Metabolic Engineering Communications最新文献

{"title":"Selective production of the itaconic acid-derived compounds 2-hydroxyparaconic and itatartaric acid","authors":"Philipp Ernst ,&nbsp;Felicia Zlati ,&nbsp;Larissa Kever ,&nbsp;Astrid Wirtz ,&nbsp;Rainer Goldbaum ,&nbsp;Jörg Pietruszka ,&nbsp;Benedikt Wynands ,&nbsp;Julia Frunzke ,&nbsp;Nick Wierckx","doi":"10.1016/j.mec.2024.e00252","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mec.2024.e00252","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>There is a strong interest in itaconic acid in the medical and pharmaceutical sectors, both as an anti-bacterial compound and as an immunoregulator in mammalian macrophages. Fungal hosts also produce itaconic acid, and in addition they can produce two derivatives 2-hydroxyparaconic and itatartaric acid. Not much is known about these two derivatives, while their structural analogy to itaconate could open up several applications. In this study, we report the production of these two itaconate-derived compounds. By overexpressing the itaconate P450 monooxygenase Cyp3 in a previously engineered itaconate-overproducing <em>Ustilago cynodontis</em> strain, itaconate was converted to its lactone 2-hydroxyparaconate. The second product itatartarate is most likely the result of the subsequent lactone hydrolysis. A major challenge in the production of 2-hydroxyparaconate and itatartarate is their co-production with itaconate, leading to difficulties in their purification. Achieving high derivatives specificity was therefore the paramount objective. Different strategies were evaluated including process parameters such as substrate and pH, as well as strain engineering focusing on Cyp3 expression and product export. 2-hydroxyparaconate and itatartarate were successfully produced from glucose and glycerol, with the latter resulting in a higher derivatives specificity due to an overall slower metabolism on this non-preferred carbon source. The derivatives specificity could be further increased by metabolic engineering approaches including the exchange of the native itaconate transporter Itp1 with the <em>Aspergillus terreus</em> itaconate transporter MfsA. Both 2-hydroxyparaconate and itatartarate were recovered from fermentation supernatants following a pre-existing protocol. 2-hydroxyparaconate was recovered first through a process of evaporation, lactonization, and extraction with ethyl acetate. Subsequently, itatartarate could be obtained in the form of its sodium salt by saponification of the purified 2-hydroxyparaconate. Finally, several analytical methods were used to characterize the resulting products and their structures were confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. This work provides a promising foundation for obtaining 2-hydroxyparaconate and itatartarate in high purity and quantity. This will allow to unravel the full spectrum of potential applications of these novel compounds.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18695,"journal":{"name":"Metabolic Engineering Communications","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article e00252"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142707039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tuning the performance of a TphR-based terephthalate biosensor with a design of experiments approach","authors":"Guadalupe Alvarez Gonzalez,&nbsp;Micaela Chacón,&nbsp;Thomas Butterfield,&nbsp;Neil Dixon","doi":"10.1016/j.mec.2024.e00250","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mec.2024.e00250","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Transcription factor-based biosensors are genetic tools that aim to predictability link the presence of a specific input stimuli to a tailored gene expression output. The performance characteristics of a biosensor fundamentally determines its potential applications. However, current methods to engineer and optimise tailored biosensor responses are highly nonintuitive, and struggle to investigate multidimensional sequence/design space efficiently. In this study we employ a design of experiments (DoE) approach to build a framework for efficiently engineering activator-based biosensors with tailored performances, and we apply the framework for the development of biosensors for the polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic degradation monomer terephthalate (TPA). We simultaneously engineer the core promoter and operator regions of the responsive promoter, and by employing a dual refactoring approach, we were able to explore an enhanced biosensor design space and assign their causative performance effects. The approach employed here serves as a foundational framework for engineering transcriptional biosensors and enabled development of tailored biosensors with enhanced dynamic range and diverse signal output, sensitivity, and steepness. We further demonstrate its applicability on the development of tailored biosensors for primary screening of PET hydrolases and enzyme condition screening, demonstrating the potential of statistical modelling in optimising biosensors for tailored industrial and environmental applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18695,"journal":{"name":"Metabolic Engineering Communications","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article e00250"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142652721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metabolic engineering of Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1 for naringenin production","authors":"Kesi Kurnia,&nbsp;Elena Efimova,&nbsp;Ville Santala,&nbsp;Suvi Santala","doi":"10.1016/j.mec.2024.e00249","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mec.2024.e00249","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Naringenin, a flavanone and a precursor for a variety of flavonoids, has potential applications in the health and pharmaceutical sectors. The biological production of naringenin using genetically engineered microbes is considered as a promising strategy. The naringenin synthesis pathway involving chalcone synthase (CHS) and chalcone isomerase (CHI) relies on the efficient supply of key substrates, malonyl-CoA and <em>p</em>-coumaroyl-CoA. In this research, we utilized a soil bacterium, <em>Acinetobacter baylyi</em> ADP1, which exhibits several characteristics that make it a suitable candidate for naringenin biosynthesis; the strain naturally tolerates and can uptake and metabolize <em>p</em>-coumaric acid, a primary compound in alkaline-pretreated lignin and a precursor for naringenin production. <em>A. baylyi</em> ADP1 also produces intracellular lipids, such as wax esters, thereby being able to provide malonyl-CoA for naringenin biosynthesis. Moreover, the genomic engineering of this strain is notably straightforward. In the course of the construction of a naringenin-producing strain, the <em>p</em>-coumarate catabolism was eliminated by a single gene knockout (Δ<em>hcaA</em>) and various combinations of plant-derived CHS and CHI were evaluated. The best performance was obtained by a novel combination of genes encoding for a CHS from <em>Hypericum androsaemum</em> and a CHI from <em>Medicago sativa,</em> that enabled the production of 17.9 mg/L naringenin in batch cultivations from <em>p</em>-coumarate. Furthermore, the implementation of a fed-batch system led to a 3.7-fold increase (66.4 mg/L) in naringenin production. These findings underscore the potential of <em>A. baylyi</em> ADP1 as a host for naringenin biosynthesis as well as advancement of lignin-based bioproduction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18695,"journal":{"name":"Metabolic Engineering Communications","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article e00249"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142578568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PEZy-miner: An artificial intelligence driven approach for the discovery of plastic-degrading enzyme candidates","authors":"Renjing Jiang ,&nbsp;Zhenrui Yue ,&nbsp;Lanyu Shang ,&nbsp;Dong Wang ,&nbsp;Na Wei","doi":"10.1016/j.mec.2024.e00248","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mec.2024.e00248","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Plastic waste has caused a global environmental crisis. Biocatalytic depolymerization mediated by enzymes has emerged as an efficient and sustainable alternative for plastic treatment and recycling. However, it is challenging and time-consuming to discover novel plastic-degrading enzymes using conventional cultivation-based or omics methods. There is a growing interest in developing effective computational methods to identify new enzymes with desirable plastic degradation functionalities by exploring the ever-increasing databases of protein sequences. In this study, we designed an innovative machine learning-based framework, named PEZy-Miner, to mine for enzymes with high potential in degrading plastics of interest. Two datasets integrating information from experimentally verified enzymes and homologs with unknown plastic-degrading activity were created respectively, covering eleven types of plastic substrates. Protein language models and binary classification models were developed to predict enzymatic degradation of plastics along with confidence and uncertainty estimation. PEZy-Miner exhibited high prediction accuracy and stability when validated on experimentally verified enzymes. Furthermore, by masking the experimentally verified enzymes and blending them into homolog dataset, PEZy-Miner effectively concentrated the experimentally verified entries by 14∼30 times while shortlisting promising plastic-degrading enzyme candidates. We applied PEZy-Miner to 0.1 million putative sequences, out of which 27 new sequences were identified with high confidence. This study provided a new computational tool for mining and recommending promising new plastic-degrading enzymes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":18695,"journal":{"name":"Metabolic Engineering Communications","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article e00248"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214030124000178/pdfft?md5=a6ab15db96315a11ed6d106b7d4eb890&pid=1-s2.0-S2214030124000178-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142158312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Production of (R)-citramalate by engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae","authors":"Ryosuke Mitsui ,&nbsp;Akihiko Kondo ,&nbsp;Tomokazu Shirai","doi":"10.1016/j.mec.2024.e00247","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mec.2024.e00247","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The budding yeast, <em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em>, has a high tolerance to organic acids and alcohols, and thus grows well under toxic concentrations of various compounds in the culture medium, potentially allowing for highly efficient compound production. (<em>R</em>)-citramalate is a raw material for methyl methacrylate and can be used as a metabolic intermediate in the biosynthesis of higher alcohols. (<em>R</em>)-citramalate is synthesized from pyruvate and acetyl-CoA. Unlike <em>Escherichia coli</em>, <em>S. cerevisiae</em> has organelles, and its intracellular metabolites are compartmentalized, preventing full use of intracellular acetyl-CoA. Therefore, in this study, to increase the amount of cytosolic acetyl-CoA for highly efficient production of (<em>R</em>)-citramalate, we inhibited the transport of cytosolic acetyl-CoA and pyruvate to the mitochondria. We also constructed a heterologous pathway to supply cytosolic acetyl-CoA. Additionally, we attempted to export (<em>R</em>)-citramalate from cells by expressing a heterologous dicarboxylate transporter gene. We evaluated the effects of these approaches on (<em>R</em>)-citramalate production and constructed a final strain by combining these positive approaches. The resulting strain produced 16.5 mM (<em>R</em>)-citramalate in batch culture flasks. This is the first report of (<em>R</em>)-citramalate production by recombinant <em>S. cerevisiae</em>, and the (<em>R</em>)-citramalate production by recombinant yeast achieved in this study was the highest reported to date.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":18695,"journal":{"name":"Metabolic Engineering Communications","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article e00247"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214030124000166/pdfft?md5=8e77960467f6df90982ae565f50fc7ce&pid=1-s2.0-S2214030124000166-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141985411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Engineering thioesterase as a driving force for novel itaconate production via its degradation scheme","authors":"Ryan S. Wang,&nbsp;Siang-Wun Siao,&nbsp;Jessica C. Wang,&nbsp;Patrick Y. Lin,&nbsp;Claire R. Shen","doi":"10.1016/j.mec.2024.e00246","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mec.2024.e00246","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Incorporation of irreversible steps in pathway design enhances the overall thermodynamic favorability and often leads to better bioconversion yield given functional enzymes. Using this concept, here we constructed the first non-natural itaconate biosynthesis pathway driven by thioester hydrolysis. Itaconate is a commercially valuable platform chemical with wide applications in the synthetic polymer industry. Production of itaconate has long relied on the decarboxylation of TCA cycle intermediate cis-aconitate as the only biosynthetic route. Inspired by nature's design of itaconate detoxification, here we engineered a novel itaconate producing pathway orthogonal to native metabolism with no requirement of auxotrophic knock-out. The reversed degradation pathway initiates with pyruvate and acetyl-CoA condensation forming (S)-citramalyl-CoA, followed by its dehydration and isomerization into itaconyl-CoA then hydrolysis into itaconate. Phenylacetyl-CoA thioesterase (PaaI) from <em>Escherichia</em> <em>coli</em> was identified via screening to deliver the highest itaconate formation efficiency when coupled to the reversible activity of citramalate lyase and itaconyl-CoA hydratase. The preference of PaaI towards itaconyl-CoA hydrolysis over acetyl-CoA and (S)-citramalyl-CoA also minimized the inevitable precursor loss due to enzyme promiscuity. With acetate recycling, acetyl-CoA conservation, and condition optimization, we achieved a final itaconate titer of 1 g/L using the thioesterase driven pathway, which is a significant improvement compared to the original degradation pathway based on CoA transferase. This study illustrates the significance of thermodynamic favorability as a design principle in pathway engineering.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":18695,"journal":{"name":"Metabolic Engineering Communications","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article e00246"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214030124000154/pdfft?md5=8638d3ac45e484bb976c59dea9cff40b&pid=1-s2.0-S2214030124000154-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141963669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comparative analysis of NADPH supply strategies in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Production of d-xylitol from d-xylose as a case study","authors":"Priti Regmi ,&nbsp;Melanie Knesebeck ,&nbsp;Eckhard Boles ,&nbsp;Dirk Weuster-Botz ,&nbsp;Mislav Oreb","doi":"10.1016/j.mec.2024.e00245","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mec.2024.e00245","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Enhancing the supply of the redox cofactor NADPH in metabolically engineered cells is a critical target for optimizing the synthesis of many product classes, such as fatty acids or terpenoids. In <em>S. cerevisiae</em>, several successful approaches have been developed in different experimental contexts. However, their systematic comparison has not been reported. Here, we established the reduction of xylose to xylitol by an NADPH-dependent xylose reductase as a model reaction to compare the efficacy of different NADPH supply strategies in the course of a batch fermentation, in which glucose and ethanol are sequentially used as carbon sources and redox donors. We show that strains overexpressing the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase Zwf1 perform best, producing up to 16.9 g L⁻¹ xylitol from 20 g L⁻¹ xylose in stirred tank bioreactors. The beneficial effect of increased Zwf1 activity is especially pronounced during the ethanol consumption phase. The same notion applies to the deletion of the aldehyde dehydrogenase <em>ALD6</em> gene, albeit at a quantitatively lower level. Reduced expression of the phosphoglucose isomerase Pgi1 and heterologous expression of the NADP⁺-dependent glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase Gdp1 from <em>Kluyveromyces lactis</em> acted synergistically with <em>ZWF1</em> overexpression in the presence of glucose, but had a detrimental effect after the diauxic shift. Expression of the mitochondrial NADH kinase Pos5 in the cytosol likewise improved the production of xylitol only on glucose, but not in combination with enhanced Zwf1 activity. To demonstrate the generalizability of our observations, we show that the most promising strategies – <em>ZWF1</em> overexpression and deletion of <em>ALD6</em> - also improve the production of <span>l</span>-galactonate from <span>d</span>-galacturonic acid. Therefore, we expect that these findings will provide valuable guidelines for engineering not only the production of xylitol but also of diverse other pathways that require NADPH.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":18695,"journal":{"name":"Metabolic Engineering Communications","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article e00245"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214030124000142/pdfft?md5=7ade0b7c412cf8487310e2ebc5404b91&pid=1-s2.0-S2214030124000142-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141595127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CFSA: Comparative flux sampling analysis as a guide for strain design","authors":"R.P. van Rosmalen ,&nbsp;S. Moreno-Paz ,&nbsp;Z.E. Duman-Özdamar,&nbsp;M. Suarez-Diez","doi":"10.1016/j.mec.2024.e00244","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mec.2024.e00244","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Genome-scale metabolic models of microbial metabolism have extensively been used to guide the design of microbial cell factories, still, many of the available strain design algorithms often fail to produce a reduced list of targets for improved performance that can be implemented and validated in a step-wise manner. We present Comparative Flux Sampling Analysis (CFSA), a strain design method based on the extensive comparison of complete metabolic spaces corresponding to maximal or near-maximal growth and production phenotypes. The comparison is complemented by statistical analysis to identify reactions with altered flux that are suggested as targets for genetic interventions including up-regulations, down-regulations and gene deletions. We applied CFSA to the production of lipids by <em>Cutaneotrichosporon oleaginosus</em> and naringenin by <em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em> identifying engineering targets in agreement with previous studies as well as new interventions. CFSA is an easy-to-use, robust method that suggests potential metabolic engineering targets for growth-uncoupled production that can be applied to the design of microbial cell factories.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":18695,"journal":{"name":"Metabolic Engineering Communications","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article e00244"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214030124000130/pdfft?md5=69d0fb5da6998ef5e347063552f98736&pid=1-s2.0-S2214030124000130-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141542319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Expression and characterization of monofunctional alcohol dehydrogenase enzymes in Clostridium thermocellum","authors":"Daniela Prates Chiarelli ,&nbsp;Bishal Dev Sharma ,&nbsp;Shuen Hon ,&nbsp;Luana Walravens Bergamo ,&nbsp;Lee R. Lynd ,&nbsp;Daniel G. Olson","doi":"10.1016/j.mec.2024.e00243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mec.2024.e00243","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><em>Clostridium thermocellum</em> is a thermophilic anaerobic bacterium that could be used for cellulosic biofuel production due to its strong native ability to consume cellulose, however its ethanol production ability needs to be improved to enable commercial application. In our previous strain engineering work, we observed a spontaneous mutation in the native <em>adhE</em> gene that reduced ethanol production. Here we attempted to complement this mutation by heterologous expression of 18 different alcohol dehydrogenase (<em>adh)</em> genes. We were able to express all of them successfully in <em>C. thermocellum</em>. Surprisingly, however, none of them increased ethanol production, and several actually <em>decreased</em> it. Our findings contribute to understanding the correlation between <em>C. thermocellum</em> ethanol production and Adh enzyme cofactor preferences. The identification of a set of <em>adh</em> genes that can be successfully expressed in this organism provides a foundation for future investigations into how the properties of Adh enzymes affect ethanol production.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":18695,"journal":{"name":"Metabolic Engineering Communications","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article e00243"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214030124000129/pdfft?md5=5d222b62409146f886808888e57c6440&pid=1-s2.0-S2214030124000129-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141480759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"13C-metabolic flux analysis reveals metabolic rewiring in HL-60 neutrophil-like cells through differentiation and immune stimulation","authors":"Takeo Taniguchi ,&nbsp;Nobuyuki Okahashi ,&nbsp;Fumio Matsuda","doi":"10.1016/j.mec.2024.e00239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mec.2024.e00239","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Neutrophils are innate immune cells and the first line of defense for the maintenance of homeostasis. However, our knowledge of the metabolic rewiring associated with their differentiation and immune stimulation is limited. Here, quantitative ¹³C-metabolic flux analysis was performed using HL-60 cells as the neutrophil model. A metabolic model for ¹³C-metabolic flux analysis of neutrophils was developed based on the accumulation of ¹³C in intracellular metabolites derived from ¹³C-labeled extracellular carbon sources and intracellular macromolecules. Aspartate and glutamate in the medium were identified as carbon sources that enter central carbon metabolism. Furthermore, the breakdown of macromolecules, estimated to be fatty acids and nucleic acids, was observed. Based on these results, a modified metabolic model was used for ¹³C-metabolic flux analysis of undifferentiated, differentiated, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated HL-60 cells. The glucose uptake rate and glycolytic flux decreased with differentiation, whereas the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle flux remained constant. The addition of LPS to differentiated HL-60 cells activated the glucose uptake rate and pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) flux levels, resulting in an increased rate of total NADPH regeneration, which could be used to generate reactive oxygen species. The flux levels of fatty acid degradation and synthesis were also increased in LPS-activated HL-60 cells. Overall, this study highlights the quantitative metabolic alterations in multiple pathways via the differentiation and activation of HL-60 cells using ¹³C-metabolic flux analysis.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":18695,"journal":{"name":"Metabolic Engineering Communications","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article e00239"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214030124000087/pdfft?md5=9e66b20619ea8e938872df783c3173fb&pid=1-s2.0-S2214030124000087-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141243869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}