Microorganisms最新文献

{"title":"Development of a TaqMan qPCR for the Simultaneous Detection of the TuMV and BBWV2 Viruses Responsible for the Viral Disease in <i>Pseudostellaria heterophylla</i>.","authors":"Li Gu, Chensi Liu, Shuting Yao, Jiaxin Wu, Lianghong Wang, Jing Mu, Yankun Wang, Jianming Wang, Zhongyi Zhang, Mingjie Li","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms12122663","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12122663","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Pseudostellaria heterophylla</i> (Miq.) Pax, a highly valued Chinese medicinal plant, is experiencing a notable decline in yield and quality due to viral diseases, particularly caused those by TuMV and BBWV2. Currently, the absence of a quantitative detection method for these viruses in <i>P. heterophylla</i> impedes the accurate diagnosis. The development of an accurate quantitative detection method is thus essential for effectively managing viral diseases in this plant. In this study, singleplex and duplex TaqMan qPCR were developed for the detection of the two viruses, based on two viral cloning vectors. Concurrently, the levels of both viruses were examined in the main produced regions of <i>P. heterophylla</i>. Furthermore, the levels of BBWV2 were examined during its infection of <i>P. heterophylla</i>. The optimal singleplex qPCR employed 0.1 μM of hydrolysis probe and 0.1 μM of primer for TuMV, while 0.2 μM of hydrolysis probe and 0.1 μM of primer were utilised for BBWV2. In contrast, the duplex qPCR employed the use of 0.1 μM of the upstream/downstream primer from each primer pair, with 0.2 μM of the respective hydrolysis probes. The 95% limit of detection (LOD) for singleplex qPCR was 734 copies for TuMV and 20 copies for BBWV2, while the 95% LOD for duplex qPCR was 945 copies for TuMV and 47 copies for BBWV2. Furthermore, the intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation were found to be less than 1.2% for both singleplex and duplex qPCR. Of the <i>P. heterophylla</i> sampled 60 sites, 96% were found to be infected by one of two viruses. The levels of BBWV2 in <i>N. benthamiana</i> and <i>P. heterophylla</i> demonstrated an initial increase, followed by a subsequent decrease. The TaqMan qPCR methods provide a technical foundation for the monitoring of virus infections in <i>P. heterophylla</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"12 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142979118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Trypanosoma cruzi</i> DNA Identification in Breast Milk from Mexican Women with Chagas Disease.","authors":"María Del Pilar Crisóstomo-Vázquez, Griselda Rodríguez-Martínez, Verónica Jiménez-Rojas, Leticia Eligio-García, Alfonso Reyes-López, María Hernández-Ramírez, Francisco Hernández-Juárez, José Luis Romero-Zamora, Silvia Guadalupe Vivanco-Tellez, Fortino Solorzano-Santos, Victor M Luna-Pineda, Guillermina Campos-Valdez","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms12122660","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12122660","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>(1) Background: Chagas disease is a public health problem affecting nearly 2 million women of reproductive age in Latin America. From these, 4-8% can transmit the infection to the foetus through the vertical route, whereas horizontal transmission through milk during breastfeeding remains controversial. Therefore, the presence of <i>Trypanosoma cruzi</i> (<i>T. cruzi</i>) DNA in the milk of women seropositive for Chagas disease was analysed to determine whether a relationship with the infection of their children can exist. (2) Methods: 260 pairs (mother-child) from four hospitals located in rural areas endemic to <i>T. cruzi</i> (state of Oaxaca) were studied. The presence of anti-<i>T. cruzi</i> antibodies in the serum of lactating women were determined by ELISA, whereas parasitic DNA in either breast milk or newborn's blood was identified by PCR; (3) Results: The seroprevalence of infection in lactating women was 5.76%, and the frequency of infection detected by PCR in breast milk was 1.92%, while the frequency of infection in the blood of newborns was 1.92%. Pochutla-Oaxaca presented the highest number of positive cases in both breast milk and blood. The only risk factor found was the presence of the vector in the geographical area analysed, favouring the parasite's transmission. Overall, the results suggest a probable transmission of <i>T. cruzi</i>, although whether it was through breastfeeding or through the blood during delivery could not be determined. (4) Conclusions: <i>T. cruzi</i> DNA was identified in lactating women's milk and newborn blood, which is probable evidence of transmission through breastfeeding; nevertheless, future studies must be performed to confirm the presence of the parasite, alive or dead.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"12 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142979113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Endophytic Bacteria from the Desiccation-Tolerant Plant <i>Selaginella lepidophylla</i> and Their Potential as Plant Growth-Promoting Microorganisms.","authors":"Maria Guadalupe Castillo-Texta, José Augusto Ramírez-Trujillo, Edgar Dantán-González, Mario Ramírez-Yáñez, Ramón Suárez-Rodríguez","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms12122654","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12122654","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bacteria associated with plants, whether rhizospheric, epiphytic, or endophytic, play a crucial role in plant productivity and health by promoting growth through complex mechanisms known as plant growth promoters. This study aimed to isolate, characterize, identify, and evaluate the potential of endophytic bacteria from the resurrection plant <i>Selaginella lepidophylla</i> in enhancing plant growth, using <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> ecotype Col. 0 as a model system. Plant growth-promotion parameters were assessed on the bacterial isolates; this assessment included the quantification of indole-3-acetic acid, phosphate solubilization, and biological nitrogen fixation, a trehalose quantification, and the siderophore production from 163 endophytic bacteria isolated from <i>S. lepidophylla</i>. The bacterial genera identified included <i>Agrobacterium</i>, <i>Burkholderia</i>, <i>Curtobacterium</i>, <i>Enterobacter</i>, <i>Erwinia</i>, <i>Pantoea</i>, <i>Pseudomonas</i>, and <i>Rhizobium</i>. The plant growth promotion in <i>A. thaliana</i> was evaluated both in Murashige Skoog medium, agar-water, and direct seed inoculation. The results showed that the bacterial isolates enhanced primary root elongation and lateral root and root hair development, and increased the fresh and dry biomass. Notably, three isolates promoted early flowering in <i>A. thaliana</i>. Based on these findings, we propose the <i>S. lepidophylla</i> bacterial isolates as ideal candidates for promoting growth in other agriculturally important plants.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"12 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142979135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differential Immunological Responses of Adult Domestic and Bighorn Sheep to Inoculation with <i>Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae</i> Type Strain Y98.","authors":"Sally A Madsen-Bouterse, David R Herndon, Paige C Grossman, Alejandra A Rivolta, Lindsay M Fry, Brenda M Murdoch, Lindsay M W Piel","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms12122658","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12122658","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bighorn sheep (BHS) populations have been reported to experience high levels of morbidity and mortality following infection with <i>Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae</i>. This contrasts with the subclinical presentation in domestic sheep (DS). Understanding this difference requires baseline knowledge of pre- and post-infection immune responses of both species. The present study identifies differences in leukocyte phenotypes between adult BHS and DS before and after intranasal inoculation with 1 × 10⁸<i>Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae</i>. Prior to inoculation, BHS were confirmed to have a higher abundance of leukocyte CD14 and serum concentrations of IL-36RA. In contrast, DS had a higher leukocyte abundance of CD16 in addition to previously observed integrin markers and CD172a, as well as greater serum TNF-α concentrations. Within 15 days of inoculation, BHS displayed signs of mild respiratory disease and <i>M. ovipneumoniae</i> DNA was detected on nasal swabs using a quantitative PCR; meanwhile, DS exhibited few to no clinical signs and had levels of <i>M. ovipneumoniae</i> DNA below the standard curve threshold. Immunologic markers remained relatively consistent pre- and post-inoculation in DS, while BHS demonstrated changes in the peripheral leukocyte expression of CD172a and CD14. Circulating serum IL-36RA decreased and CXCL10 increased within BHS. These findings highlight significant differences in cellular immunity between BHS and DS, raised and housed under similar conditions, prior to and following inoculation with <i>M. ovipneumoniae</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"12 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142979122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microbial Dynamics: Assessing Skincare Regimens' Impact on the Facial Skin Microbiome and Skin Health Parameters.","authors":"Nicole Wagner, Valerie Diane Valeriano, Samuel Diou-Hirtz, Evelina Björninen, Ulf Åkerström, Lars Engstrand, Ina Schuppe-Koistinen, Johanna Maria Gillbro","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms12122655","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12122655","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The human skin microbiome, a complex ecosystem of microbes, plays a pivotal role in skin health. This study aimed to investigate the impact of two skincare regimens, with preservatives (CSPs) and preservative-free (PFPs), on the skin microbiome in correlation to skin quality. double-blind randomized cosmetic studywith a split-face design was conducted on 26 female participants. Microbial diversity and abundance were analyzed using 16S rRNA amplicon sequence data and skin quality utilizing the Antera 3D skin camera. We confirmed earlier studies on the identification of major skin microbial taxa at the genus level, including <i>Cutibacterium acnes</i>, <i>Corynebacterium</i>, and <i>Neisseriaceae</i> as a predominant part of the facial skin microbiome. Furthermore, microbiome profile-based subgrouping was employed, which revealed that the cluster, characterized by the Neisseriaceae family as its predominant organism, exhibited significant reduction in folds count, fine lines, and redness after application of PFP compared to CSP. A Spearman correlation analysis highlighted the correlation between changes in specific bacteria and skin quality parameters such as redness, pores, and texture in the context of comparing PFP and CSP. Overall, the PFP treatment demonstrated a greater number of significant correlations between bacterial changes and skin quality compared to the CSP treatment, suggesting a distinct impact of the preservative-free skincare regimen on the skin microbiome and skin quality. Our study provides insights into different microbiome-centered approaches to improve our understanding of the skin microbiome's interplay with skin quality but also highlights the need for larger, comprehensive research to further understand the microbiome's role in dermatology.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"12 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142979153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Host Long Noncoding RNAs as Key Players in Mycobacteria-Host Interactions.","authors":"Stephen K Kotey, Xuejuan Tan, Audrey L Kinser, Lin Liu, Yong Cheng","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms12122656","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12122656","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mycobacterial infections, caused by various species within the Mycobacterium genus, remain one of the main challenges to global health across the world. Understanding the complex interplay between the host and mycobacterial pathogens is essential for developing effective diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Host long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as key regulators in cellular response to bacterial infections within host cells. This review provides an overview of the intricate relationship between mycobacterial infections and host lncRNAs in the context of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> and non-tuberculous mycobacterium (NTM) infections. Accumulation of evidence indicates that host lncRNAs play a critical role in regulating cellular response to mycobacterial infection within host cells, such as macrophages, the primary host cells for mycobacterial intracellular survival. The expression of specific host lncRNAs has been implicated in the pathogenesis of mycobacterial infections, providing potential targets for the development of novel host-directed therapies and biomarkers for TB diagnosis. In summary, this review aims to highlight the current state of knowledge regarding the involvement of host lncRNAs in mycobacterial infections. It also emphasizes their potential application as novel diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"12 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142979196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"White Coats at a Crossroads: Hygiene, Infection Risk, and Patient Trust in Healthcare Attire-An Umbrella Review with Quantitative Synthesis and Stress, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats Analysis.","authors":"Christos Tsagkaris, Matthias Rueger, Samuel B Tschudi, Thomas Dreher","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms12122659","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12122659","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>White coats, traditionally symbols of physicians' hygiene and professionalism, are now scrutinized for potential infection risks during patient interactions. This review investigates whether wearing white coats is linked to microbial contamination, infection transmission, and patient expectations. An umbrella review of peer-reviewed studies and guidelines was conducted, with searches in PubMed/Medline and Scopus using terms related to medical attire, infection control, patient perceptions, and discrimination. Ten records were included, and a bibliometric analysis was performed with VOS Viewer. Bias appraisal was conducted using the JBI Bias Assessment Toolset, and a SWOT analysis was developed to support evidence-based decision-making. Findings indicate that white coats may harbor pathogens such as <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, Gram-positive cocci, Gram-negative rods, and MRSA. To mitigate contamination risks, it is recommended that physicians roll up coat sleeves during examinations and that the coats receive daily laundering in healthcare settings. However, evidence supporting a coatless policy is yet to be published. Patients tend to expect physicians to wear identifiable attire, like white coats or scrubs for surgeons. Recent research in this field shifts the focus from infection control to the impact of attire on patient trust and physician-patient relationships.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"12 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142979264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Proline Improves Pullulan Biosynthesis Under High Sugar Stress Condition.","authors":"Keyi Liu, Junqing Wang, Feng Li, Ruiming Wang, Qingming Zeng, Zhenxing Zhang, Hongwei Liu, Piwu Li","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms12122657","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12122657","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pullulan is an extracellular polysaccharide produced via the fermentation of <i>Aureobasidium pullulans</i>. However, high sugar concentrations and hyperosmotic stress limit pullulan biosynthesis during the fermentation process. Therefore, we investigated the effects of proline supplementation on <i>A</i>. <i>pullulans</i> growth and pullulan biosynthesis under high sugar and hyperosmotic stress using physiological, biochemical, and transcriptomic analyses. High sugar concentrations significantly inhibited <i>A</i>. <i>pullulans</i> growth and pullulan biosynthesis. High sugar and hyperosmotic stress conditions significantly increased intracellular proline content in <i>A</i>. <i>pullulans</i>. However, treatment with proline (400 mg/L proline) significantly increased biomass and pullulan yield by 10.75% and 30.06% (174.8 g/L), respectively, compared with those in the control group. To further investigate the effect of proline on the fermentation process, we performed scanning electron microscopy and examined the activities of key fermentation enzymes. Proline treatment preserved cell integrity and upregulated the activities of key enzymes involved in pullulan biosynthesis. Transcriptome analysis revealed that most differentially expressed genes in the proline group were associated with metabolic pathways, including glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, pyruvate metabolism, and sulfur metabolism. Conclusively, proline supplementation protects <i>A</i>. <i>pullulans</i> against high sugar and hyperosmotic stress, providing a new theoretical basis and strategy for the efficient industrial production of pullulans.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"12 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142979103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association Between Diabetes Mellitus-Tuberculosis and the Generation of Drug Resistance.","authors":"Axhell Aleid Cornejo-Báez, Roberto Zenteno-Cuevas, Julieta Luna-Herrera","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms12122649","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12122649","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tuberculosis (TB), caused by <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> (<i>Mtb</i>), remains one of the leading infectious causes of death globally, with drug resistance presenting a significant challenge to control efforts. The interplay between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and TB introduces additional complexity, as T2DM triples the risk of active TB and exacerbates drug resistance development. This review explores how T2DM-induced metabolic and immune dysregulation fosters the survival of <i>Mtb</i>, promoting persistence and the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains. Mechanisms such as efflux pump activation and the subtherapeutic levels of isoniazid and rifampicin in T2DM patients are highlighted as key contributors to resistance. We discuss the dual syndemics of T2DM-TB, emphasizing the role of glycemic control and innovative therapeutic strategies, including efflux pump inhibitors and host-directed therapies like metformin. This review underscores the need for integrated diagnostic, treatment, and management approaches to address the global impact of T2DM-TB comorbidity and drug resistance.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"12 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142978888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Innovative Methodology for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Determination in <i>Mycoplasma</i> Biofilms.","authors":"B Tegner Jacobson, Jessica DeWit-Dibbert, Eli T Selong, McKenna Quirk, Michael Throolin, Chris Corona, Sobha Sonar, LaShae Zanca, Erika R Schwarz, Diane Bimczok","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms12122650","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12122650","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Mycoplasma</i> spp. are facultative pathogens that contribute to the pathogenesis of multiple bovine diseases, including the bovine respiratory disease complex, and have been shown to form biofilms. Biofilm formation is associated with increased antibiotic resistance in many organisms, but accurate determination of antimicrobial susceptibility in biofilms is challenging. In <i>Mycoplasma</i> spp., antimicrobial susceptibility is routinely determined using metabolic pH-dependent color change. However, biofilm formation can lead to reduced metabolism, making interpretation of metabolic readouts difficult. Therefore, we developed and optimized a new flow cytometry-based method for antimicrobial susceptibility testing in biofilm-forming <i>Mycoplasma</i>, termed the live/dead antimicrobial susceptibility test (LD-AST). The LD-AST measures the proportion of live bacteria upon exposure to antibiotics, works robustly with both planktonic and biofilm cultures, and enables the determination of the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) for a given antibiotic. We used two strains of <i>Mycoplasma bovis</i> (Donetta PG45 and Madison) and two clinical <i>Mycoplasma bovoculi</i> isolates (MVDL1 and MVDL2) to determine the impact of biofilm growth on antimicrobial susceptibility for gentamicin, enrofloxacin, or tetracycline. All <i>Mycoplasma</i> strains were susceptible to all antibiotics when cultured as planktonic cells, with MBCs in the expected range. However, three out of four strains (Donetta PG45, MVDL1, and MVDL2) were completely resistant to all three antibiotics when newly adhered biofilms were analyzed, whereas <i>M. bovis</i> Madison gave variable results. For mature biofilms that were cultured for 4-5 days before antibiotic exposure, results also were variable, with some strains showing an increased resistance with certain antibiotics and a decreased resistance with others. Overall, these results are consistent with earlier reports that biofilms can exhibit increased antimicrobial resistance.</p>","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":"12 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142979200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}