Microorganisms最新文献

{"title":"Silver Nanoparticles and Antibiotics: A Promising Synergistic Approach to Multidrug-Resistant Infections.","authors":"Eudald Casals, Muriel F Gusta, Neus Bastus, Jordi Rello, Victor Puntes","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms13040952","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13040952","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The escalating threat of antibiotic resistance demands innovative strategies against multidrug-resistant (MDR) microorganisms, particularly in hospital settings where such infections represent a major global health challenge. Since the rapid growth of nanotechnology interdisciplinary research and funding programs in the 2000s, silver ions have re-emerged as potent antimicrobial agents, offering a promising complement to conventional therapies. This therapeutic potential is nowadays explored through the use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as sources for silver ions release. Recent studies have shown that controlled silver ion release enhances the efficacy of common antibiotics. This can be attributed to the energetically demanding nature of the bacterial response to silver, which weakens bacterial metabolism and, in turn, overwhelms bacterial defenses and increases antibiotic effectiveness. Herein, historical insights into the use of colloidal silver and AgNPs are combined with a review of recent research on the exploitation of the synergistic effect between AgNPs and antibiotics as a promising strategy against MDR pathogens.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"13 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12029289/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144027896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental Risk Factors Contributing to the Spread of Antibiotic Resistance in West Africa.","authors":"Adenike Adenaya, Adedapo Adedayo Adeniran, Chidera Linus Ugwuoke, Kaosara Saliu, Mariam Adewumi Raji, Amartya Rakshit, Mariana Ribas-Ribas, Martin Könneke","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms13040951","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13040951","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Antibiotic resistance is a well-documented global health challenge that disproportionately impacts low- and middle-income countries. In 2019, the number of deaths attributed to and associated with antibiotic resistance in Western Sub-Saharan Africa was approximately 27 and 115 per 100,000, respectively, higher than in other regions worldwide. Extensive research has consistently confirmed the persistent presence and spread of antibiotic resistance in hospitals, among livestock, within food supply chains, and across various environmental contexts. This review documents the environmental risk factors contributing to the spread of antibiotic resistance in West Africa. We collected studies from multiple West African countries using the Web of Science and PubMed databases. We screened them for factors associated with antibiotic-resistant bacteria and resistance genes between 2018 and 2024. Our findings indicate that antibiotic resistance remains a significant concern in West Africa, with environmental pollution and waste management identified as major factors in the proliferation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and resistance genes between 2018 and 2024. Additional contributing factors include poor hygiene, the use of antibiotics in agriculture, aquaculture, and animal farming, and the transmission of antibiotic resistance within hospital settings. Unfortunately, the lack of comprehensive genetic characterization of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and resistance genes hinders a thorough understanding of this critical issue in the region. Since antibiotic resistance transcends national borders and can spread within and between countries, it is essential to understand the environmental risk factors driving its dissemination in West African countries. Such understanding will be instrumental in developing and recommending effective strategies nationally and internationally to combat antibiotic resistance.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"13 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12029926/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144002785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance and Virulence Genes in <i>Escherichia coli</i> Isolates from a Chinese Hospital over a 12-Year Period.","authors":"Chengjie Feng, Hongbing Jia, Qian Yang, Qinghua Zou","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms13040954","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13040954","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Escherichia coli</i> is a significant pathogen capable of inducing a variety of infections in both human and animal hosts. Despite its clinical significance, there is a lack of longitudinal research aimed at elucidating the genomic attributes that facilitate antimicrobial resistance and clonal dissemination in this bacterium. In this study, we investigated the genetic dynamics of antibiotic resistance and virulence factors within a collection of 137 <i>E. coli</i> isolates retrieved from a Chinese hospital over a 12-year period. Notably, a substantial increase in resistance to various antibiotics, including broad-spectrum β-lactams, aminoglycosides, and quinolones, was observed. Additionally, our study revealed the acquisition of diverse antibiotic resistance and virulence genes across different sequence types (STs). Among the STs, ST131 emerged as the most prevalent, exhibiting a high level of multidrug resistance. In contrast, ST73 and ST12 demonstrated a higher prevalence of virulence genes, suggestive of a potential trade-off between antibiotic resistance and virulence. What's more, we identified significant intra-clonal diversification and convergence of antibiotic resistance and virulence traits within the dominant ST131 group. These findings underscore the importance of longitudinal studies in understanding the evolution of bacterial pathogens and the necessity for ongoing research to inform public health strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"13 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12029843/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144032913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antibacterial Effect and Mechanism of Chelerythrine on <i>Xanthomonas oryzae</i> pv. <i>oryzae</i>.","authors":"Yi Yan, Jueyu Wang, Na Zhao, Daizong Cui, Min Zhao","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms13040953","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13040953","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Xanthomonas oryzae</i> pv. <i>oryzae</i> (<i>Xoo</i>) is a biotrophic bacterial pathogen, which causes devastating bacterial blight disease worldwide. In this study, we thoroughly investigated the antimicrobial effect of the plant-derived extract chelerythrine against <i>Xanthomonas oryzae</i> pv. <i>oryzae</i> (<i>Xoo</i>) and elucidated its mechanism. Chelerythrine is a quaternary ammonium alkaloid with a 2,3,7,8-tetrasubstituted phenanthridine structure, extracted from plants, such as the whole plant of Chelidonium majus, and the roots, stems, and leaves of Macleaya cordata. We found that chelerythrine significantly inhibited the growth of <i>Xoo</i> at a concentration of 1.25 μg/mL. Further experiments revealed that chelerythrine interfered with the division and reproduction of the bacterium, leading to its filamentous growth. Additionally, it increased the permeability of <i>Xoo</i> cell membranes and effectively decreased the pathogenicity of <i>Xoo</i>, including the inhibition of extracellular polysaccharide production, cellulase secretion, and biofilm formation. Chelerythrine induced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species in the bacterium, triggering oxidative stress. The result showed that chelerythrine inhibited the formation of the Z-ring of <i>Xoo</i>, interfered with the synthesis of pyrimidine and purine nucleotides, inhibited DNA damage repair, and inhibited the formation of peptidoglycan and lipid-like A, thus interfering with cell membrane permeability, inhibiting carbohydrate metabolism and phosphorylation of sugars, reducing pathogenicity, and ultimately inhibiting bacterial growth and leading to the destruction or lysis of bacterial cells. Altogether, our results suggest that the antimicrobial effect of chelerythrine on <i>Xoo</i> exhibits multi-target properties. Additionally, its effective inhibitory concentration is low. These findings provide a crucial theoretical basis and guidance for the development of novel and efficient plant-derived antimicrobial compounds.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"13 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12029680/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144000949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Vaginally Exposed Extracellular Vesicle of <i>Gardnerella vaginalis</i> Induces RANK/RANKL-Involved Systemic Inflammation in Mice.","authors":"Yoon-Jung Shin, Xiaoyang Ma, Ji-Su Baek, Dong-Hyun Kim","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms13040955","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13040955","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Gardnerella vaginalis</i> (GV), an opportunistic pathogen excessively proliferated in vaginal dysbiosis, causes systemic inflammation including vaginitis, neuroinflammation, and osteitis. To understand its systemic inflammation-triggering factor, we purified extracellular vesicles isolated from GV (gEVs) and examined their effect on the occurrence of vaginitis, osteitis, and neuroinflammation in mice with and without ovariectomy (Ov). The gEVs consisted of lipopolysaccharide, proteins, and nucleic acid and induced TNF-α and RANKL expression in macrophage cells. When the gEVs were vaginally exposed in mice without Ov, they significantly induced RANK, RANKL, and TNF-α expression and NF-κB⁺ cell numbers in the vagina, femur, hypothalamus, and hippocampus, as observed in GV infection. The gEVs decreased time spent in the open field (OT) in the elevated plus maze test by 47.3%, as well as the distance traveled in the central area (DC) by 28.6%. In the open field test, they also decreased the time spent in the central area (TC) by 39.3%. Additionally, gEVs decreased spontaneous alteration (SA) in the Y-maze test by 33.8% and the recognition index (RI) in the novel object recognition test by 26.5%, while increasing the immobility time (IT) in the tail suspension test by 36.7%. In mice with OV (Ov), the gEVs also induced RANK, RANKL, and TNF-α expression and increased NF-κB⁺ cell numbers in the vagina, femur, hypothalamus, and hippocampus compared to vehicle-treated mice. When gEVs were exposed to mice with Ov, gEVs also reduced the DC, TC, OT, SA, and RI to 62.1%, 62.7%, 28.2%, 90.7%, and 85.4% of mice with Ov, respectively, and increased IT to 122.9% of mice with Ov. Vaginally exposed fluorescein-isothiocyanate-tagged gEVs were detected in the blood, femur, and hippocampus. These findings indicate that GV-derived gEVs may induce systemic inflammation through the activation of RANK/RANKL-involved NF-κB signaling, leading to systemic disorders including vaginitis, osteoporosis, depression, and cognitive impairment. Therefore, gEVs may be an important risk factor for vaginitis, osteoporosis, depression, and cognitive impairment in women.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"13 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12029968/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144009995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Microbiota-Human Health Axis.","authors":"Harrie Toms John, Treesa Clare Thomas, Ezenwa Collins Chukwuebuka, Ali Bacar Ali, Reggani Anass, Yididiya Yilma Tefera, Bency Babu, Nicoleta Negrut, Anca Ferician, Paula Marian","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms13040948","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13040948","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Trillions of microorganisms play a pivotal role in maintaining health and preventing disease in humans. Their presence influences daily life, habits, energy levels, and pathologies. The present narrative review synthesized recent studies of microbial diversity across organ systems. The composition of the microbiota regulates the intestinal barrier, modulates the immune response, influences metabolism, and produces essential compounds such as short-chain fatty acids and neurotransmitters. Dysbiosis is associated with numerous pathologies, including metabolic, autoimmune, neurodegenerative, and cardiovascular diseases. The microbiota is key to maintaining physiological balance and reducing disease risk. Therapeutic interventions, such as probiotics, prebiotics, postbiotics, and microbiome transplantation, offer promising perspectives in restoring microbial homeostasis and preventing chronic diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"13 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12029893/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144019334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How the Built Environment Shapes Children's Microbiome: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Rozalynne Samira, Muntazar Monsur, Nazia Afrin Trina","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms13040950","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13040950","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This systematic review aims to synthesize key empirical findings to understand how various elements of the built environment influence the microbiome concerning children's health and well-being. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across multiple databases, focusing on studies that examined the relationship between built environment factors and the microbiome aspects of childhood. A total of 42 studies were included in the final systematic review. We analyzed these studies from a range of different lenses, starting with basic research questions and variables to types of built environments, age groups of children, sampling strategy, bioinformatics, and the biological methods utilized. This review highlights a growing emphasis on children's exposure to nature within built environments and its potential to beneficially alter the microbiome, with 38% of studies addressing this link. It also identifies a significant research gap in connecting built environment design features (landscape and/or architectural) to microbiome outcomes and associated health, behavioral, and mental health impacts on children. The findings indicate that interventions aimed at improving the built environment quality via design could foster healthier microbiomes in children's environments. This review underscores the need for interdisciplinary research and policy initiatives that integrate microbiome science with built environment design to promote children's health and well-being.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"13 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12029762/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144032967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New Findings on the Survival of <i>Durusdinium glynnii</i> Under Different Acclimation Methods to Low Salinities.","authors":"Barbara de Cassia S Brandão, Jéssika L de Abreu, Deyvid Willame S Oliveira, Clarissa Vilela F da Silva Campos, Ingrid M Thó de Aguiar, Pedro R de Sena, Alfredo O Gálvez, Carlos Yure B Oliveira","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms13040946","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13040946","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigated the effects of salinity on the growth and cell morphotype of the coral-associated dinoflagellate <i>Durusdinium glynnii</i> under two acclimation strategies: abrupt saline shock (S5) and gradual reduction (S2). Results revealed optimal growth rates (µ = 0.22-0.35 day^-1) at salinities of 20-30 g L^-1, while extreme conditions (10 and 40 g L^-1) significantly inhibited development. The S2 strategy enabled adaptation to salinities as low as 16 g L^-1, maintaining higher cell densities compared to the S5 method. Gradual salinity reduction also influenced cellular morphology: below 12 g L^-1, a predominant shift occurred from motile forms (mastigotes) to non-motile spherical structures (coccoid), suggesting an adaptive response to osmotic stress, gradually reducing the growth rate due to the lower reproductive rate of coccoid cells, as previously reported in studies. The findings conclude that <i>D. glynnii</i> is a euryhaline species, tolerant of moderate salinity variations (16-30 g L^-1) but limited under extreme conditions. Its morphological plasticity and gradual acclimation capacity highlight its potential for cultivation in brackish environments and biomass production for biotechnological applications, such as antioxidants and antimicrobials. The data provide a foundation for future studies on molecular mechanisms of salinity tolerance, essential for coral conservation strategies and bioprospecting efforts.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"13 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12029575/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143990281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microbiome Migration from Soil to Leaves in Maize and Rice.","authors":"Jiejia Ma, Qianze Peng, Silu Chen, Zhuoxin Liu, Weixing Zhang, Chi Zhang, Xiaohua Du, Shue Sun, Weiye Peng, Ziling Lei, Limei Zhang, Pin Su, Deyong Zhang, Yong Liu","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms13040947","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13040947","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The interactions between plants and microbes are essential for enhancing crop productivity. However, the mechanisms underlying host-specific microbiome migration and functional assembly remain poorly understood. In this study, microbiome migration from soil to leaves in rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i>) and maize (<i>Zea mays</i>) was analyzed through 16S rRNA sequencing and phenotypic assessments. When we used the same soil microbiome source to grow rice and maize, microbiota and functional traits were specifically enriched by maize in its phyllosphere and rhizosphere. This indicated that plants can selectively assemble microbiomes from a shared microbiota source. Therefore, 22 strains were isolated from the phyllospheres of rice and maize and used to construct a synthetic microbial community (SynCom). When the soil for rice and maize growth was inoculated with the SynCom, strains belonging to <i>Bacillus</i> were enriched in the maize phyllosphere compared to the rice phyllosphere. Additionally, a strain belonging to <i>Rhizobium</i> was enriched in the maize rhizosphere compared to the rice rhizosphere. These results suggest that plant species influence the migration of microbiota within their respective compartments. Compared with mock inoculation, SynCom inoculation significantly enhanced plant growth. When we compared the microbiomes, strains belonging to <i>Achromobacter</i>, which were assembled by both rice and maize, played a role in enhancing plant growth. Our findings underscore the importance of microbial migration dynamics and functional assembly in leveraging plant-microbe interactions for sustainable agriculture.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"13 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12029745/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144017783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Clinical Validity and Utility of PCR Compared to Conventional Culture and Sensitivity Testing for the Management of Complicated Urinary Tract Infections in Adults: A Secondary (Ad Hoc) Analysis of Pathogen Detection, Resistance Profiles, and Impact on Clinical Outcomes.","authors":"Moustafa Kardjadj, Tara W Chang, Roel Chavez, DeAndre Derrick, Frank L Spangler, Itoe P Priestly, Lauren Y Park, Thomas K Huard","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms13040949","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13040949","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Clinical success in treating complicated urinary tract infections (cUTIs) depends on accurate pathogen detection, given the common occurrence of polymicrobial infections and antimicrobial resistance. This multicenter, randomized, investigator-blinded study compared polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based diagnostics to conventional culture and sensitivity (C&S) testing in guiding the treatment of cUTIs. PCR identified polymicrobial infections in 43.52% of cases, a significantly higher rate than that observed with C&S (31.95%, <i>p</i> = 0.033). Patients in the C&S arms with undetected polymicrobial infections had a significantly higher clinical failure rate (33.33%, 14/42, <i>p</i> = 0.041) compared to those with concordant polymicrobial infection identification by both methods (22.22%, 12/54). PCR also detected additional pathogens in 54.44% (92/169) of cases in the C&S arm, where clinical failure was significantly higher when C&S missed pathogens (28.26% vs. 14.29%, <i>p</i> = 0.015). Similarly, when C&S failed to detect phenotypic resistance (compared to PCR), clinical failure occurred in 50% (16/42) of cases, compared to 13.22% (21/121, <i>p</i> = 0.001) when resistance detection was concordant (PCR and C&S). To further illustrate the clinical impact, patient-level case analyses are included to demonstrate how PCR-guided therapy improved pathogen detection and enabled more appropriate antimicrobial selection compared to C&S. These findings highlight the limitations of C&S in detecting polymicrobial infections, antimicrobial resistance, and hetero-resistance due to its limited clonal analysis, supporting the integration of PCR for more accurate diagnostics and optimized cUTI management.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"13 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12029264/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143993012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}