Stefania Marcotti, Martin L Jones, Thomas J A Slater, David J Barry
{"title":"Enhancing Research Through Image Analysis Workshops: Experiences and Best Practices.","authors":"Stefania Marcotti, Martin L Jones, Thomas J A Slater, David J Barry","doi":"10.1002/jemt.24769","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jemt.24769","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Modern microscopy systems allow researchers to generate large volumes of image data with relative ease. However, the challenge of analyzing these data effectively is often hindered by a lack of computational skills. This bottleneck negatively impacts both research reproducibility and efficiency, as researchers frequently rely on manual or semi-automated analysis methods. Interactive image analysis workshops offer a valuable solution, equipping researchers with the skills and tools needed to automate image processing tasks. In this paper, we share our experiences and best practices from conducting such workshops, which emphasize the use of open-source software like ImageJ, FIJI, and Python-based tools such as JupyterLab and napari. We discuss key considerations for workshop design, logistics, and outcomes, while highlighting common pitfalls to avoid. Using two recent workshops as case studies, we also present strategies for optimizing participant engagement and learning. Our insights offer practical guidance for planning and conducting image analysis workshops and serve as a starting point for researchers looking to establish similar training initiatives and enrich their local imaging communities.</p>","PeriodicalId":18684,"journal":{"name":"Microscopy Research and Technique","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142847007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Durbhakula M K Chaitanya, Srilakshmi Aouthu, Narra Dhanalakshmi, Yerram Srinivas, Srinivasa Rao Dhanikonda, B Chinna Rao
{"title":"Enhanced Brain Tumor Classification Through Optimized Semantic Preserved Generative Adversarial Networks.","authors":"Durbhakula M K Chaitanya, Srilakshmi Aouthu, Narra Dhanalakshmi, Yerram Srinivas, Srinivasa Rao Dhanikonda, B Chinna Rao","doi":"10.1002/jemt.24767","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jemt.24767","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Brain tumor is a most dangerous disease and requires accurate diagnosis in a short period to ensure the best treatment. Traditional methods for brain tumor classification (BTC) are quite effective, even though usually resulting in clinical manual analysis, which takes more time and prone to errors. Initially, the input image is collected from Brain Tumor dataset. The gathered image is given to preprocessing. In preprocessing stage, trust-based distributed set-membership filtering (TDSF) is used to remove the noise. The preprocessed output is fed to the quaternion offset linear canonical transform (QOLCT) for Grayscale statistic and Haralick texture features extraction. Then the extracted features are fed to the Semantic-Preserved Generative Adversarial Network (SPGAN) for classifying the brain tumor into Glioma, Meningioma and Pituitary. Finally, Hunger Games Search Optimization (HGSO) is used to enhance the weight parameters of SPGAN. The proposed BTC-SPGAN-HGSO method attains the accuracies of 99.72% for Glioma, 99.65% for Meningioma, 99.52% for Pituitary and lowest MSE values across all tumor types, with 0.45% for Glioma, 0.39% for Meningioma, and 0.5% for Pituitary, which performs better than existing models. The simulation results highlight the effectiveness of the proposed BTC-SPGAN-HGSO approach in improving the accuracy of BTC and assist neurologists and physicians make exact decisions of diagnostic.</p>","PeriodicalId":18684,"journal":{"name":"Microscopy Research and Technique","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142829307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kinza Muhammad Din, Fiaz Alam, Mehak Sarfraz, Rukhba Rasheed, Abdulhakeem S Alamri, Ibrar Ahmed
{"title":"Pharmacognostic Characterization of Primula macrophylla by Light Microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy and Analytical Techniques.","authors":"Kinza Muhammad Din, Fiaz Alam, Mehak Sarfraz, Rukhba Rasheed, Abdulhakeem S Alamri, Ibrar Ahmed","doi":"10.1002/jemt.24774","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jemt.24774","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Traditional medicinal systems have extensively used Primula macrophylla (Primulaceae) to treat a variety conditions, including bronchitis, asthma, joint pain, fever and so forth. This study determines various pharmacognostic and phytochemical standards helpful to ensure the purity, safety, and efficacy of medicinal plant P. macrophylla. In experimental section the Intact aerial parts, powdered materials, and extracts were examined macro- and microscopically and pharmacognostic standardization parameters were determined in accordance with the guidelines given by the World Health Organization. Parameters including extractive values, ash values, and loss on drying were determined. Preliminary phytochemical tests, fluorescence analysis, and chromatographic profiling were performed for the identification and standardization of P. macrophylla. The results of macroscopic studies revealed that leaves are farinose, alternating, foliage, toothed and flowers are unbranched, hermaphroditic, large, herbaceous, round, non-woody stem, roots are adventitious. Length of leave is 11 cm, flower 3 cm, stem 38 cm and root 18 cm. Odor is clove or Eucalyptus like, irritating smell and has pungent/ bitterness. Qualitative analysis confirmed that carbohydrates are not present and saponins, terpenoid, flavonoid, phenolic, phytosterol and fixed oils are not present. The atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) showed the trace amounts of Pb (1.604 mg/L), As (-12.91 mg/L), Hg (7.102 mg/L), and Cd (0.226 mg/L) present. The internal structure of the plant was examined using light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The plant cross-sectional scans revealed several useful botanical properties. LM and SEM revealed important diagnostic features including stomata, phloem, xylem, spiral vessels, and trichomes and so forth. We conclude that the data generated from the present study help to authenticate the medicinally important plant P. macrophylla. This study is helpful for establishing the pharmacopeia standards in accordance with WHO guidelines.</p>","PeriodicalId":18684,"journal":{"name":"Microscopy Research and Technique","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142824158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jia Chen, QingZhu Li, ZhanQin Zhang, Ivan A Bratchenko, Hui Su, Shuang Wang
{"title":"A Femtosecond Fiber Laser-Based Compact Label-Free Multimodality Nonlinear Optical Microscopy and Its Ex Vivo Bioimaging.","authors":"Jia Chen, QingZhu Li, ZhanQin Zhang, Ivan A Bratchenko, Hui Su, Shuang Wang","doi":"10.1002/jemt.24757","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jemt.24757","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nonlinear multimode imaging is a versatile tool to realize complex structural and compositional information of biological samples. In this study, we presented a novel integrated multimode nonlinear optical microscopy system by using an Er3 + -doped femtosecond fiber laser. The system could perform second harmonic generation (SHG), third harmonic generation (THG), and three-photon fluorescence (3PEF) imaging modes simultaneously. Using this imaging system, we detected signals from plant cell walls, as well as starch particles in potatoes, chloroplasts in leaves, and onion cells wall-to-membrane linkers: Hechtian strands. Visualizations of skin structures such as stratum corneum, epidermal intercellular structures, hair follicles, and collagen were also achieved by a spatial resolution of 1.67 μm for 3PEF, 1.5 μm for THG, and 2.67 μm for SHG modalities, respectively. After spatial resolution improved by changing a high N.A objective, the system could be used for a variety of biological applications, including in vivo label-free imaging of living animals and deep microscopic imaging.</p>","PeriodicalId":18684,"journal":{"name":"Microscopy Research and Technique","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142818718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aleksa Denčevski, Jovana Z Jelić, Ana Senkić, Aleksandar J Krmpot, Mihailo D Rabasović
{"title":"Development of Structured Illumination Microscope Using Transmission Diffraction Grating Obtained by Analog Microfilming Method.","authors":"Aleksa Denčevski, Jovana Z Jelić, Ana Senkić, Aleksandar J Krmpot, Mihailo D Rabasović","doi":"10.1002/jemt.24756","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jemt.24756","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We present the development of a custom-built structured illumination microscope (SIM) featuring a specially designed transmission diffraction grating. Employing the analog microfilming method, we fabricated transmission diffraction gratings suited to the specific requirements of our system. This robust and cost-effective method allows for the fabrication of diffraction gratings with customized constants, ensuring excellent transmission in both the visible and near-infrared spectra. Additionally, to assess the performance of our system, we measured the resolution in both epifluorescent and super-resolution imaging modalities by applying two independent methods: the conventional resolution measurement using fluorescent beads and the knife-edge technique applied on the MoS<sub>2</sub> monolayer flakes. Both methods confirmed enhancement in the resolution of SIM over the epifluorescent imaging modality. Furthermore, we have successfully demonstrated the capabilities of our microscope by imaging fluorescently labeled astrocytes, specifically targeting the vimentin filament protein within these cells. The super-resolution images reveal fine structures of the vimentin cytoskeleton that remain unresolved in the epifluorescent image.</p>","PeriodicalId":18684,"journal":{"name":"Microscopy Research and Technique","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142818719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Orthodontic Bracket to Enamel Pretreated With Nd: YAG and Er: Cr, YSGG Lasers Using Curcumin-Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles Infused Adhesive: A FTIR, SEM Evaluation via Backscattered Electron Imaging.","authors":"Muhammad Abdullah Kamran, Salem Almoammar","doi":"10.1002/jemt.24773","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jemt.24773","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To evaluate the SBS, DC, and rheological valuation of experimental 1 wt % Cur-loaded-HNPs orthodontic adhesive to bond bracket to enamel surface treated with PA; Nd: YAG, and Er: Cr, YSGG lasers. Two adhesives were prepared experimental adhesive (EA) and EA loaded with 1-wt % Cur-HNP. Surface characterization of Cur-loaded HNP was performed under SEM along with EDS. Specimens were prepared and conditioned with three different strategies PA-gel, Er,Cr:YSGG laser, Nd: YAG laser. Following pretreatment brackets were bonded, samples underwent artificial aging and two samples from each enamel pretreatment regime were assessed under SEM via BSE. SBS testing was achieved via UTM followed by failure analysis using ARI. Modified and unmodified adhesives underwent DC using FTIR and rheological valuation was performed. SBS and DC were assessed using ANOVA and post hoc multiple comparison tests. The highest SBS was seen in the enamel surface treated with PA. The lowest SBS was remarked in the enamel surface treated with Nd: YAG laser. Based on ARI it was noted that modified adhesive containing Cur-HNP exhibited the highest number of failures between 1 and 2. No significant difference was observed between both adhesives in terms of DC. Adhesive modified with 1% Cur-HNP increased viscosity with a decrease in fluidity. The use of Er,Cr:YSGG laser for enamel pretreatment before bracket placement showed potential as a substitute for conventional acid etching, especially when combined with an experimental orthodontic adhesive containing Cur-HNPs.</p>","PeriodicalId":18684,"journal":{"name":"Microscopy Research and Technique","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142813424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yu Shuang Ren, Qi He, Wanying Liao, Yuxuan Liao, Zhenchuan Zhan, Jiajun Xu, Thiago Machado da Silva Acioly, Diego Carvalho Viana, Muhammad Ilyas
{"title":"Sustainable Adsorbent: Activated Carbon From Waste Styrofoam for Efficient Aluminum Removal.","authors":"Yu Shuang Ren, Qi He, Wanying Liao, Yuxuan Liao, Zhenchuan Zhan, Jiajun Xu, Thiago Machado da Silva Acioly, Diego Carvalho Viana, Muhammad Ilyas","doi":"10.1002/jemt.24770","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jemt.24770","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper reports on batch investigations utilizing activated carbon (AC) made from waste Styrofoam to adsorb aluminum (Al<sup>3+</sup>) from aqueous solutions. The AC morphology and structure were examined using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and surface area analysis. The factors affecting the performance of adsorption were thoroughly examined. Al<sup>3+</sup> removal was found to be maximal, that is, 98.65% using 0.2 g of AC at 90 min in a solution of pH 5 maintained at 60°C. Using a flame-mode atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAnalyst 700, PerkinElmer, USA), the quantity of Al<sup>3+</sup> in the adsorption solution was measured. For the purpose of studying adsorption, the pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Jovanovich, and Harkins-Jura isotherms were analyzed. The kinetic study shows that the adsorption of Al<sup>3+</sup> onto Al<sup>3+</sup> is controlled by pseudo-second-order kinetics. It was observed that among these models, the Langmuir model showed the most favorable fit for the equilibrium data on the removal of Al<sup>3+</sup> onto AC, with a strong fit (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.995). The values of thermodynamic parameters such as entropy (ΔS°), Gibbs free energy (ΔG°), and enthalpy (ΔH°) show that the adsorption process is spontaneous and exothermic in nature. In Al<sup>3+</sup> solutions with low concentrations, the AC exhibited a high adsorption rate. In addition, a check of the error function was performed. To find out if the AC could be utilized again after the adsorption procedure, desorption investigations were carried out. Due to its high adsorption capacity (> 98%) and porous structure, the prepared AC shows significant promise as an alternative adsorbent for Al<sup>3+</sup>. These findings demonstrate that the AC is both effective and efficient in removing Al<sup>3+</sup> from wastewater.</p>","PeriodicalId":18684,"journal":{"name":"Microscopy Research and Technique","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142813428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Compact Piezo-Drive Rotatable Scanning Tunneling Microscope in a 12 T Cryogen-Free Magnet.","authors":"Junwei Liu, Zihao Li, Dan Wu, Shaofeng Zheng, Yue Gao, Shiwei Yang, Jihao Wang, Jing Zhang, Qiyuan Feng, Yubin Hou, Wenjie Meng, Yalin Lu, Qingyou Lu","doi":"10.1002/jemt.24758","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jemt.24758","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Atomically resolved scanning tunneling microscope (STM) capable of in situ rotation in a narrow magnet bore has become a long-awaited but challenging technique in the field of strong correlation studies since it can introduce the orientation of the strong magnetic field as a control parameter. This article presents the design and functionality of a piezoelectrically driven rotatable STM (RSTM), operating within a 12 T cryogen-free magnet and achieving a base temperature below 1.8 K, along with spectroscopic capabilities. The system features a compact STM head unit that combines an inertia drive shaft with spring clamping onto the inner wall of a slender piezoelectric scanning tube (PST), enabling both stepper and scanner functionality while reducing the STM's size to 25.5 mm in length and 9 mm in diameter, facilitating rotation within the magnet bore. Another linear piezoelectric motor, driven by a PST, employs a mechanical linkage to convert linear into rotational motion, driving the STM head unit coaxially aligned with it. This mechanism enables STM accurate rotation, offering angle control from 0° to 90° with an ideal closed-loop accuracy of 0.11° per 0.01 V, as determined by a calibrated Hall sensor. Compact and suspended as a standalone unit at the tail of the sample probe, the RSTM is effectively shielded from external mechanical vibrations via secondary counterweight damping. To validate the device performance, the topographic images of graphite and NbSe<sub>2</sub> and their spectroscopy at various magnetic field orientations up to 12 T and temperatures below 1.8 K are obtained. The compact and vibration-resistant RSTM provides compatibility with ultra-high-field water-cooled magnets, facilitating investigations into multiangle magnetic field modulation studies for condensed matter physics.</p>","PeriodicalId":18684,"journal":{"name":"Microscopy Research and Technique","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142801535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Damla Gül, Simge Arkan Özdemir, Oğuz Yücel, Eren Yıldırım, Göksenin Kalyon, Esra Sungur, Serkan Emik, Ayşe Erol, Neslihan Turgut Kara
{"title":"Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activity of Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles by Using In Vitro Grown Aloe vera L.","authors":"Damla Gül, Simge Arkan Özdemir, Oğuz Yücel, Eren Yıldırım, Göksenin Kalyon, Esra Sungur, Serkan Emik, Ayşe Erol, Neslihan Turgut Kara","doi":"10.1002/jemt.24768","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jemt.24768","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this study, in vitro grown Aloe vera L. tissues were used for AgNP synthesis. Adventitious root and callus tissues were grown in MS medium containing 1 mg/L IAA and 1 mg/L NAA. Using A. vera L. leaf, in vitro grown callus, and adventitious roots tissue extracts, AgNPs were synthesized. According to DLS analysis, PDI values and zeta potential values showed that AgNPs from adventitious root were more suitable in terms of size and surface charge. Characterization of adventitious root-derived AgNPs was performed by UV-Vis absorption spectrum, ICP/MS, SEM, FTIR, and XRD. According to HPLC results, catechin, gentisic acid, caffeic acid, coumaric acid, polydatin, coumarin, and ellagic acid were found in adventitious roots. Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC2 7853), MRSA (ATCC 33951) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) strains were used to determine the antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of AgNPs. The highest antibacterial activity was determined against P. aeruginosa. Lower concentrations of AgNPs caused changes in the structure of the biofilm formed by P. aeruginosa, which produced particularly strong biofilms, resulting in failure of biofilm maturation. Accordingly, AgNPs synthesized from Aloe vera L. adventitious roots had antibacterial and antibiofilm activity even at low concentrations against the tested bacterial strains.</p>","PeriodicalId":18684,"journal":{"name":"Microscopy Research and Technique","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142794992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Halime Bilgi, Talip Çeter, Barış Bani, Serhat Karabicak, Oktay Biyiklioğlu, İbrahim Özkutlu, Laila Elfogohi
{"title":"Palynological Study of Some Astragalus L. Sections Distributed in Türkiye.","authors":"Halime Bilgi, Talip Çeter, Barış Bani, Serhat Karabicak, Oktay Biyiklioğlu, İbrahim Özkutlu, Laila Elfogohi","doi":"10.1002/jemt.24744","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jemt.24744","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this study, the morphological properties of pollen of 14 species from 9 different sections of the genus Astragalus L. (Fabaceae) distributed in Türkiye were examined, identified, and compared under light microscope (LM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Pollen grains of the studied taxa are radially symmetrical and isopolar. Pollen shapes were determined as prolate, subprolate, spheroidal, and prolate-spheroidal. The polar axis lengths of the pollen grains were determined to be between 24.5 and 34.4 μm, and the equatorial axis lengths were determined to be between 22.4 and 27.5 μm. The aperture type of pollen grains is mainly trizonacolporate, rarely trisyncolporate. Colpus are thin and long with acute ends. The shapes of the pores were determined as oblate, suboblate, or oblate-spheroidal. Colpus lengths were found to be between 18.2 and 28.8 μm, and widths were found to be between 2.7 and 7.1 μm. In the studied species, four types of ornamentation were determined according to the differences in the polar region and equatorial region. Type 1: perforate in polar and equatorial regions; Type 2: perforate in polar region, microreticulate in equatorial region; Type 3: microreticulate in polar and equatorial regions; Type 4: psilate-perforate in polar region, microreticulate in equatorial region. Principal component analysis (PCA) and unweighted pair group method using arithmetic average (UPGMA) analyses showed that morphological characters of pollen grains were effective in distinguishing species but could not contribute significantly to a distinction according to sections. Pollen size, colpus characteristics, and ornamentation were determined to be important characteristics that distinguish the studied taxa. This study contributes to Astragalus taxonomy and different sub-branches of palynology.</p>","PeriodicalId":18684,"journal":{"name":"Microscopy Research and Technique","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142794958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}