Microorganisms最新文献

{"title":"Anthocyanin-Rich Extract Mitigates the Contribution of the Pathobiont Genus <i>Haemophilus</i> in Mild-to-Moderate Ulcerative Colitis Patients.","authors":"Yannik Zobrist, Michael Doulberis, Luc Biedermann, Gabriel E Leventhal, Gerhard Rogler","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms12112376","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12112376","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Anthocyanins (ACs) have been shown to elicit anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in animal models of ulcerative colitis (UC). Furthermore, we previously observed in a double-blind randomized trial in UC patients that biochemical disease activity tended to be lower in patients that were exposed to AC. Here, we report on the changes in the fecal microbiome composition in these patients upon AC exposure. UC patients received a 3 g daily dose of an AC-rich bilberry extract (ACRE) for eight weeks. We determined the microbiome composition in longitudinal stool samples from 24 patients and quantified the degree of change over time. We also correlated the relative abundances of individual microbial taxa at different timepoints to fecal concentrations of calprotectin, a proxy for inflammation. Microbiome composition did not change over time as a result of the intervention, in terms of both alpha and beta diversity. However, before the intervention, the abundance of <i>Haemophilus parainfluenzae</i> was positively correlated with fecal calprotectin concentrations, and this correlation persisted in placebo-treated subjects throughout the study. In contrast, the correlation between <i>H. parainfluenzae</i> and calprotectin vanished in ACRE-treated subjects, while the relative abundance of <i>H. parainfluenzae</i> did not change. Our results suggest that ACRE treatment mitigates the contribution of <i>H. parainfluenzae</i> to inflammation. Further research is warranted to better comprehend the role of microbial composition in response to medical therapy including AC-rich extract in UC patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"12 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142729249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RNA Modifications in Pathogenic Viruses: Existence, Mechanism, and Impacts.","authors":"Yingying Zou, Zhoule Guo, Xing-Yi Ge, Ye Qiu","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms12112373","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12112373","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>RNA modification is a key posttranscriptional process playing various biological roles, and one which has been reported to exist extensively in cellular RNAs. Interestingly, recent studies have shown that viral RNAs also contain a variety of RNA modifications, which are regulated dynamically by host modification machinery and play critical roles in different stages of the viral life cycle. In this review, we summarize the reports of four typical modifications reported on viral RNAs, including N6-methyladenosine (m6A), 5-methylcytosine (m5C), N4-acetylcytosine (ac4C), and N1-methyladenosine (m1A), describe the molecular mechanisms of these modification processes, and illustrate their impacts on viral replication, pathogenicity, and innate immune responses. Notably, we find that RNA modifications in different viruses share some common features and mechanisms in their generation, regulation, and function, highlighting the potential for viral RNA modifications and the related host machinery to serve as the targets or bases for the development of antiviral therapeutics and vaccines.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"12 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142730655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Elevation Determines Fungal Diversity, and Land Use Governs Community Composition: A Dual Perspective from Gaoligong Mountains.","authors":"Zhuanfei Zeng, Ruilong Huang, Wei Li","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms12112378","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12112378","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Soil fungi are closely tied to their surrounding environment. While numerous studies have reported the effects of land-use practices or elevations on soil fungi, our understanding of how their community structure and diversity vary with elevation across different land-use practices remains limited. In the present study, by collecting soil samples from four different land uses in the Gaoligong Mountain area, namely shrublands (SLs), coffee plantations (CPs), cornfields (CFs), and citrus orchards (COs), and combining them with the changes in altitude gradients (low: 900 m, medium: 1200 m, high: 1500 m), high-throughput sequencing technology was used to analyze the composition and diversity of soil fungal communities based on the collected soil samples. The results showed that the interaction between land-use types and elevation significantly influenced the structure and diversity of fungal communities, although their relative importance in shaping fungal diversity or community structure varied. Specifically, elevation posed a stronger effect on fungal community alpha-diversity and functional guilds, whereas land-use types had a greater influence over fungal community composition. Our study reveals the individual and combined effects of land-use practices and elevation on the structure and diversity of soil fungal communities in the Gaoligong Mountain region, enhancing our understanding of the distribution patterns and driving mechanisms of soil fungal communities in this biodiversity-rich region.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"12 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142730560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Rhizobacterium <i>Bacillus amyloliquefaciens</i> MHR24 Has Biocontrol Ability Against Fungal Phytopathogens and Promotes Growth in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>.","authors":"Mónica Hernández-Rodríguez, Diana Jasso-de Rodríguez, Francisco Daniel Hernández-Castillo, Ivana Moggio, Eduardo Arias, José Humberto Valenzuela-Soto, Alberto Flores-Olivas","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms12112380","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12112380","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A novel rhizobacteria <i>Bacillus</i> was isolated from rhizosphere of soil associated with tomato (<i>Solanum lycopersicum</i> L.) under open field conditions. The <i>Bacillus amyloliquefaciens</i> strain MHR24 (MHR24) is a promising biocontrol agent against several fungal phytopathogens. In this research, MHR24 was characterized by an effective antagonistic ability against <i>Alternaria alternata</i> (Aa), <i>Botrytis cinerea</i> (Bc), <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i> F1 (F1), <i>F. oxysporum</i> F2 (F2), <i>F. oxysporum</i> R3 (F3), and <i>Sclerotinia sclerotiorum</i> (Sc). In particular, MHR24 showed a strong inhibition via airborne volatiles against Bc, F3, Aa, and F2 fungal strains. MHR24 also showed elevated saline stress tolerance at 1% and 25% to NaCl and KCl. The molecular sequence analysis of 16S rDNA confirmed the identity of the isolate as <i>Bacillus amyloliquefaciens</i> strain MHR24. Bioassays on <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> Col-0 inoculated with MHR24 showed in in vitro conditions that MHR24 significantly increases the foliar and root area, while in growth chamber conditions, it strongly increases the dry shoot biomass of <i>A. thaliana</i>. The observed results indicate that <i>B. amyloliquefaciens</i> MHR24 has a broad-spectrum biocontrol against fungal phytopathogens and can be used as a biofertilizer and biocontrol agent to improve horticultural crops.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"12 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142730637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genomic Insight into Zoonotic and Environmental <i>Vibrio vulnificus</i>: Strains with T3SS2 as a Novel Threat to Public Health.","authors":"Ling-Chao Ma, Min Li, Yi-Ming Chen, Wei-Ye Chen, Yi-Wen Chen, Zi-Le Cheng, Yong-Zhang Zhu, Yan Zhang, Xiao-Kui Guo, Chang Liu","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms12112375","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12112375","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Vibrio vulnificus</i> is a significant opportunistic pathogen with the highest fatality rate among foodborne microbes. However, due to a lack of comprehensive surveillance, the characteristics of isolates in China remain poorly understood. This study analyzed 60 strains of <i>V. vulnificus</i> isolated from diverse sources in Shanghai, including shellfish, crabs, shrimps, throat swabs of migratory birds, as well as seafood farming water and seawater. Identification of the genotypes was performed using PCR, and cytotoxicity was determined using an LDH assay. DNA was sequenced using Illumina NovaSeq followed by a bioinformatic analysis. The results demonstrated that a majority of the strains belonged to the 16S rRNA B-<i>vcg</i>C genotype. All strains carried five antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), with some strains carrying over ten ARGs, mediating resistance to multiple antibiotics. Five strains possessed a highly abundant effector delivery system, which further investigations revealed to be a type III secretion system II (T3SS2), marking the first description of T3SS2 in <i>V. vulnificus</i>. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that it belonged to a different genetic lineage from T3SS2α and T3SS2β of <i>V. parahaemolyticus</i>. Bacteria with T3SS2 sequences were concentrated in coastal areas and mostly within the genus <i>Vibrio</i> in the global prevalence survey. Our study provides essential baseline information for non-clinical <i>V. vulnificus</i> and discovers the existence of T3SS2 in several strains which may be more virulent, thereby posing a new threat to human health.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"12 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142730575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Survey on the Occurrence of Zoonotic Bacterial Pathogens in the Feces of Wolves (<i>Canis lupus italicus</i>) Collected in a Protected Area in Central Italy.","authors":"Fabrizio Bertelloni, Giulia Cagnoli, Valentina Virginia Ebani","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms12112367","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12112367","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Previous investigations have explored the involvement of wolves in parasitic and viral diseases, but data on the zoonotic bacteria are limited. The aim of this study was to assess the occurrence of bacterial zoonotic agents in 16 wolf (<i>Canis lupus italicus</i>) fecal samples collected in a protected area in Central Italy. <i>Campylobacter</i> spp., <i>Salmonella</i> spp., <i>Yersinia</i> spp., <i>Listeria monocytogenes,</i> and Shiga Toxin-Producing <i>Escherichia coli</i> (STEC) were investigated by culture, while polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was employed to detect <i>Coxiella burnetii</i>, <i>Mycobacterium</i> spp., <i>Brucella</i> spp., and <i>Francisella tularensis</i>. The presence of Extended Spectrum β-Lactamase (ESBL)- and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae was also evaluated, using selective isolation media and detection of antimicrobial resistance genes. All samples were negative for <i>Campylobacter</i> spp., <i>Salmonella</i> spp., <i>C. burnetii</i>, <i>Mycobacterium</i> spp., <i>Brucella</i> spp., <i>F. tularensis</i>, and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. One sample tested positive for <i>Yersinia aldovae</i> and three for <i>Yersinia enterocolitica</i> BT1A. One <i>L. monocytogenes</i> (serogroup IIa) and one STEC, carrying the <i>stx1</i> gene, were isolated. Two ESBL isolates were detected: one <i>Serratia fonticola</i>, carrying <i>bla_FONA-3/6</i> gene, and one <i>Escherichia coli</i>, carrying <i>bla_CTX-M-1</i> gene. Both ESBL isolates were resistant to different antimicrobials and therefore classified as multi-drug-resistant. Our data suggest that wolves are potential carriers of zoonotic bacteria and may contribute to the environmental contamination through their feces.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"12 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142730503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recombinant SAG2A Protein from <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> Modulates Immune Profile and Induces Metabolic Changes Associated with Reduced Tachyzoite Infection in Peritoneal Exudate Cells from Susceptible C57BL/6 Mice.","authors":"Thaíse Anne Rocha Dos Santos, Mário Cézar de Oliveira, Edson Mario de Andrade Silva, Uener Ribeiro Dos Santos, Monaliza Macêdo Ferreira, Ana Luísa Corrêa Soares, Neide Maria Silva, Tiago Antônio de Oliveira Mendes, Jamilly Azevedo Leal-Sena, Jair Pereira da Cunha-Júnior, Tiago Wilson Patriarca Mineo, José Roberto Mineo, Érica Araújo Mendes, Jane Lima-Santos, Carlos Priminho Pirovani","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms12112366","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12112366","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Toxoplasmosis is a neglected disease that represents a significant public health problem. The antigenic profile of <i>T. gondii</i> is complex, and the immune response can lead to either susceptibility or resistance. Some antigens, such as surface antigen glycoprotein (SAG), are expressed on the surface of tachyzoite stages and interact with the host immune cells. In this study, we investigated the potential of the recombinant SAG2A protein of <i>T. gondii</i> to control parasitism and modulate the immune response in the peritoneal exudate cells (PECs) of both susceptible (C57BL/6) and resistant (BALB/c) mice using an in vitro infection model, gene expression, proteomic analysis, and bioinformatic tools. Our results showed that rSAG2A-treated PECs presented a lower parasitism in C57BL/6 mice but not in the PECs from BALB/c mice, and induced a pro-inflammatory cytokine profile in C57BL/6 mice (<i>iNOS</i>, <i>TNF-α</i>, and <i>IL-6</i>). rSAG2A modulated different exclusive proteins in each mouse lineage, with PECs from the C57BL/6 mice being more sensitive to modulation by rSAG2A. Additionally, biological processes crucial to parasite survival and immune response were modulated by rSAG2A in the C57BL/6 PECs, including fatty acid beta-oxidation, reactive oxygen species metabolism, interferon production, and cytokine-mediated signaling pathways. Together, our study indicates that rSAG2A controls <i>T. gondii</i> parasitism in susceptible C57BL/6 PECs through the modulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and enhanced expression of proteins involved in the cytotoxic response.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"12 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142730617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Colonization of Synthetic Microbial Communities Carried by Bio-Organic Fertilizers in Continuous Cropping Soil for Potato Plants.","authors":"Wenming Zhang, Shiqing Li, Pingliang Zhang, Xuyan Han, Yanhong Xing, Chenxu Yu","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms12112371","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12112371","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Synthetic microbial communities (SynComs) play significant roles in soil health and sustainable agriculture. In this study, bacterial SynComs (SCBs) and fungal SynComs (SCFs) were constructed by selecting microbial species that could degrade the potato root exudates associated with continuous cropping obstacles. SCBs, SCFs, and SCB + SCF combinations were then inoculated into organic fertilizers (OFs, made from sheep manure) to produce three bio-organic fertilizers (BOFs), denoted by SBFs (BOFs of inoculated SCBs), SFFs (BOFs of inoculated SCFs), and SBFFs (BOFs of inoculated SCB + SCF combinations), respectively. The OF and three BOFs, with a chemical fertilizer (CK) as the control, were then used in pot experiments involving potato growth with soil from a 4-year continuous cropping field. Microbial diversity sequencing was used to investigate the colonization of SCBs and SCFs into the rhizosphere soil and the bulk soil, and their effects on soil microbial diversity were evaluated. Source Tracker analysis showed that SCBs increased bacterial colonization from the SBFs into the rhizosphere soil, but at a relatively low level of 1% of the total soil bacteria, while SCFs increased fungi colonization from the SFF into the bulk soil at a much higher level of 5-18% of the total soil fungi. In combination, SCB + SCF significantly increased fungi colonization from the SBFF into both the bulk soil and the rhizosphere soil. Overall, the soil fungi were more susceptible to the influence of the BOFs than the bacteria. In general, the application of BOFs did not significantly change the soil microbial alpha diversity. Correlation network analysis showed that key species of bacteria were stable in the soils of the different groups, especially in the rhizosphere soil, while the key species of fungi significantly changed among the different groups. LEfSe analysis showed that the application of BOFs activated some rare species, which were correlated with improvements in the function categories of the tolerance of stress, nitrogen fixation, and saprotroph functions. Mantel test analysis showed that the BOFs significantly affected soil physicochemical properties, influencing bacterial key species, and core bacteria, promoting potato growth. It was also noted that the presence of SynCom-inoculated BOFs may lead to a slight increase in plant pathogens, which needs to be considered in the optimization of SynCom applications to overcome continuous cropping obstacles in potato production.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"12 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142730584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regulatory Standard for Determining Preoperative Skin Preparation Efficacy Underreports True Dermal Bioburden in a Porcine Model.","authors":"Hannah R Duffy, Nicholas N Ashton, Abbey Blair, Nathanael Hooper, Porter Stulce, Dustin L Williams","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms12112369","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12112369","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Medical device companies and regulatory bodies rely on a nondestructive bacterial sampling technique specified by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM E1173-15) to test preoperative skin preparations (PSPs). Despite the widespread use of PSPs, opportunistic skin-flora pathogens remain the most significant contributor to surgical site infections, suggesting that the ASTM testing standard may be underreporting true dermal bioburden. We hypothesized that ASTM E1173-15 may fail to capture deep skin-dwelling flora. To test this hypothesis, we applied ASTM E1173-15 and a full-thickness skin sampling technique, which we established previously through application to the backs of seven pigs (Yorkshire/Landrace hybrid) following a clinically used PSP (4% chlorhexidine gluconate). The results showed that samples quantified using the full-thickness skin method consistently cultured more bacteria than the ASTM standard, which principally targeted surface-dwelling bacteria. Following PSP, the ASTM standard yielded 1.05 ± 0.24 log₁₀ CFU/cm², while the full-thickness tissue method resulted in 3.24 ± 0.24 log₁₀ CFU/cm², more than a 2 log₁₀ difference (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Immunofluorescence images corroborated the data, showing that <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i> was present in deep skin regions with or without PSP treatment. Outcomes suggested that a full-thickness sampling technique may better evaluate PSP technologies as it resolves bioburdens dwelling in deeper skin regions.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"12 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142730638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alginate-Degrading Modes, Oligosaccharide-Yielding Properties, and Potential Applications of a Novel Bacterial Multifunctional Enzyme, Aly16-1.","authors":"Lianghuan Zeng, Junge Li, Jingyan Gu, Wei Hu, Wenjun Han, Yuezhong Li","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms12112374","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12112374","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Relatively little is known about enzymes with broad substrate spectra, leading to limited applications and progress. Herein, we elucidate Aly16-1 of <i>Streptomyces</i> sp. strain CB16 as a novel multifunctional member of the eighth polysaccharide lyase (PL8) family, although it shared few sequence identities with the characterized enzymes. The recombinant enzyme rAly16-1 showed lyase activities against several acidic polysaccharides, including many glycosaminoglycan types, xanthan, and alginate. It was mannuronate (M)-preferred, endolytic, and optimal at 50 °C and pH 6.0. The smallest substrate was an ∆M-terminal (∆: unsaturated monosaccharide) trisaccharide, and the minimal product was ∆. In the final alginate digestions by rAly16-1, the fractions larger than disaccharides were ∆G-terminal (G: guluronate), while the disaccharides were mainly ∆M, showing an oligosaccharide-yielding property under the succession law. However, when degrading various oligosaccharides, rAly16-1 continued producing ∆M from the non-reducing end even when the substrates increased their sizes, quite different from the elucidated alginate lyases with variable alginate-degrading modes. Thus, co-determined by its M-preference, Aly16-1 is novel for its ∆M-yielding property in oligosaccharide preparations. Additionally, rAly16-1 can be applied in sequencing unsaturated trisaccharides, whether ∆M- or ∆G-terminal. This study provides novel insights into the characteristics and applications of a multifunctional enzyme within the PL8 family for resource explorations.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"12 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142730507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}