Microorganisms最新文献

{"title":"Developments in Microbial Communities and Interaction Networks in Sludge Treatment Ecosystems During the Transition from Anaerobic to Aerobic Conditions.","authors":"Xiaoli Pan, Lijun Luo, Hui Wang, Xinyu Chen, Yongjiang Zhang, Yan Dai, Feng Luo","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms13092178","DOIUrl":"10.3390/microorganisms13092178","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The transition between anaerobic and aerobic conditions represents a fundamental ecological process occurring ubiquitously in both natural ecosystems and engineered wastewater treatment systems. This study investigated the microbial community succession and co-occurrence network dynamics during the transition from anaerobic sludge to aerobic cultivation. High-throughput 16S and 18S rDNA sequencing revealed two distinct succession phases: an initial \"aerobic adaptation period\" (Day 1) and a subsequent \"aerobic stable period\" (Day 15). Eukaryotic communities shifted from Cryptomycota to the unassigned eukaryotes dominance, while prokaryotic communities maintained Firmicutes and Proteobacteria as core phyla, with persistent low-abundance archaea indicating functional adaptation. Network analysis highlighted predominant co-occurrence patterns between eukaryotic and prokaryotic communities, suggesting synergistic interactions. These findings provide insights into microbial ecological dynamics during anaerobic-to-aerobic transitions, offering potential applications for optimizing wastewater treatment processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12472528/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145176751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Virulence Regulation in <i>Borrelia burgdorferi</i>.","authors":"Sierra George, Zhiming Ouyang","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms13092183","DOIUrl":"10.3390/microorganisms13092183","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Borrelia burgdorferi,</i> the causative agent of Lyme disease, is the most common vector-borne disease in the United States. Compared with other bacterial pathogens, <i>B. burgdorferi</i> has many unique features. For instance, its highly segmented genome was predicted to encode very few proteins directly dedicated to gene expression regulation. Yet, the spirochete continuously reprograms its transcriptome and proteome to promote survival and pathogenesis as spirochetes traverse the enzootic lifecycle between ticks and mammals. Signal sensing systems, a unique alternative sigma factor cascade, and multi-functional regulators work in concert to coordinate virulence gene expression under different tick and mammal environments. In this review, we have summarized recent advances in gene regulation in <i>B. burgdorferi</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12472547/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145176657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transcriptome Analysis of <i>Chenopodium album</i> in Response to Infection by <i>Botrytis</i> Strain HZ-011.","authors":"Haixia Zhu, Le Zhang, Yongqiang Ma, Lu Hou","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms13092177","DOIUrl":"10.3390/microorganisms13092177","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study conducted a transcriptome sequencing analysis of the interaction between <i>Chenopodium album</i> and <i>Botrytis</i> strain HZ-011 to identify genes involved in the response to fungal infections and elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the interaction. High-throughput RNA-seq technology was employed to analyze the transcriptomes of <i>C. album</i> leaves at 1, 4, and 5 days post-inoculation (dpi) with <i>Botrytis</i> strain HZ-011. The results revealed 11,645 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at 1 dpi, including 7399 upregulated and 4246 downregulated genes; 11,285 DEGs at 4 dpi (7801 upregulated and 3484 downregulated); and 9976 DEGs at 5 dpi (7723 upregulated and 2253 downregulated). GO functional analysis indicated that downregulated DEGs were significantly enriched in chloroplast and plastid functional expression at 1, 4, and 5 dpi. Following infection by <i>Botrytis</i> strain HZ-011, downregulated genes were significantly enriched in pathways related to photosynthesis, including photosynthetic pathways, light-harvesting antenna proteins, and carotenoid biosynthesis. This suggests that the photosynthetic process in <i>C. album</i> was markedly inhibited, disrupting nutrient supply and leading to herbicidal effects. Notably, genes such as <i>PSB28</i>, <i>PSBP</i>, <i>CAP10A</i>, and <i>CRTL-E-1</i> were significantly enriched in these pathways, indicating their potential roles in the herbicidal mechanism. These findings provide a foundation for understanding the herbicidal activity of strain HZ-011 and identifying potential targets for developing novel microbial herbicides.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12472639/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145176314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sorption-Biological Treatment of Coastal Substrates of the Barents Sea in Low Temperature Using the <i>Rhodococcus erythropolis</i> Strain HO-KS22.","authors":"Vladimir Myazin, Maria Korneykova, Nadezhda Fokina, Ekaterina Semenova, Tamara Babich, Milana Murzaeva","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms13092181","DOIUrl":"10.3390/microorganisms13092181","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The efficiency of the sorption-biological method for treatment of oil-polluted coastal substrates (soil and sand) of the Barents Sea under low temperature (10 °C) using the active hydrocarbon-oxidizing bacterial strain <i>Rhodococcus erythropolis</i> HO-KS22 was assessed in the laboratory. The highest rate of hydrocarbon degradation was in sand polluted with a low-density oil emulsion and in soil polluted with a medium-density oil emulsion. Sorption-biological treatment increased the rate of hydrocarbon degradation in sand by 3-4 times during the first month and enhanced the overall efficiency by 20% over a three-month period. The use of sorbents (granular activated carbon, thermally activated vermiculite and peat) both in sand and soil prevents secondary pollution of coastal ecosystems, since it significantly reduces the hydrocarbons' desorption and their leaching by water. <i>Rhodococcus erythropolis</i> HO-KS22, in combination with sorbents, can be applied during the biological remediation of coastal sandy substrates following the initial removal of emergency oil spills. However, for biological treatment of oil-polluted soils of the Barents Sea coast, further selection of active strains of hydrocarbon-oxidizing bacteria resistant to low pH values and temperatures typical for this region is necessary. The use of microbiological preparations without taking into account the soil and climatic factors of the region may be ineffective, which will increase the cost of remediation of the territory without significantly improving its condition.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12472628/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145176725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Amino Acid Balanced Compound Low-Protein Diets Improve Resource Efficiency in Sanhua Goose Production: Impacts on Metabolism, Gut Health, and Microbial Diversity.","authors":"Xianze Wang, Huiying Wang, Yi Liu, Guangquan Li, Daqian He, Shufang Chen, Huiyan Jia, Jiuli Dai, Xiao Zhou","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms13092179","DOIUrl":"10.3390/microorganisms13092179","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigated a compound low-protein diet (CLPD) strategy to reduce soybean meal (SBM) dependency in meat geese. Diets were formulated with crude protein (CP) levels decreasing from 16.5% (corn-soybean meal diet, CSD) to 9.8%, incorporating alternative ingredients such as rapeseed meal, corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), broken rice, and rice bran. All diets were balanced for limiting amino acids (lysine, methionine, threonine, and valine) through supplemental synthetic amino acids. A total of 192 four-week-old Sanhua geese were randomly assigned according to a single-factor completely randomized design to four dietary treatment groups: the 16.5% (CSD) group and three CLPD treatment groups (14.0% CP, 11.5% CP, and 9.8% CP). Each treatment consisted of six replicate pens with eight geese per pen. During the six-week trial, evaluations included growth performance, organ weights, nutrient digestibility, serum biochemistry, amino acid profiles, intestinal morphology, and cecal microbiota composition. Results demonstrated that compared to the 16.5% (CSD) group, the 11.5% CP (CLPD) group significantly improved final body weight (<i>p</i> < 0.05), average daily gain (P_Linear < 0.01, <i>p</i> < 0.05), and feed conversion efficiency (P_Linear < 0.01, <i>p</i> < 0.05), alongside enhanced apparent digestibility of crude protein and amino acids (P_Linear < 0.01, <i>p</i> < 0.05). Organ weights were generally stable, though the 9.8% CP (CLPD) group showed reduced liver weight (<i>p</i> < 0.05) and increased abdominal fat (P_Linear < 0.01, <i>p</i> < 0.05). Serum levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol increased (P_Linear < 0.05, <i>p</i> < 0.05). Intestinal morphology improved in the duodenum and jejunum: in the duodenum, villus height and villus-to-crypt ratio were significantly increased, and crypt depth was significantly decreased (P_Linear < 0.01, <i>p</i> < 0.05); in the jejunum, villus height was significantly increased (<i>p</i> < 0.05) and crypt depth was significantly decreased (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Cecal microbiota alpha diversity remained consistent. The dominant genera in the 9.8% CP (CLPD) group were <i>unclassified_Oscillospiraceae</i> and <i>unclassified_Ruminococcaceae</i> (<i>p</i> < 0.05), among which, <i>Megamonas</i>, <i>Prevotellaceae_Ga6A1_group</i>, and <i>Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group</i> dominated in the 16.5% (CSD) group (<i>p</i> < 0.05). These findings indicate that a compound low-protein diet (CLPD) with 11.5% CP, precisely balanced for limiting amino acids, supports optimal growth performance, improves nutrient utilization, and maintains intestinal health in meat geese. Overall, this offers a viable approach to easing SBM reliance in poultry nutrition while enhancing resource efficiency.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12472824/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145176564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impacts of Lead and Nanoplastic Co-Exposure on Decomposition, Microbial Diversity, and Community Assembly Mechanisms in Karst Riverine <i>Miscanthus</i> Litter.","authors":"Peijian Chen, Tianjiao Mei, Xingbing He, Yonghui Lin, Zaihua He, Xiangshi Kong","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms13092172","DOIUrl":"10.3390/microorganisms13092172","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Karst rivers are increasingly contaminated by both heavy metals and nanoplastics, yet their combined impact on riparian litter decomposition remains unresolved. We conducted a 90-day microcosm experiment using <i>Miscanthus floridulus</i> leaf litter collected from the Donghe River, Jishou, China, and exposed it to Pb (1 mg L^-1), polystyrene nanoplastics (10 and 100 µg L^-1), and their combinations. Pb alone modestly inhibited mass loss (61.0%) and respiration, while NP10 significantly accelerated decomposition (67.0%), and NP100 suppressed it (60.4%); co-exposure produced non-monotonic, concentration-dependent effects. Enzyme stoichiometry revealed that all treatments intensified nitrogen limitation but alleviated carbon limitation through reduced microbial activity. Bacterial communities, dominated by <i>Pseudomonadota</i>, exhibited remarkably stable phylum-level composition, high network complexity, and identical keystone taxa across all treatments, indicating strong functional redundancy and resilience. In contrast, fungal communities suffered severe declines in <i>Basidiomycota</i> abundance, collapsed network stability, and a single keystone taxon, underscoring their vulnerability. βNTI-RC_bray analyses demonstrated that stochastic processes (>50%) overwhelmingly governed both bacterial and fungal assembly, with only marginal deterministic shifts. Collectively, our findings highlight that bacteria-not fungi-serve as the primary decomposers under Pb-NP co-stress and that stochastic assembly, coupled with bacterial redundancy, buffers ecosystem function against emerging mixed pollutants in subtropical riverine systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12472299/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145176307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aquatic Chlamydiae: A Review of Their Roles in Fish Health.","authors":"Basma Mahmoud-Elkamouny, Carole Kebbi-Beghdadi, Gilbert Greub","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms13092166","DOIUrl":"10.3390/microorganisms13092166","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Aquaculture plays a vital role in meeting the global demand for high-quality protein. However, the fish industry is challenged by infectious diseases, including gill conditions such as epitheliocystis. Epitheliocystis is characterized by cyst-like epithelial lesions, which occur in the gills of fish, and is associated with intracellular bacteria including <i>Chlamydia</i>-related bacteria. Although epitheliocystis was initially regarded as of low significance, attention is increasing due to its impact on commercially important fish species in intense farming conditions. This review evaluates the roles of aquatic chlamydiae as pathogens contributing to fish morbidity and mortality, and as members of fish microbiota. Additionally, <i>Chlamydia</i>-related bacteria are thought to be involved in complex gill disease (CGD), characterized by lamellar fusion, epithelial hyperplasia, and inflammation. Recent discoveries have expanded the diversity of <i>Chlamydiota</i> isolated from fish, with novel species such as <i>Candidatus (Ca.)</i> Panilichlamydia rohitae, <i>Ca.</i> Piscichlamydia trichopodus, and <i>Chlamydia vaughanii</i> identified in different fish hosts. Most causative agents of epitheliocystis have not yet been cultured in vitro, although <i>C. vaughanii</i>, the first <i>Chlamydiaceae</i> member isolated from fish, was successfully cultured. As <i>C. vaughanii</i> was recently shown to be able to propagate in mammalian cells, it raises concerns about its zoonotic potential, although a pathogenic role has yet to be described.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12472661/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145176514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the Impact of Coinfection and Superinfection on Chikungunya and Mayaro Viruses' Replication in <i>Aedes aegypti</i>.","authors":"Maria Eduarda Dos Santos Pereira de Oliveira, Larissa Krokovsky, Maria Júlia Brito Couto, Duschinka Ribeiro Duarte Guedes, George Tadeu Nunes Diniz, Constância Flávia Junqueira Ayres, Marcelo Henrique Santos Paiva","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms13092165","DOIUrl":"10.3390/microorganisms13092165","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The simultaneous circulation of multiple arboviruses, often driven by (re)emergence events, poses challenges to public health systems. In Brazil, the co-circulation of Dengue virus (DENV), Zika virus (ZIKV), Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), and Oropouche virus (OROV), together with the potential urban emergence of Mayaro virus (MAYV), underscores the importance of understanding interactions among these pathogens within their vectors. This study investigated the effects of CHIKV and MAYV coinfection and superinfection on replication dynamics in <i>Aedes aegypti</i>. Mosquitoes were experimentally exposed to CHIKV and MAYV through artificial blood meals under coinfection and superinfection conditions. Infection (IR), dissemination (DR), and transmission (TR) rates, as well as viral loads, were quantified by quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). To confirm viral replication and assess cytopathic effects, positive saliva samples were inoculated in Vero cells, followed by serial passages and plaque assays for viral titration. The results showed that <i>Ae. aegypti</i> is capable of transmitting both CHIKV and MAYV concurrently during coinfection. However, in superinfection scenarios, prior infection with either virus significantly reduced the transmission efficiency of the subsequently acquired virus, indicating viral interference at the replication level. These findings underscore the complexity of arboviral interactions within vectors and highlight their potential implications for transmission dynamics. Continuous entomo-virological surveillance and targeted research are essential for anticipating and mitigating the impact of arboviral co-circulation in endemic regions.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12472765/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145176668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Therapeutic Potential of Probiotic-Derived P8 Protein as an Anti-Metastatic Agent in Colorectal Cancer.","authors":"Byung Chull An, Seungwoo Kim, Jaewon Ha, Sang-Hyuk Seok, Jun Won Park, Yongku Ryu, Myung Jun Chung","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms13092175","DOIUrl":"10.3390/microorganisms13092175","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We previously described the use of probiotics to deliver a <i>Lactobacillus rhamnosus</i>-derived therapeutic protein, P8, which has been identified as a candidate colorectal cancer (CRC) suppressor protein with anti-proliferation and anti-migration activities. P8 was found to penetrate cell membranes by endocytosis, suppressing cell proliferation through G₂ cell cycle arrest. Despite the ability of P8 to suppress cell migration in vitro, its mechanism of action in CRC is unclear. We profiled the P8-interacting partner proteins using the pull-down method with His-tagged bait P8 and then identified them by LC-MS/MS. Among the interacting targets, we focused on the mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 1 (Smad1), which is well known as one of the important modulators of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-derived migration pathway in CRC. The present study discovers that P8 prevents the phosphorylation of Smad1 or heterologous complexes within the Smad family, interfering with the importation of Smad1 or its complexes into the nucleus. Thus, P8 significantly inhibits the up-regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related genes mediated by Smad1. P8 also inhibits the morphological changes required for cell migration or adhesion. P8 induces morphologic changes in DLD-1 cells, and their spheroid surfaces, resulting in a significant reduction of the number and length of filopodia, as well as the down-regulation of the expression of myosin X and its accumulation in filopodia tips. This phenomenon seems to be a major negative regulator of cell motility that could be of key importance in metastasis. Use of a mouse model of human CRC metastasis confirmed that P8 significantly suppresses the liver metastatic rate. Probiotic-derived protein P8 significantly suppresses CRC metastasis through inhibition of the Smad1-EMT signal pathway and cell-cell adhesion.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12472984/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145176946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) Expression and Activation in COVID-19 and Long COVID: From SARS-CoV-2 Escape Mechanisms to Emerging PRR-Targeted Immunotherapies.","authors":"Luca Maddaloni, Ginevra Bugani, Matteo Fracella, Camilla Bitossi, Alessandra D'Auria, Francesca Aloisi, Abir Azri, Letizia Santinelli, Manel Ben M'Hadheb, Alessandra Pierangeli, Federica Frasca, Carolina Scagnolari","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms13092176","DOIUrl":"10.3390/microorganisms13092176","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which play a vital role in triggering innate immune responses such as the production of type I and III interferons (IFNs). While modest PRR activation helps to defend against SARS-CoV-2, excessive or sustained activation can cause harmful inflammation and contribute to severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Altered expression of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which are among the most important members of the PRR family members, particularly TLRs 2, 3, 4, 7, 8 and 9, has been strongly linked to COVID-19 severity. Furthermore, retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) and melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5), collectively known as RLRs (RIG-I-like receptors), act as sensors that detect SARS-CoV-2 RNA. The expression of these receptors, as well as that of different DNA sensors, varies in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. Changes in PRR expression, particularly that of TLRs, cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), and the stimulator of interferon genes (STING), have also been shown to play a role in the development and persistence of long COVID (LC). However, SARS-CoV-2 has evolved strategies to evade PRR recognition and subsequent signaling pathway activation, contributing to the IFN response dysregulation observed in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients. Nevertheless, PRR agonists and antagonists remain promising therapeutic targets for SARS-CoV-2 infection. This review aims to describe the PRRs involved in recognizing SARS-CoV-2, explore their expression during SARS-CoV-2 infection, and examine their role in determining the severity of both COVID-19 and long-term manifestations of the disease. It also describes the strategies developed by SARS-CoV-2 to evade PRR recognition and activation. Moreover, given the considerable interest in modulating PRR activity as a novel immunotherapy approach, this review will provide a description of PRR agonists and antagonists that have been investigated as antiviral strategies against SARS-CoV-2. This review aims to explore the complex interplay between PRRs and SARS-CoV-2 in depth, considering its implications for prognostic biomarkers, targeted therapeutic strategies and the mechanistic understanding of long LC. Additionally, it outlines future perspectives that could help to address knowledge gaps in PRR-mediated responses during SARS-CoV-2 infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12472249/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145176471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}