enhanced recovery and recrystallization behaviors in cold-rolled pure tungsten via electric current stressing","authors":"I-Hsien Chen,&nbsp;Meng-Chun Chiu,&nbsp;Hsuan-Cheng Huang,&nbsp;Chien-Lung Liang","doi":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115285","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115285","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, athermally-enhanced recovery and recrystallization behaviors were introduced in the pure tungsten at 4.8 × 10⁴ A/cm² for 1 h at a processing temperature of 235 °C (0.14 T_m), which was much lower than the conventional heat treatment of approximately 1500 °C. The metallurgical behavior induced by electric current stressing for inducing annealing phenomena was investigated using electron backscatter electron diffraction (EBSD) to explain the observed variations in the mechanical and electrical properties. The electric current stressing induced softening of the pure tungsten with a maximum extent of 22.4 %, which was proposed to be attributed to the synergistic recovery and recrystallization. The current-enhanced recovery behavior can be evidenced by the transformation of subboundaries to low-angle grain boundaries, and the current-enhanced recrystallization behavior can be evidenced by the grain refinement, subboundary transformation to high-angle grain boundaries, formation of annealing rotated Cube texture, and annihilation of dislocations. The electrical resistivity increase with a maximum extent of 29.5 % was explained by the increasing grain boundary density as a result of recrystallization. The electrical annealing can achieve the same effect as conventional heat treatment, exhibiting higher efficiency in reducing the micro-hardness of pure tungsten at a lower processing temperature. Pronounced athermal effects of the electro-treatment were highlighted by the comparisons of microstructures and properties with a designed thermal benchmark experiment using the same thermal history as the electro-treatment to provide solid experimental evidence. The electrical annealing is proposed as a potential alternative to conventional heat treatment featuring more energy-efficient and time-saving for green manufacturing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18727,"journal":{"name":"Materials Characterization","volume":"227 ","pages":"Article 115285"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144261895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}